People v. Williams , 107 N.E.3d 254 ( 2018 )

2018 IL App (1st) 151373
SIXTH DIVISION
MAY 11, 2018
No. 1-15-1373
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County.
)
v. ) No. 94 CR 15518
)
CORDELL WILLIAMS, ) Honorable
) Vincent M. Gaughan,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE CUNNINGHAM delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Connors and Delort concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 The defendant, Cordell Williams, was found guilty of two counts of first degree murder
based upon the theory of accountability and sentenced to mandatory natural life in prison without
the possibility of parole. In three prior appeals, this court affirmed his conviction, the summary
dismissal of his postconviction petition, and the dismissal of his first successive postconviction
petition. The defendant then filed a motion for leave to file a second successive postconviction
petition, arguing that his mandatory life sentence violated both the United States and the Illinois
Constitutions. The circuit court denied his motion, and the defendant now appeals. For the
following reasons, we vacate the defendant’s sentence, remand this case to the circuit court for a
new sentencing hearing, and instruct the circuit court to issue an amended mittimus reflecting a
sentencing credit of 441 days.
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¶2 BACKGROUND
¶3 In May 1994, the defendant was 19 years old and a member of a street gang. Shortly after
midnight on May 26, 1994, he was driving his mother’s car with three other gang members as
passengers. One of those passengers, 17-year-old David Evans, told the defendant that he saw rival
gang members inside a restaurant. Evans told the defendant to stop the car and open the trunk, and
the defendant complied. Evans exited the car, retrieved a gun from the trunk, and proceeded to fatally
shoot two people inside the restaurant. After the shootings, Evans returned to the car, and the
defendant drove him and the other passengers away from the scene.
¶4 The defendant was charged with first degree murder pursuant to Illinois’s accountability
statute, which provides that “[a] person is legally accountable for the conduct of another when ***
[e]ither before or during the commission of an offense, and with the intent to promote or facilitate
such commission, he solicits, aids, abets, agrees or attempts to aid, such other person in the planning
or commission of the offense.” 720 ILCS 5/5-2 (West 1994). After trial, a jury found the defendant
guilty of first degree murder based on the theory of accountability.
¶5 The applicable sentencing statute at the time allowed a court, in first degree murder cases, to
sentence the defendant to a term of natural life imprisonment where the defendant “is found guilty of
murdering more than one victim.” 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(1)(c)(ii) (West 1994). Accordingly, in
August 1995, the circuit court sentenced the defendant to natural life in prison without the possibility
of parole.
¶6 The defendant has engaged in extensive postconviction litigation. First, the defendant directly
appealed his conviction. We affirmed his conviction and sentence on March 26, 1999. People v.
Williams, 303 Ill. App. 3d 1103 (1999) (table) (unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule
23). The defendant then filed his first postconviction petition in March 2000, alleging ineffective
assistance of appellate counsel. We affirmed the circuit court’s dismissal of his first postconviction
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petition on September 6, 2002. People v. Williams, 333 Ill. App. 3d 1214 (2002) (table) (unpublished
order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23). Two weeks later, the defendant filed his first successive
postconviction petition claiming actual innocence on the basis of new evidence. The circuit court
dismissed that petition, and we affirmed the circuit court’s dismissal on September 9, 2004. People v.
Williams, 351 Ill. App. 3d 1171 (2004) (table) (unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule
23). The defendant next filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in April 2008, alleging, among
other claims, that his due process rights were violated because he did not have an opportunity to
respond to the prosecution’s argument on accountability and that his sentence was unconstitutional.
The circuit court dismissed the habeas corpus petition, and we affirmed that dismissal on December
15, 2009, finding no issues of arguable merit. People v. Williams, 395 Ill. App. 3d 1120 (2009)
(table) (unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23).
¶7 On October 18, 2011, the defendant filed a pro se petition titled “Motion to Vacate Void
Judgment” 1 pursuant to section 2-1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1401 (West
2010)). In the section 2-1401 petition, the defendant alleged, inter alia, that his natural life sentence
is void because the sentencing statute was declared unconstitutional under the single-subject clause
(Ill. Const. 1970, art. IV, § 8(d)). The circuit court found the section 2-1401 petition untimely, found
that the defendant’s claims were barred as res judicata, and dismissed the section 2-1401 petition. In
2012, after the circuit court’s dismissal of the 2-1401 petition, but before the defendant’s appeal from
that dismissal was decided, the United States Supreme Court decided Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S.
