People v. Barmore , 2022 IL App (2d) 200449-U ( 2022 )

2022 IL App (2d) 200449-UNo. 2-20-0449
Order filed August 15, 2022
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent except
in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS, ) of Winnebago County.
)
Respondent-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 03 CF 1350
)
SHAWN A. BARMORE, JR., ) Honorable
) Randy Wilt,
Petitioner-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE HUDSON delivered the judgment of the court.
Justices McLaren and Brennan concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: The trial court erred in dismissing petitioner’s postconviction petition after second-
stage proceedings where postconviction counsel failed to properly amend
petitioner’s pro se petition regarding claims that his statement was coerced and that
petitioner suffered a speedy-trial violation; postconviction counsel was not
ineffective for including a claim that was barred by res judicata or for failing to
include an emerging-adult claim that was not included in petitioner’s pro se
petition; and trial court did not err in denying, after third-stage proceedings,
petitioner’s claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to properly advise
him of sentencing ranges he did or could have faced as it affected his decision
regarding whether to accept a plea offered by the State.
¶2 Petitioner, Shawn A. Barmore, Jr., was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to
45 years’ imprisonment. These charges arose out of the shooting death of Pedro Marin. His
2022 IL App (2d) 200449-Uconviction was affirmed on direct appeal. Petitioner filed a petition pursuant to the Postconviction
Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2014)), which was summarily dismissed. This
court reversed and remanded for further proceedings. Appointed counsel then filed an amended
postconviction petition. Several claims were dismissed during second-stage proceedings, and
those that survived to the third stage were subsequently denied. Petitioner now appeals, and, for
the reasons that follow, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand with directions.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 The underlying facts of this case were set forth in great detail in our original disposition in
this matter. See People v. Barmore, 379 Ill. App. 3d 1080 (2008) (table) (unpublished order under
Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23). We will not repeat them here; rather, we will discuss those facts
necessary to the resolution of the arguments advanced by petitioner as we encounter them. We
will however, set forth the pertinent events surrounding the instant postconviction petition.
¶5 Petitioner filed a pro se postconviction petition. In it, petitioner alleged 29 constitutional
errors. Pertinent here, petitioner alleged that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to move to
suppress his statement. Petitioner alleged that, when he was interrogated in Denver after he was
apprehended, the interrogating detectives: (1) ignored his request for an attorney; (2) “slapped him
a few times”; and (3) told him that he would get the maximum sentence if he did not answer their
questions (or that he would receive lenient treatment if he cooperated). In support of these claims,
petitioner attached an unfiled motion to suppress his statement drafted by his trial attorney (Shelton
Green who was later replaced as trial counsel by Greg Clark). He also attached an affidavit from
his mother averring that she would testify that: petitioner wanted her to pass information to his
attorney, Greg Clark, concerning several motions his previous attorney had drafted; she contacted
Clark; Clark stated he did not plan to file any motions on behalf of petitioner and he would speak
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-Uwith petitioner when he had time; petitioner told her that when he was interrogated, police officers
slapped him two or three times and threatened him with a maximum sentence; and the interrogating
officers did not allow petitioner to speak with an attorney despite his request to do so. Petitioner
also attached his own affidavit, in which he averred: when he was interrogated, the police hit him
and “threatened to charge [him] with murder and give [him] the most time possible if [he] didn’t’
make a statement and sign it”; the police continued to question him after he asked for an attorney;
he gave Attorney Clark a copy of the motion to suppress drafted by Attorney Green and stated he
wanted Clark to file it but Clark refused; and he asked his mother to contact Clark on his behalf
and she did so.
¶6 Petitioner also averred that he instructed Clark to strike a juror who was married to a State’s
Attorney and Clark refused and that petitioner wrote to appellate counsel directing him to raise the
issue of Clark’s effectiveness on direct appeal, but appellate counsel refused.
¶7 The trial court dismissed the petition during the first-stage of postconviction proceedings.
This court reversed and remanded, so the petition advanced to the second stage. While this appeal
was pending, petitioner filed a petition in accordance with section 2-1401 of the Code of Civil
Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2010)), asserting that the superseding indictment that added
the gun enhancement was void on speedy trial and compulsory joinder grounds. On remand,
postconviction counsel was appointed to assist petitioner.
¶8 Postconviction counsel amended petitioner’s petition, setting forth seven grounds for relief
and an accompanying Rule 651(c) certificate (Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013)). The State
moved to dismiss. The first ground asserted was that the State offered a 20-year plea deal and trial
counsel (Green at the time) failed to inform petitioner that though he was facing 20 to 60 years’
imprisonment as originally indicted, the State could add a firearm enhancement of 25 years if
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-Upetitioner did not accept the deal. These allegations were supported by an affidavit from petitioner
averring he would have accepted the State’s alleged offer of 20 years’ imprisonment if he knew of
the possibility of a 25-year enhancement. This claim progressed to third-stage proceedings.
¶9 Second, the petition alleged ineffective assistance of trial counsel for failing to move to
suppress petitioner’s statement given in Denver. The petition alleged that petitioner “advised that
he was physically abused by the police and numerous times asked for an attorney to be present.”
The police ignored his requests for counsel. Green drafted a motion to suppress but did not file it.
Clark and petitioner discussed the motion, and petitioner urged Clark to file it. Clark did not file
the motion. At trial, Detective Mastrioanni testified that petitioner willingly spoke with the police.
Petitioner’s statement was inconsistent with his trial testimony. Thus, the statement adversely
affected his credibility. Postconviction counsel alleged that if the motion had been granted, it
would have strengthened petitioner’s case, but “it [could] not be known whether the motion would
[have been] granted or not.” Petitioner’s supporting affidavit stated that he had discussed this issue
with Green and raised the issue with Clark. It further stated that his statement was coerced but did
not give details of how petitioner was “physically abused.” During argument, petitioner’s counsel
stated that he “agreed with [the State]” that they could not know what would have happened had
the motion been filed. Petitioner’s counsel also stated that the question of whether the motion
would have been granted “require[d] a bit of speculation.” The trial court dismissed this claim,
noting that petitioner conceded that “he has no idea if the motion to suppress statements would
have been granted.” The trial court also found that Clark’s decision not to file the motion was trial
strategy, as portions of the statement were consistent with petitioner’s trial testimony.
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-U¶ 10 The third ground asserted in the petition was ineffective assistance of trial counsel based
on trial counsel’s failure to move for testing of a note allegedly written by petitioner upon which
a latent fingerprint was discovered on the note. This count is not at issue in this appeal.
¶ 11 Fourth, the petition alleged that appellate counsel was ineffective for not addressing trial
counsel’s failure to argue and seek a jury instruction that petitioner’s conviction should be
mitigated to second-degree murder based on the existence of a serious provocation. The trial court
found that this issue was res judicata. Postconviction counsel raised the possibility that additional
evidence might have been discovered had trial counsel pursued the issue, but could not identify
any.
¶ 12 The fifth basis for relief asserted a Brady violation. It is not at issue in this appeal.
¶ 13 The sixth issue is also not argued in this appeal. Here, petitioner notes that a juror was
married to a former State’s Attorney and knew people that worked in law enforcement. During
voir dire, the juror stated that “he was uncertain and/or unable to be impartial due to the nature of
his wife’s work and the people he knew in law enforcement.” Despite petitioner’s urging, Clark
declined to use a peremptory challenge, and the trial court did not strike the juror for cause (which
petitioner also asserts was error). Postconviction counsel conceded that this issue “requires some
degree of speculation.” The trial court dismissed this claim, finding that it was not supported by
the record as the juror stated he could be fair and impartial.
¶ 14 The seventh claimed ground for relief in the amended petition was ineffective assistance
of appellate counsel for failing to raise the previous six issues (with the exception of the fourth)
on direct appeal. Based on its resolution of the previous claims and to the extent that some of
petitioner’s arguments concerned matters dehors record, the trial court dismissed this claim.
¶ 15 We now turn to the substance of petitioner’s appeal.
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-U¶ 16 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 17 Petitioner raises two main issues. First, he contends that postconviction counsel was
ineffective during second-stage proceedings in that: (1) postconviction counsel failed to
adequately present a claim that trial counsel was ineffective for not moving to suppress petitioner’s
statement to the police, (2) postconviction counsel raised a frivolous claim that was barred by
res judicata, (3) postconviction counsel failed to raise a meritorious emerging-adult claim that was
apparent on the face of the record, and (4) postconviction counsel failed to raise a meritorious
speedy-trial and compulsory-joinder claim. Second, petitioner contends that the trial court erred
in denying his claim that trial court was ineffective following third-stage proceedings in that trial
counsel failed to inform him of the potential for an enhanced sentence causing him to reject a plea
offer by the State.
¶ 18 The claims petitioner raises were resolved during both second- and third-stage
postconviction proceedings. Generally, in accordance with the Act, a petitioner may challenge his
or her conviction by alleging a constitutional violation. People v. Domagala, 2013 IL 113688,
¶ 32. The Act contemplates three stages of review. Here, the case progressed beyond the first
stage, where the trial court may dismiss petitions that are frivolous or patently lack merit. Id. In
both the second stage and the third stage, the petitioner bears the burden of “making a substantial
showing of a constitutional violation.” People v. Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d 458, 473 (2006) (citing
People v. Coleman, 206 Ill. 2d 261, 277 (2002)).
¶ 19 During the second stage, counsel may be appointed to assist the petitioner. “All well-
pleaded facts that are not positively rebutted by the trial record are to be taken as true, and, in the
event the circuit court dismisses the petition at that stage, we generally review the circuit court’s
decision using a de novo standard.” Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d at 473.
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-U¶ 20 Claims that survive to the third stage are resolved in an evidentiary hearing. Id. If fact-
finding or credibility determinations are necessary to resolve the petition, we will not disturb the
trial court’s judgment unless it is manifestly erroneous. Id. Where no such determinations are
involved, we will apply the de novo standard “unless the judge presiding over postconviction
proceedings has some ‘special expertise or familiarity’ with the trial or sentencing of the
[petitioner] and that ‘familiarity’ has some bearing upon disposition of the postconviction
petition.” Id. With these standards in mind, we now turn to the issues raised by petitioner.
¶ 21 A. SECOND-STAGE PROCEEDINGS
¶ 22 We first address petitioner’s arguments concerning the representation he received from
counsel during second-stage proceedings. Specifically, petitioner alleges postconviction counsel
was ineffective for (1) failing to properly raise a claim that trial counsel was ineffective for not
moving to suppress petitioner’s statement to the police, (2) raising a claim that was barred by
res judicata, (3) failing to raise an emerging-adult claim, and (4) failing to raise a meritorious
speedy-trial and compulsory-joinder claim.
¶ 23 During postconviction proceedings, a petitioner is entitled to a “reasonable level of
assistance.” People v. Turner, 187 Ill. 2d 406, 410 (1999). Illinois Supreme Court Rule 651(c)
sets forth the specific duties counsel must perform during second-stage proceedings. Id. This rule
does not apply to third-stage proceedings, where the standard governing counsel’s conduct is one
of general reasonableness. People v. Pabello, 2019 IL App (2d) 170867, ¶ 29. To ensure
petitioners receive a reasonable level of assistance, Rule 651(c) imposes certain duties upon
counsel. People v. Schlosser, 2012 IL App (1st) 092523, ¶ 18. It requires that counsel consult
with the petitioner (in person or by mail), examine the record, and amend the petitioner’s pro se
petition to adequately present the petitioner’s claims. People v. Marshall, 375 Ill. App. 3d 670,
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-U680 (2007); Ill. S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013). This rule further requires counsel to file an
affidavit certifying that he or she fulfilled those duties. Schlosser, 2012 IL App (1st) 092523, ¶ 18.
The filing of an affidavit by counsel certifying compliance with Rule 651(c) creates a rebuttable
presumption that counsel provided reasonable assistance to the petitioner. People v. Profit, 2012
IL App (1st) 101307, ¶ 19. It is a petitioner’s burden to overcome this presumption. Id. Further,
failing to overcome this presumption forecloses further review of the reasonableness of
postconviction counsel’s conduct. People v. Mendoza, 402 Ill. App. 3d 808, 813 (2010) (citing
People v. Rossi, 387 Ill. App. 3d 1054, 1060 (2009)).