460 (2012), which held that mandatory life imprisonment without parole for those under the age of
18 at the time of their crimes violates the eighth amendment’s prohibition on cruel and unusual
punishments. On appeal, the defendant relied on Miller to argue that his mandatory sentence of life
without the possibility of parole is unconstitutional as applied to him under the federal and state
1
That submission was erroneously titled as a “motion” rather than as a “petition.”
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constitutions, and that he is entitled to credit against his sentence for time served in presentence
custody. On July 14, 2014, this court affirmed the circuit court’s dismissal of the section 2-1401
petition, finding that the defendant’s petition was untimely and that its claims were barred by
res judicata. People v. Williams, 2014 IL App (1st) 120796-U, ¶¶ 26-27. We acknowledged that
Miller was decided after the defendant filed his section 2-1401 petition; however, we did not address
the merits of his claim under Miller, or his request for credit for time spent in presentence custody.
Id. ¶¶ 28-29. We explained that a postconviction petition, and not a section 2-1401 petition, was the
appropriate method for collaterally attacking a sentence on constitutional grounds. Id. ¶ 28.
¶8 The instant appeal stems from the defendant’s December 2014 pro se motion for leave to file
a second successive postconviction petition (the motion). The denial of the motion to file his petition
is the subject of this appeal. In the motion, the defendant argued that he should be allowed leave to
file a second successive postconviction petition because his mandatory sentence of natural life
without the possibility of parole is unconstitutional as applied to him in light of Miller. The
defendant’s motion claimed that he satisfied the cause-and-prejudice requirements needed to grant
leave to file a successive postconviction petition under section 122-1(f) of the Code of Criminal
Procedure of 1963. 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2014) (courts may grant leave to file a successive
postconviction petition only where a defendant “shows cause by identifying an objective factor
that impeded his or her ability to raise a specific claim during his or her initial post-conviction
proceedings” and “shows prejudice by demonstrating that the claim not raised during his or her
initial post-conviction proceedings so infected the trial that the resulting conviction or sentence
violated due process”). With respect to “cause,” the defendant argued that he could not have raised
this claim earlier because the primary authority he relied upon, Miller, was not decided until 2012.
With respect to “prejudice,” the defendant claimed that he is prejudiced because his life sentence is
now unconstitutional under Miller, such that he is entitled to resentencing, including credit for time
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served.
¶9 The circuit court denied the motion upon finding that the defendant failed to satisfy the
“prejudice” prong of the cause-and-prejudice test. Specifically, the circuit court found that the
defendant’s mandatory life-without-parole sentence did not violate his due process rights because
Miller only applies to defendants who were under the age of 18 at the time of their crimes, whereas
the defendant was 19 years old when he committed his offense. Accordingly, the circuit court denied
the defendant’s motion for leave to file a second successive postconviction petition. This appeal
followed.
¶ 10 ANALYSIS
¶ 11 We note that we have jurisdiction to review this matter, as the defendant filed a timely
notice of appeal following the denial of his motion. Ill. S. Ct. R. 603 (eff. Feb. 6, 2013); R. 606
(eff. Dec. 11, 2014).
¶ 12 The defendant argues that the circuit court should have granted his motion seeking leave
to file a successive postconviction petition because he met the “prejudice” prong of the cause-
and-prejudice test. Specifically, he argues that (1) his mandatory sentence of natural life without
the possibility of parole is unconstitutional as applied to him and (2) he should receive a credit of
441 days for time served in presentence custody.