¶ 24 Moreover, the failure of counsel to comply with Rule 651(c) is not amendable to a harmless
error analysis. People v. Suarez, 224 Ill. 2d 37, 51-52 (2007). Our supreme court has stated, “This
court has consistently held that remand is required where postconviction counsel failed to fulfill
the duties of consultation, examining the record, and amendment of the pro se petition, regardless
of whether the claims raised in the petition had merit.” Id. at 47. It added that “it is error to dismiss
a postconviction petition on the pleadings where there has been inadequate representation by
counsel.” Id. It explained, “Our Rule 651(c) analysis has been driven, not by whether a particular
defendant’s claim is potentially meritorious, but by the conviction that where postconviction
counsel does not adequately complete the duties mandated by the rule, the limited right to counsel
conferred by the Act cannot be fully realized.” Id. at 51. Whether the underlying issue is
meritorious is beside the point. Id. A court should “not speculate whether the trial court would
have dismissed the petition without an evidentiary hearing if counsel had adequately performed
his duties under Rule 651(c).” People v. Turner, 187 Ill. 2d 406, 416 (1999). Where counsel fails
to comply with Rule 651(c), a petitioner need not show that the omission caused him or her
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-Uprejudice. People v. Nitz, 2011 IL App (2d) 100031, ¶ 18 (citing People v. Perkins, 367 Ill. App.
3d 895, 905 (2006)).
¶ 25 To proceed past the second stage, a petitioner must make a substantial showing that his or
her constitutional rights were violated. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d 366, 381 (1998). The petition must
be supported by affidavits, records, and other evidence as necessary to substantiate its allegations.
People v. Wideman, 2013 IL App (1st) 102273, ¶ 15. While well-pleaded facts are taken as true
at this stage (Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d at 473), conclusory allegations are insufficient to entitle a
petition to progress to the third stage (People v. Graham, 48 Ill. App. 3d 689, 692 (1977)). That
is, “Nonfactual and nonspecific assertions which merely amount to conclusions are not sufficient
to require a hearing under the Act.” Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d at 381 (citing People v. West, 43 Ill. 2d
219, 223 (1969), and People v. Smith, 40 Ill. 2d 562, 564 (1968)). Where a claim is based
upon evidence outside the record, it should not generally be resolved on the pleadings. Coleman,
183 Ill. 2d at 382 (citing People v. Airmers, 34 Ill. 2d 222, 226 (1969)).
¶ 26 We now turn to the particular issues set forth by petitioner where he alleges he received
ineffective assistance of postconviction counsel.
¶ 27 1. The Motion to Suppress
¶ 28 Petitioner first contends that postconviction counsel rendered unreasonable assistance in
that "he failed to familiarize himself with the basis for suppressing [petitioner’s] custodial
statement, which was not adequately presented in the amended petition.” As noted, a petitioner is
entitled to the reasonable assistance of counsel in postconviction proceedings and counsel’s
conduct is governed by Rule 651(c). Turner, 187 Ill. 2d at 410.
¶ 29 At issue here are statements petitioner made to the police after he was apprehended in
Colorado. Detective Scott Mastroianni, one of the police officers that interviewed petitioner,
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-Utestified concerning petitioner’s statement. Detective Jimenez was also present. He stated that
Rockford police officers traveled to Colorado and interrogated petitioner. Petitioner initially
denied killing the victim (Marin) in this case. Petitioner stated that a man named “Twig,” whose
real name was Eddie Torrance, shot the victim. Mastroianni testified that petitioner gave “a fairly
detailed version whereby Twig was the individual that shot Pedro Marin.” Mastroianni told
petitioner that they had witness statements identifying him as the shooter. They also had a picture
of petitioner’s brother holding the gun they believed was the murder weapon, which was taken at
petitioner’s house. Mastroianni also told petitioner that they had listened to petitioner’s father’s
phone conversations where he discussed petitioner’s involvement in the murder. Mastroianni also
noted that petitioner had been on the run for seven months. Petitioner “put his hands over his ears
and kind of hung his head low and shaking his head back and forth and told us he was scared.”
Petitioner then stated that he would give the police an oral account of what happened. Petitioner
told the officers that he had worked hard to steal a car, and he was upset because the victim had
stolen the car from him. He also stated that he had given the murder weapon to a person, but he
refused to identify the person. He stated the person had destroyed the gun, but he did not say how.
He never stated that the gun had been discharged during a struggle or that the victim had pushed
him with his left arm.
¶ 30 After he gave the oral account, petitioner gave a written statement. In that statement,
petitioner related that in May 2003, he stole a Chevrolet Caprice at a gas station. He intended to
use it for parts for another car that he owned. He parked the car in an abandoned garage. The next
day, he spoke to “Twig,” who he knew “from the neighborhood.” He believed Twig would be
able to “part out” the car. Later that day, Twig came to petitioner’s house to get the keys. Twig
was with “a Mexican dude” that petitioner did not know (Marin). They were driving a blue pickup
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-Utruck. They said they would part out the car for an eight-ball of crack cocaine. They appeared
drunk. Petitioner gave Twig some crack, but it was less than an eight ball. He gave Twig the keys.
Marin said he was going to help Twig part out the car. Twig and Marin left, but they returned in
15 minutes and told petitioner that the car was not in the garage.
¶ 31 Petitioner told Twig he did not believe him. He and Twig drove to the garage. The car
was gone. Marin was no longer present, and petitioner asked Twig where he was. Twig stated
that he did not know. They drove around looking for him, and then drove to Twig’s house. On
the way there, they saw Marin. Petitioner got out of the truck and spoke with him. Petitioner
stated, “The Mexican dude started acting all pumped up like [petitioner] did not have a right to
question him.” They started arguing.
¶ 32 Petitioner acknowledged that he was carrying a Tech 9mm pistol. When he first got out of
the truck, he left the gun inside. After the argument began, he returned to the truck and got it. He
explained that he did not intend to shoot Marin, but “wanted him to know [petitioner] was not
playing.” Petitioner told Marin to tell him where the car was. Marin said he did not know. When
he saw petitioner’s gun, Marin asked, “What are you going to do with that gun?” Marin called
petitioner a “pussy.” Marin “started talking some crazy Mexican gang shit” and grabbed
petitioner’s gun. Petitioner told Marin not to touch his gun. Twig said that they did not know
where the car was. Marin grabbed the gun again, and petitioner jumped back. Petitioner stated
that he shot Marin because he was afraid Marin would take the gun and use it against him. After
petitioner fired the gun, Marin ran. Petitioner fired between one and five more times, but he was
not aiming at Marin; he was simply trying to cause him to keep running away. Twig left in the
blue truck.
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-U¶ 33 Petitioner stated that he did not know whether he had actually shot Marin. Later that night,
petitioner ran into Twig. He again asked where the car was, and Twig said he did not know.
Petitioner asked where Marin was. Twig said that he had spoken with Marin’s wife and he was at
home. Twig told petitioner that the police were looking for him, so petitioner went to Chicago.
Petitioner stated he was scared and started moving from city to city, eventually ending up in
Colorado. He did not mean to kill Marin and wished he could change things so Marin was still
alive.
¶ 34 Petitioner points out that when he filed his pro se postconviction petition, he alleged that
the interrogating detectives ignored his requests for an attorney, they slapped him two or three
times, and they threatened him with a severe sentence and promised leniency. These allegations
were supported by affidavits from petitioner and his mother. Petitioner also submitted a motion
to suppress drafted by his original attorney (Green). In the amended motion submitted by
postconviction counsel, counsel did not include the allegations that petitioner had been slapped or
that he had been threatened with a severe sentence if he refused to cooperate and promised leniency
if he cooperated. It simply stated that petitioner had been physically abused and that petitioner
had asked to speak with an attorney. The motion drafted by Green was not attached to the petition.
A new affidavit from petitioner was attached in which he stated that he discussed filing a motion
to suppress with Green and that he urged Clark to file it. The affidavit does not contain averments
about petitioner being slapped during the interrogation.
¶ 35 Petitioner argues, “Thus, the amended petition contained no factual allegations of physical
abuse or mental coercion,” which, according to petitioner, is “a prerequisite for surviving second-
stage review.” He cites People v. Cox, 136 Ill. App. 3d 623 (1985), in support. Cox stands for the
proposition that “[m]ere conclusory allegations that constitutional rights have been violated are
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-Uinsufficient to entitle petitioner to an evidentiary hearing,” Id. at 628 (quoting People v. Graham,
48 Ill. App. 3d 689, 692 (1977)). The Cox court explained, “The petition or accompanying
affidavits must identify with reasonable certainty the sources, character and availability of the
alleged evidence supporting the petitioner’s allegations.” Id. It ultimately held that the “petitioner
[in that case] made only vague allegations and conclusions which did not constitute a substantial
showing of a constitutional violation.” Id.¶ 36 Here, postconviction counsel omitted petitioner’s affidavit substantiating that he had been
slapped by the police, threatened, and promised leniency. He replaced this with an affidavit simply
stating that petitioner’s fifth amendment rights had been violated, with no further explanation. The
amended petition stated only that petitioner had been “physically threatened and abused by the
police.” We find sound guidance for resolving this issue in People v. Johnson, 154 Ill. 2d 227(1993). In Johnson, the petitioner alleged that the testimony of three probation officers would
have corroborated his testimony that he was arrested at 1 p.m. rather than much later during the
day of his arrest after probable cause developed (the timing of the arrest had relevance to a motion
to suppress). The petitioner asserted that postconviction counsel did not fulfill his duties under
Rule 651(c) in that counsel failed to obtain affidavits from the parole officers and attach it to the
postconviction petition. Id. at 242. Postconviction counsel conceded that he failed to investigate
this claim. Id. at 242-43. Our supreme court found that Rule 651(c) had been violated:
We conclude that post-conviction counsel’s statements during arguments on the
State’s motion to dismiss, together with his concessions in the affidavit submitted to this
court, clearly demonstrate that Supreme Court Rule 651(c) was not complied with here.
As stated, that rule requires the record on appeal to show that counsel made any
amendments to the pro se petition which were ‘necessary for an adequate presentation of
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-Upetitioner's contentions.’ [Illinois Supreme Court Rule 651(c) (eff. Dec. 1, 1984).] Here,
counsel simply copied an allegation raised in the pro se petition. He concedes that he made
no effort to contact the witnesses specifically identified in the pro se petition, or to amend
the petition with affidavits of such witnesses. In such circumstances, we must conclude
that counsel failed to adequately comply with Supreme Court Rule 651(c).” Id. at 243.
In this case, postconviction counsel’s failure was even more egregious. It would have required no
investigation for counsel to provide factual support for this claim; affidavits from petitioner and
his mother were already in the record. Indeed, counsel actually amended petitioner’s pro se
petition and removed petitioner’s specific reference to being slapped by the police during the
interrogation in Colorado. Like the Johnson court, “we must conclude that counsel failed to
adequately comply with Supreme Court Rule 651(c).” Id.¶ 37 In short, postconviction counsel failed to fulfill his duties in accordance with Rule 651(c)
with respect to this claim.
¶ 38 2. Res Judicata
¶ 39 In support of his claim that postconviction counsel rendered ineffective assistance,
petitioner next points to the fact that postconviction counsel raised a claim that was barred by
res judicata. On direct appeal, the sole issue addressed was whether petitioner’s conviction should
be reduced from first-degree murder to second-degree murder “because the evidence demonstrates
that the shooting occurred as a result of serious provocation by Marin.” Barmore, slip order at 9.
This court rejected the claim. Postconviction counsel included in the petition a claim that trial
counsel was ineffective for failing to argue and seek an instruction that petitioner was guilty of
only second-degree murder based on the existence of a serious provocation.