¶ 13 Before we address the merits of the defendant’s arguments, we consider the State’s
claims that we should affirm the circuit court’s ruling on procedural grounds. First, the State
argues that the defendant failed to create a sufficient record establishing his as-applied
constitutional challenge. See People v. Thompson, 2015 IL 118151, ¶¶ 36-37 (an as-applied
challenge requires a showing that the statute violates the constitution as it applies to the facts and
circumstances of the challenging party, and thus, the appellate record must be sufficiently
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developed in terms of those individualized facts and circumstances for appellate review). The
State argues that “the record here contains no facts to suggest how [the science on juvenile
brains] applies to defendant here or that the conclusions of the various studies apply with equal
force to this 19-year-old defendant.” However, in his brief, the defendant cites scientific studies
finding that 19-year-old brains are very similar to juvenile brains, presumably those of 17-year­
olds. The record before us is sufficient for this court to thoroughly review and consider the as-
applied constitutional challenge raised by the defendant. Thus, we reject the State’s first
procedural argument. Second, the State argues that res judicata bars our review of the
defendant’s appeal because the defendant has previously claimed that his life-without-parole
sentence is unconstitutional. Generally, the doctrine of res judicata bars us from consideration of
issues that were raised or could have been raised in earlier proceedings. People v. English, 403
Ill. App. 3d 121, 130 (2010). We acknowledge that the defendant has made prior challenges to
his sentence. However, in the defendant’s prior appeals, this specific issue—whether his
sentence is unconstitutional as applied to him under Miller—has never been addressed. The
defendant could not raise this issue before Miller was decided in 2012. Therefore, we also reject
this alternate procedural argument by the State.
¶ 14 We now turn to the defendant’s argument that his mandatory life-without-parole sentence
is unconstitutional as applied to him because the sentencing judge was barred from considering
several factors, particularly his youth and his limited participation in the crime. The defendant
directs us to People v. Miller, 202 Ill. 2d 328 (2002) (Leon Miller), 2 in which our supreme court
found that the mandatory natural life sentence violated the proportionate penalties clause of the
Illinois Constitution as it applied to the 15-year-old defendant who (like the defendant here) had
2
We will refer to this case as “Leon Miller” to avoid confusion with the Alabama v. Miller case.
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been convicted of two counts of first degree murder under the accountability and multiple-
murders statutes. The defendant in this case acknowledges that, unlike the defendant in Leon
Miller, he was 19 years old at the time of his offense. He also acknowledges that his case is not
controlled by the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Miller because he was not a
juvenile. Nonetheless, he encourages us to apply the principles from Miller, Leon Miller, and
other cases to the facts and circumstances of his case and find that his mandatory life-without­
parole sentence is unconstitutional.
¶ 15 We first examine the standard of review on the defendant’s motion, considering the
lengthy procedural posture of this case. The Post-Conviction Hearing Act provides a procedural
mechanism through which a criminal defendant can assert that his federal or state constitutional
rights were substantially violated in his original trial or sentencing hearing. 725 ILCS 5/122-1(a)
(West 2014); People v. Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444, 455 (2002). Generally, a defendant may
file only one postconviction petition. People v. Davis, 2014 IL 115595, ¶ 14; 725 ILCS 5/122­
1(f) (West 2014). A defendant may file a successive postconviction petition upon obtaining leave
of the court to do so. People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 24. Courts shall grant leave to file a
successive postconviction petition where a defendant can establish “cause and prejudice” for the
failure to raise the claim earlier. Davis, 2014 IL 115595, ¶ 14; 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2014).
Cause is established when “some objective factor external to the defense” impeded efforts to
raise the claim in an earlier proceeding. Davis, 2014 IL 115595, ¶ 14. Prejudice is established
when “a claimed constitutional error [occurred] that so infected the entire trial that the resulting
conviction or sentence violates due process.” Id. We review de novo the question of whether the
defendant’s pleadings satisfied the cause-and-prejudice test, such that the circuit court should
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have granted his motion for leave to file a second successive postconviction petition. See People
v. Edwards, 2012 IL App (1st) 091651, ¶ 25.
¶ 16 Here, the State concedes that the defendant satisfied the “cause” prong of the cause-and­
prejudice test because the primary authority upon which the defendant relied, Miller, was not
decided until 2012, 17 years after the defendant’s conviction and sentence. The defendant could
not have raised this issue based on Miller before then. Thus, we focus on whether the defendant
satisfied the “prejudice” prong of the cause-and-prejudice test. That prong depends on the merits
of his constitutional claim. “The Eighth Amendment’s prohibition of cruel and unusual
punishment ‘guarantees individuals the right not to be subjected to excessive sanctions.’ ” Miller,
567 U.S. at 469 (quoting Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 560 (2005)). The United States
Supreme Court in Miller held that mandatory life-without-parole sentences imposed on juveniles
are unconstitutional, noting that, “ ‘[t]he concept of proportionality is central to the Eighth
Amendment.’ ” Id. (quoting Graham v. Florida, 560 U.S. 48, 59 (2010)). Similarly, the
proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution provides that “[a]ll penalties shall be
determined both according to the seriousness of the offense and with the objective of restoring
the offender to useful citizenship.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11. A challenge under the
proportionate penalties clause “contends that the penalty in question was not determined
according to the seriousness of the offense.” People v. Sharpe, 216 Ill. 2d 481, 487 (2005). A
violation may be shown where the penalty imposed is “ ‘cruel, degrading, or so wholly
disproportionate to the offense committed as to shock the moral sense of the community.’ ” Id.