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-U¶ 40 As noted, one element a party alleging ineffective assistance must prove is that he or she
was prejudiced by the alleged omission. Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 18. We fail to see how counsel’s
decision to include this claim prejudiced petitioner. Had counsel not raised this claim, the outcome
of postconviction proceedings would not have been different. That is, not raising the claim would
not have resulted in it advancing to third-stage proceedings.
¶ 41 Nevertheless, petitioner suggests that this deficiency “raises serious questions as to the
adequacy of postconviction counsel’s representation and ability to present other potentially
meritorious claims based on evidence outside the record.” As noted, Rule 651(c) requires counsel
to certify that he or she has examined the record. Marshall, 375 Ill. App. 3d 670, 680 (2007); Ill.
S. Ct. R. 651(c) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013). Given a familiarity with the record, it is unclear why an
attorney would raise a precluded claim. Counsel’s attempt to explain why this occurred during
argument before the trial court demonstrates an unfamiliarity with the record. Counsel argued that
had this issue been raised at trial, additional evidence may have been developed of record to
support this theory. If such additional evidence existed outside the record, it was counsel’s duty
to supplement the record with evidence or affidavits to support this claim. Wideman, 2013 IL App
(1st) 102273, ¶ 15. Absent such supplementation, counsel’s concession during argument that no
evidence existed in the record to support it calls into question counsel’s decision to include it in
the amended petition in the first place. “To ensure that defendants receive this level of assistance,
Rule 651(c) imposes specific duties on appointed counsel and requires the record to disclose that
counsel has fulfilled those duties.” (Emphasis added.) People v. Shelton, 2018 IL App (2d)
160303, ¶ 28. Here, the record suggests otherwise and undermines counsel’s averment that he
conducted an adequate examination of the record.
¶ 42 3. Emerging-Adult Claim
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-U¶ 43 Petitioner next argues that postconviction counsel rendered unreasonable assistance
because counsel did not amend the postconviction petition to allege an emerging-adult claim. In
Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460, 489 (2012), the United States Supreme Court held that it was
unconstitutional to impose upon a juvenile offender a sentence of life without the possibility of
parole without considering the juvenile’s youth. In People v. Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶ 40, our
supreme court held that a sentence of over 40 years’ imprisonment constitute a de facto life
sentence for a juvenile. In People v. House, 2021 IL 125124, a defendant who was 19 at the time
of the offense at issue was sentenced to a term on natural life. Our supreme court rejected a facial
challenge to the sentence. Id, ¶ 31. However, it determined that it could not address an as-applied
challenge without the development of an evidentiary record. Id. Specifically, it sought “evolving
science on juvenile maturity and brain development [that] applies to his specific facts and
circumstances.” Id. ¶ 29. It follows, then, that petitioner, who was 19 years old at the time of the
offense at issue here, could have asserted a similar challenge, had counsel raised it in the amended
petition.
¶ 44 The question remains as to whether postconviction counsel’s failure to include this claim
constituted a failure of his duties under Rule 651(c). The plain language of that rule dictates that
counsel make “any amendments to the petitions filed pro se that are necessary for an adequate
presentation of petitioner’s contentions.” (Emphasis added.) The rule states nothing about raising
claims beyond those raised by the petitioner in his or her pro se petition. Thus, our supreme court
explained, “While postconviction counsel may conduct a broader examination of the record
[citation] and may raise additional issues if he or she so chooses, there is no obligation to do so.”
(Emphasis in original.) People v. Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d 458, 476 (2006). Here, the emerging-
adult claim petitioner now seeks to advance was not mentioned in his pro se petition. Accordingly,
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-Uwe cannot find that postconviction counsel rendered unreasonable assistance to petitioner by not
raising it.
¶ 45 Petitioner argues for a contrary result, citing People v. Jennings, 345 Ill. App. 3d 265(2003). In that case, the court found that postconviction counsel did not render reasonable
assistance when he failed to include a disparate sentencing claim in the amended postconviction
petition. Id. at 274-75. The court explained:
“We are mindful that a defendant is not entitled to the advocacy of postconviction
counsel for purposes of ‘exploration, investigation[,] and formulation of potential claims.’
[Citation.] Although [the] defendant’s pro se postconviction petition did not explicitly
claim that an arbitrary and unreasonable disparity existed between his 60-year sentence and
[a co-defendant’s] 56-year sentence, the substance of his ineffective assistance claim and
the allegations therein clearly showed that [the] defendant wanted to challenge his
sentence. Indeed, at the August 2001 hearing on [the] defendant’s postconviction petition,
[postconviction counsel] acknowledged that the petition effectively raised a challenge to
[the] defendant’s sentence. Further, this was not a case where [postconviction counsel]
would have had to comb through the entire record to discern this claim. Instead, the
September 1999 letter from [trial counsel] to [the] defendant’s mother, which
[postconviction counsel] used to supplement [the] defendant’s petition, suggested a
disparate sentencing claim by specifically stating that ‘while it is true that [the defendant]
received the most time, you must remember that all [the] defendants were sentenced by
different judges.” (The record shows that in January 1999, [the co-defendant], who was
by all accounts the primary moving force behind [the] murder, received a 56-year sentence
for first degree murder.) [Citation.] Under these particular circumstances, [postconviction
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-Ucounsel] should have amended [the] defendant’s pro se petition to allege a disparate
sentencing claim.” Id. at 274-75.
Petitioner attempts to analogize this case to Jennings. He first notes that one of the factors the
Jennings court considered in finding that counsel had an affirmative obligation to raise the
disparate sentencing claim was that the defendant in that case had challenged his sentence in his
pro se petition. Petitioner contends that this case is similar because petitioner “like the defendant
in Jennings, challenged the length of his sentence.” By this petitioner means that he “would have
accepted the State’s plea offer for a 20-year sentence had he known about the mandatory minimum
45-year sentence for personal discharge of a firearm causing death.” This, however, is not a
challenge to the sentence imposed; rather, it is a challenge to the voluntariness of petitioner’s guilty
plea. As such, the disparate sentencing claim in Jennings was arguably within the scope of the
allegations of the defendant’s pro se petition; while here, petitioner’s emerging-adult claim cannot
reasonably be construed to be within the scope of petitioner’s challenge to his plea. Thus, Jennings
is actually distinguishable on this basis. While we agree with petitioner that the emerging-adult
claim was readily apparent and would not have required counsel to “comb through the entire
record” (Id. at 274), we do not believe that this is sufficient to impose on counsel a duty to raise
an issue that was outside the scope of petitioner’s allegations in his pro se petition. See People v.
Perry, 2017 IL App (4th) 150587, ¶ 26.
¶ 46 Accordingly, we find no basis to find postconviction counsel’s representation of petitioner
unreasonable on this issue.
¶ 47 4. Speedy Trial and Compulsory Joinder
¶ 48 Petitioner next faults postconviction counsel for not raising a claim that trial “counsel did
not move to strike the second indictment on the grounds that it violated [his] right to a speedy trial
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-Uor compulsory joinder.” Initially, we note that petitioner sufficiently raised this claim in his pro se
postconviction petition. In it, he alleged that his constitutional rights were violated when the State
filed a superseding indictment that included a firearm enhancement. Defendant styled this as an
ex post facto violation. However, it is well-established that a pro se petitioner need not cite legal
authority in his or her petition. People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239, 244 (2001). Pro se petitions
are to be given a liberal construction. People v. Thomas, 2014 IL App (2d) 121001, ¶ 48. We
deem it sufficient that petitioner raised the issue, albeit citing an incorrect legal theory. See People
v. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 21 (2009) (“Where defendants are acting pro se, courts should review
their petitions ‘with a lenient eye, allowing borderline cases to proceed.’ [Citation.] In the case at
bar, the issue of whether defendant’s pro se petition, which focused on self-defense, could be said
to have included allegations regarding ‘unreasonable belief’ second-degree murder—i.e.,
imperfect self-defense—is at minimum the type of ‘borderline’ question which, under a liberal
construction, should be answered in defendant’s favor.”). Petitioner further points out that he filed
a section 2-1401 petition (735 ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2010)), asserting that the superseding
indictment was void on speedy trial and compulsory joinder grounds. Postconviction counsel’s
Rule 651(c) affidavit states that he reviewed the record, so he would have been aware of this
petition.
¶ 49 Moreover, as previously noted, Rule 651(c) mandates that counsel aver that he or she “has
made any amendments to the petitions filed pro se that are necessary for an adequate presentation
of petitioner’s contentions.” The claim at issue here was not included in the amended
postconviction petition. Before proceeding further, we re-emphasize that our analysis focuses not
on the underlying merits of this claim; rather, we must consider whether the assistance counsel
rendered with regard to it complied with Rule 651(c). Suarez, 224 Ill. 2d at 47.
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-U¶ 50 If amended, petitioner’s allegations could have been the basis of a potentially viable claim.
In People v. Quigley, 183 Ill. 2d 1 (1998), our supreme court considered the interplay between
compulsory joinder (720 ILCS 5/3-3 (West 2002)) and speedy-trial (725 ILCS 5/103-5 (West
2002)) principles. In that case, the State charged the defendant in separate prosecutions with
misdemeanor and felony driving under the influence (DUI) offenses based on a single incident.
Id. at 3. The misdemeanor charges were dismissed on speedy-trial grounds. Id. The court noted,
“Where new and additional charges arise from the same facts as did the original charges and the
State had knowledge of these facts at the commencement of the prosecution, the time within which
trial is to begin on the new and additional charges is subject to the same statutory limitation that is
applied to the original charges.” Id. at 13 (quoting People v. Williams, 94 Ill. App. 3d 241, 248-
49 (1981)). It ultimately found that since the two charges had to be brought together, the felony
DUI charge, like the misdemeanor charge, was barred on speedy-trial grounds. See also People v.
Van Schoyck, 232 Ill. 2d 330, 340 (2009) (“We hold, therefore, that defendant’s speedy-trial
demand filed with respect to the offenses charged by complaint was applicable to the same offense
refiled by the State in its information.”).
¶ 51 The parties dispute whether the superseding indictment was filed within the period allowed
by the speedy-trial statute (725 ILCS 5/103-5 (West 2002)); however, as noted, whether
petitioner’s claim would succeed on the merits is not relevant at this point (Suarez, 224 Ill. 2d at
47). The State attempts to distinguish Van Schoyck and Quigley by pointing out that in this case,
unlike those two, “the charges were continuously pending.” Having reviewed both cases, we find
nothing in them to suggest that this fact was significant. Indeed, Quigley flatly states, “The
aggravated DUI charge was essentially a new and additional charge that should have been brought
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-Uwith the misdemeanor DUI charge and was subject to the same speedy-trial limitation.” Quigley,
183 Ill. 2d at 16. No mention is made of whether the original charge was subsequently dismissed.
¶ 52 The State also questions whether the addition of the firearms enhancement in the
superseding indictment amounted to the addition of a new charge. The State cites no authority in
support of this proposition, and Quigley teaches otherwise. Initially, in this case, petitioner was
charged with four counts of first-degree murder (See 720 ILCS 5/9-1 (West 2002)). None of the
counts included a sentencing enhancement based on the use of a firearm. See 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1
(West 2002)). Subsequently, the State filed a superseding indictment that included a sentencing
enhancement of 25-years imprisonment for personally discharging a firearm causing death. See
730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(1)(d)(iii) (West 2002)). In Quigley, the defendant was originally charged with
misdemeanor and felony DUI in separate prosecutions, and the misdemeanor charge was dismissed
on speedy-trial grounds. Quigley, 183 Ill. 2d at 3. One issue before the court was whether the
compulsory joinder rule required that the felony count be joined with the misdemeanor charge (if
so, it would also be subject to dismissal on speedy-trial grounds). Id. at 7. The court concluded
that it did, explaining:
“Under section 11-501(d)(3) [(625 ILCS 5/11-501(d)(3) (West 1992)], aggravated DUI
occurs when an individual commits some form of misdemeanor DUI, in violation of
paragraph (a), and other circumstances are present. The legislature added aggravating
factors that change the misdemeanor DUI to a Class 4 felony. The essential and underlying
criminal act, however, remains the same: driving while under the influence.” Id. at 10.