(quoting People v. Moss, 206 Ill. 2d 503, 522 (2003)).
¶ 17 The defendant argues that under the particular facts of his case, a mandatory sentence of
life without parole is disproportionate. We preface our consideration of this argument by
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acknowledging the defendant’s role in the murders. Specifically, the defendant, at Evans’s
request, stopped the car in front of the restaurant and opened the trunk containing the gun. He
also waited while Evans entered the restaurant and shot the two victims, and then drove Evans
away from the scene of the crime. The seriousness of the defendant’s actions cannot be
discounted.
¶ 18 However, the defendant’s young age of 19 at the time of the offense also cannot be
discounted. While he was not legally a juvenile when the murders were committed, there is a
growing body of scientific evidence that the young adult brain, such as that of the defendant at
age 19, is still developing, rendering young adults more similar to juveniles than mature adults.
See, e.g., People v. House, 2015 IL App (1st) 110580, ¶ 95. “Research in neurobiology and
developmental psychology has shown that the brain doesn’t finish developing until the mid-20s,
far later than was previously thought.” Vincent Schiraldi & Bruce Western, Why 21 Year-Old
Offenders Should Be Tried in Family Court, Wash. Post (Oct. 2, 2015),
www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/time-to-raise-the-juvenile-age-limit/2015/10/02/948e317c­
6862-11e5-9ef3-fde182507eac_story.html. It has been a trend in our court to consider this
scientific evidence in our treatment of juveniles and young adults because “as our society
evolves, so too do our concepts of elemental decency and fairness which shape the ‘moral sense’
of the community.” Leon Miller, 202 Ill. 2d at 339.
¶ 19 Although the United States Supreme Court in Roper affirmed that the division between
an adult and juvenile defendant is age 18, the court also recognized “[t]he qualities that
distinguish juveniles from adults do not disappear when an individual turns 18.” Roper, 543 U.S.
at 574. And this court has previously stated, “we find the designation that after age 18 an
individual is a mature adult appears to be somewhat arbitrary.” House, 2015 IL App (1st)
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110580, ¶ 95. We agree, as there is no scientific evidence to support the conclusion that at age
18, a defendant’s brain is magically transformed to maturity such that it is different than it was
the day before his eighteenth birthday. In fact, the scientific evidence suggests the opposite
conclusion. Specifically, that there is no bright line of demarcation regarding brain maturity
between a 17-year-old and an 18- or 19-year-old.
¶ 20 We find this case to be analogous to House, in which this court held that a mandatory
natural life sentence was unconstitutional as applied to the 19-year-old defendant who, just like
the defendant here, was found guilty of two counts of first degree murder based on the theory of
accountability. Id. ¶ 102. In that case, we stated:
“[W]e question the propriety of mandatory natural life for a 19
year old defendant convicted under a theory of accountability.
Although defendant acted as a lookout during the commission of
the crime and was not the actual shooter, he received a mandatory
natural life sentence, the same sentence applicable to the person
who pulled the trigger.” Id. ¶ 89.
¶ 21 Similarly, the defendant here received the same sentence as the shooter, Evans. While we
acknowledge that, under the theory of accountability, the focus is on the nature of the homicides
and not a defendant’s role in them (People v. Foster, 198 Ill. App. 3d 986, 999 (1990)), we
believe that, under the circumstances of this case, the sentencing court should have been allowed
the discretion to at least consider the defendant’s level of participation in the crime. Moreover,
Evans, who was 17 years old at the time of the offense, received a new sentencing hearing after
the issuance of Miller. It would be unjust if Evans, the shooter in the murders, received a new
sentencing hearing simply because he was 17 years old when he pulled the trigger, whereas the
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defendant would be deprived of a new sentencing hearing because was 19 years old when he
drove Evans away from the crime scene.