The same logic applies here. Petitioner was charged with first-degree murder. He was later
charged with first-degree murder with an aggravating circumstance. Regardless of whether this
superseding indictment involved a new charge, Quigley teaches the compulsory joinder rule
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-Uapplies (Id. at 10), and, in turn, it is subject to the same speedy-trial limitations as the original
charge (Id. at 15-16).
¶ 53 In sum, without regard to the merits of the underlying charge (an issue upon which we
express no opinion), counsel’s failure to amend and present this claim was inconsistent with his
duties under Rule 651(c)
¶ 54 5. Rule 651(c)
¶ 55 In light of the foregoing, we conclude that counsel did not fulfill his duties under Rule
651(c). Postconviction counsel omitted key allegations and supporting affidavits (which were
readily available) regarding petitioner’s claim that his statement was not voluntary. Counsel also
included a claim that was barred by res judicata and explained that the claim might be viable based
on additional evidence that might have been developed, while failing to identify any. This raises
questions about the adequacy of counsel’s review of the record, which is required by Rule 651(c).
Finally, counsel failed to amend and include a potentially viable claim based on compulsory
joinder and speedy-trial principles. Under such circumstances, we recently explained, “the
appropriate remedy is to remand this matter for further second-stage proceedings, at which the
circuit court must appoint new counsel who must then comply with Rule 651(c).” People v. Urzua,
2021 IL App (2d) 200231, ¶ 90. We do so here as well.
¶ 56 B. THRID-STAGE PROCEEDINGS
¶ 57 Petitioner also contends that the trial court’s decision that he failed to establish that trial
counsel (Green) was ineffective for failing to properly advise him was error. Specifically,
petitioner asserts that counsel should have properly advised him of the sentencing range he was
facing and of the possibility that the State could bring a superseding indictment with a higher
range. This issue was resolved during third-stage postconviction proceedings. Therefore, the
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-Ufollowing standards apply. During third-stage proceedings, an evidentiary hearing is held and the
trial court acts as the fact-finder. People v. Brown, 2020 Il App (1st) 190828, ¶ 43. The burden is
on the petitioner to show by a preponderance of the evidence that he or she was denied a
constitutional right. Id. Assessing the credibility of evidence, assigning weight to evidence, and
resolving conflicts in the record are primarily matters for the trial court. Id. Accordingly, we
review decisions of the trial court that involve fact-finding or credibility assessments for manifest
error. People v. Carter, 2017 IL App (1st) 151297, ¶ 132. “Manifest error” is error that is “clearly
plain, evident, and indisputable.” People v. Taylor, 237 Ill. 2d 356, 373 (2010). Where no such
determinations are involved and only issues of pure law are involved, review is de novo. Carter,
2017 IL App (1st) 151297, ¶ 132.
¶ 58 Petitioner is currently serving a 45-year sentence for first-degree murder—a minimum
sentence considering the 25-year enhancement to which he was subjected for personally
discharging a firearm causing death. First-degree murder, with no enhancement, carries a term of
20 to 60 years’ imprisonment. As originally filed, petitioner would have been subject to a 15-year
enhancement for committing the offense while armed with a gun. See People v. White, 2011 IL
109616, ¶ 26. However, the State subsequently filed a superseding indictment, alleging facts that
made petitioner eligible for the 25-year enhancement (at the time petitioner was first indicted, the
constitutionality of the statute was being appealed; after its validity was affirmed, the State filed
the superseding indictment). See 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(1)(d) (West 2002).
¶ 59 Petitioner testified that he received an offer to plead guilty in exchange for a 20-year
sentence. Petitioner’s first attorney (Green) testified that he recalled the State making an offer of
25 years’ imprisonment and that it was possible that the State offered 20 years’ imprisonment as
well, though he did not specifically recall it and could not locate any relevant notes. He also stated
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-Uthat he would not have advised petitioner of the potential sentencing enhancement. Petitioner
testified that he rejected the State’s offer of 20 years. Petitioner asserts that he would have accepted
the State’s offer had he been properly advised by trial counsel of the enhancements he faced. He
asserts that counsel was ineffective for not advising him of the possibility of the State filing the
superseding indictment and invoking the 25-year enhancement.
¶ 60 Petitioner further argues that, irrespective of the superseding indictment, he was improperly
advised of the sentence he was facing. Petitioner points out that the trial court stated, in open
court, that the sentencing range for the offense petitioner was charged with was 20 years’ to 60
years’ imprisonment. The State agreed that this was the correct sentencing range. The trial court
then reiterated to petitioner that the maximum sentence petitioner faced was 60 years’
imprisonment. However, petitioner points out that, as charged, he was subject to a mandatory 15-
year sentencing enhancement for using a firearm during the commission of the murder. See 730
ILCS 5/5-8-1(d)(i) (West 2002). In White, 2011 IL 109616, ¶ 26, our supreme court held that the
15-year enhancement was mandatory. Thus, at the time he rejected the State’s plea offer, petitioner
asserts, he was subject to a sentencing range of 35 years’ to 75 years’ imprisonment and the State
could possibly file a superseding indictment invoking the 25-year enhancement. His attorney did
not inform him of either of these facts. We also note that the initial allegations included an
assertion that petitioner’s actions were accompanied by brutal and heinous behavior, which would
have made petitioner eligible for a natural-life sentence. See 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(1)(b) (West
2002).
¶ 61 When a petitioner alleges he received ineffective assistance of counsel, the following
familiar standards apply. To succeed on such a claim, a petitioner must show “both that counsel’s
performance was deficient and that the deficient performance prejudiced the defendant.” People
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-Uv. Colon, 225 Ill. 2d 125, 135 (2007). The first prong requires a showing that counsel’s
performance was objectively unreasonable in light of prevailing professional norms. Id. To satisfy
the second prong, a petitioner must establish that there is a reasonable probability that, but-for
counsel’s errors, the outcome of the proceeding would have been different. Id. When the claim
concerns counsel’s representation pertaining to the rejection of a plea offer, a petitioner “must
establish that there is a reasonable probability that, absent his attorney’s deficient advice, he would
have accepted the plea offer.” People v. Hale, 2013 IL 113140, ¶ 18. Moreover, “a defendant’s
self-serving claims are not adequate; there must be independent, objective confirmation that the
plea offer was rejected based on counsel’s erroneous advice and not on other considerations.”
People v. McGee, 2021 IL App (2d) 190040, ¶ 33.
¶ 62 The trial court found that petitioner satisfied neither prong. Regarding the first prong, the
trial court found that trial counsel had rendered adequate representation by informing petitioner of
the sentencing range for the offenses as charged and that counsel had no obligation to inform
petitioner that the charges could be amended. It noted that the State had represented to trial counsel
that it was seeking 20 to 60 years’ imprisonment and trial counsel had no reason to expect that the
State would re-indict petitioner. It further noted that the constitutionality of the gun enhancement
was being challenged at the time the plea offer was made. The trial court held that counsel’s
performance was reasonable in that counsel informed petitioner of the penalties for the crimes that
was actually charged with.
¶ 63 As for the second prong, the trial court found that petitioner had failed to establish
prejudice. The trial court first found that there had been no offer made of 20 years’ imprisonment.
It found petitioner’s testimony incredible on this point, stating, “[h]is claim is self-serving and
unsupported by evidence.” It noted that petitioner never testified that he would have accepted a
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-U25-year offer. Further, it cited trial counsel’s testimony that petitioner sought a lesser offense with
a lower sentencing range. The trial court, assuming, arguendo, that there had been an offer of 20
years, found that petitioner had not established that he would have accepted it. It noted that
petitioner rejected trial counsel’s urging to accept the 25-year offer, adding that petitioner would
not consider pleading guilty to first-degree murder. It observed that second-degree murder and
involuntary manslaughter instructions were given at petitioner’s request.
¶ 64 We will address the second prong of the inquiry. It is well-established that a petitioner
must satisfy both prongs of this test. People v. Griffin, 178 Ill. 2d 65, 74 (1997). We may address
either prong first, and if we resolve it against the petitioner, we need not address the other prong.
Id. We conclude that the trial court’s finding the petitioner failed to establish that he would have
accepted the State’s plea offer had he been advised that he was facing a sentence of 35 to 75 years’
imprisonment and that the State could file a superseding indictment increasing that range to 45 to
85 years’ imprisonment is not manifestly erroneous.
¶ 65 Initially, we note that the trial court’s finding that the offer extended by the State was 25
years’ imprisonment rather than 20 years’ imprisonment was not manifestly erroneous. The only
evidence supporting the latter was petitioner’s testimony (trial counsel (Green) neither confirmed
nor contradicted petitioner’s testimony on this point), which the trial court could reasonably reject
as self-serving. Moreover, as the trial court noted, petitioner did not testify that he would have
accepted a 25-year offer. Petitioner argues that the difference between a 25-year offer and a 20-
year offer is “barely relevant, if at all.” He points out that he executed an affidavit after the third-
stage hearing stating the trial court never communicated the 25-year offer to him and he would
have accepted it too. However, the only thing supporting this claim is, again, petitioner’s self-
serving testimony. In a sense, though, petitioner is correct, the difference between the two
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-Upurported offers has little relevance. Given that the trial court found that petitioner failed to
establish he would accept an offer of 20 years, it follows that an offer of more time served would
have also been rejected.
¶ 66 Indeed, the trial court found that the evidence indicated that petitioner sought a conviction
for a lesser offense and that he therefore would not accept a plea that involved first-degree murder.
This was supported by the fact that instructions for second-degree murder and involuntary
manslaughter were given at petitioner’s behest. The trial court further stated that petitioner
rejected the 25-year offer despite trial counsel’s urgings that he accept it. Thus, this finding is
supported by the record.
¶ 67 Petitioner contends that the trial court erred in finding him incredible. We pause for a
moment to recall the burden of proof. During third-stage proceedings, it is the petitioner’s burden
to make “a substantial showing of a constitutional violation.” Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d at 473. Thus,
it is insufficient for petitioner to prevail even if the trial court arguably erred in finding him
incredible. Rather, petitioner must establish that he was credible to the extent that it would have
been manifestly erroneous for the trial court to reject his testimony. Petitioner has not met this
burden. Quite simply, there is evidence of record that petitioner was seeking a conviction for a
lesser offense, including the instructions requested and trial counsel’s testimony that petitioner
rejected the 25-year offer despite counsel’s urgings to the contrary. Given this finding has
evidentiary support in the record, it is not manifestly erroneous.
¶ 68 Petitioner argues that it could be both true that he wished for a conviction of a lesser offense
and that he would have nevertheless accepted the 25-year offer. He continues that as the potential
penalties increased, he “may have made a different decision had he known that a guilty verdict, as
charged, would subject him to a substantially longer mandatory minimum sentence.” While this
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2022 IL App (2d) 200449-Umay be true, it may not have been the only factor petitioner considered. For example, the likelihood
of a conviction of a lesser crime could inform the analysis. If petitioner believed it likely that he
would be convicted of a lesser offense, perhaps the sentencing range he was facing would not have
been a significant factor. The salient point is this: given that petitioner bears the burden of
establishing a constitutional violation (Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d at 473), such uncertainty weighs
against him. Because of the burden of proof, petitioner’s assertion that no one testified that he
would not have accepted the 25-year offer had he been aware of the potential of an enhanced
sentence is misplaced.
¶ 69 In short, there was evidence that supported the trial court’s decision on this issue, and
petitioner has not established that it was manifest error to accept that evidence and reject his
testimony.
¶ 70 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 71 In light of the foregoing, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court dismissing
petitioner’s postconviction petition after second-stage proceedings and remand for further
proceedings. On remand, the trial court must appoint new counsel for petitioner. See People v.
Schlosser, 2017 IL App (1st) 150355, ¶ 36. We affirm the trial court’s denial of petitioner’s claims
following third-stage proceedings.
¶ 72 Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded with directions.
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