¶ 22 The State argues that House is distinguishable because the defendant there never knew
his father, was raised by his grandmother, and did not graduate from high school, while the
defendant in this case had a good home life, finished high school, and had a job. We find these
differences to be unpersuasive in light of the other significant factual similarities to House. In
both cases, the defendants were 19 years old at the time of their offense and had no history of
criminal violence. Both were convicted of murder under the theory of accountability. Perhaps
most significantly, both had relatively limited participation in the crime. The State further argues
that this court in House failed to recognize our supreme court’s decision in People v. Taylor, 102
Ill. 2d 201 (1984), which rejected a facial challenge to the statute mandating a sentence of natural
life for multiple murders. However, Taylor is not applicable to either House or the case before us
for three reasons: (1) the defendant there made a facial challenge to the multiple-murders statute,
not an as-applied challenge, (2) the case did not rest upon the theory of accountability, and (3)
the age of the defendant was not at issue. Thus, Taylor was not relevant to House, is not relevant
here, and we reject the State’s argument.
¶ 23 Given the particular circumstances of this case, especially the defendant’s youth and
limited participation in the offense, we conclude that his mandatory sentence of natural life
without the possibility of parole cannot stand. Consequently, we hold that the defendant’s
sentence violates the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois Constitution as applied to him
under the facts of this case. See Sharpe, 216 Ill. 2d at 487 (a penalty violates the proportionate
penalties clause if so wholly disproportionate to the offense committed as to shock the moral
sense of the community).
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¶ 24 We emphasize that we are not holding that all mandatory life-without-parole sentences
are unconstitutional for 19 year-olds. Rather, we hold that a mandatory sentence of life-without­
parole, as applied under the facts and circumstances of this case, is unconstitutional. Notably, at
the time of sentencing, the circuit court had no discretion to consider individualized factors
related to the defendant before imposing sentence. See Leon Miller, 202 Ill. 2d at 336 (“The
legislature’s discretion necessarily includes the power to prescribe mandatory sentences, even if
these mandatory sentences restrict the judiciary’s discretion in imposing sentences. [Citation.]
However, the power to impose sentences is not without limitation; the penalty must satisfy
constitutional constrictions.”).
¶ 25 For the reasons stated, the defendant has been prejudiced by the statutes under which he
was sentenced and has thus satisfied the “prejudice” prong of the cause-and-prejudice test.
Therefore, the circuit court erred in denying the defendant’s motion for leave to file a second
successive postconviction petition. Yet, we need not remand for further postconviction
proceedings. Instead, because we have found the defendant’s mandatory life-without-parole
sentence to be unconstitutional, the proper remedy is resentencing. See People v. Warren, 2016
IL App (1st) 090884-C, ¶ 51 (a defendant is entitled to a new sentencing hearing when his
sentence is found to be unconstitutional, rendering further postconviction proceedings
unnecessary).
¶ 26 Accordingly, we vacate the defendant’s sentence, and we remand this case to the circuit
court for a new sentencing hearing. At the new sentencing hearing, we instruct the circuit court
to consider all relevant mitigating factors, particularly the defendant’s youth and limited
participation in the offense.
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¶ 27 We next address the defendant’s argument that he is entitled to 441 days of sentencing
credit for time served prior to his sentencing. The defendant urges that if he is sentenced to a
term of years upon resentencing, he would then be entitled to that credit. Criminal defendants are
entitled to sentencing credit for each day spent in custody prior to sentencing. People v. Ligons,
325 Ill. App. 3d 753, 759 (2001). This court may correct the mittimus to reflect the proper
sentence credit without remanding the matter to the circuit court for that purpose. People v.
Pryor, 372 Ill. App. 3d 422, 438 (2007); Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(b).
¶ 28 The State’s response is that the defendant is not entitled to presentence credit for time
served because he received a natural life sentence. However, if upon resentencing, the defendant
receives a term of years, he would be entitled to presentence credit. Thus, upon resentencing, if
the defendant is sentenced to a term of years, we instruct the circuit court to issue an amended
mittimus reflecting a sentencing credit of 441 days.
¶ 29 CONCLUSION
¶ 30 For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the defendant’s sentence, and we remand this case
to the circuit court for a new sentencing hearing. If the defendant is resentenced to a term of
years, we also instruct the circuit court to issue an amended mittimus reflecting a sentencing
credit of 441 days.
¶ 31 Sentence vacated; remanded with directions; mittimus corrected.
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