People v. McCoy , 2020 IL App (1st) 161199 ( 2020 )

2020 IL App (1st) 161199No. 1-16-1199
FIRST DIVISION
August 10, 2020
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court of
) Cook County, Criminal Division.
Plaintiff-Appellee, )
)
v. ) No. 10 CR 17687
)
CHARLES MCCOY, ) Honorable
) Thaddeus L. Wilson,
Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.
PRESIDING JUSTICE GRIFFIN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justices Hyman and Walker concurred in the judgment and opinion.
OPINION
¶1 After a bench trial, defendant Charles McCoy was convicted of possession with the intent
to deliver between 15 and 100 grams of heroin in case number 10CR17687. The trial court
sentenced him to a prison term of 11 years. Following the denial of his posttrial motion to
reconsider sentence, defendant pled guilty to two other felony offenses in case numbers
12CR10671 and 12CR10678. The trial court sentenced him to one year in prison for each of those
offenses. All of defendant’s sentences ran consecutively.
¶2 Defendant directly appealed his bench trial conviction under case number 10CR17687 and
raised a single issue: the evidence was insufficient to convict beyond a reasonable doubt. We
affirmed. Defendant then filed a postconviction petition captioned with case numbers 10CR17687,
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12CR10671 and 12CR10678. The petition was later amended by counsel. During the proceedings,
the parties and the trial court treated all of defendant’s cases as functionally consolidated. The trial
court dismissed the petition and defendant appealed, listing all three case numbers in his notice of
appeal. Defendant claimed on appeal that he did not receive the benefit of the bargain of his plea
deal, and sought a 513-day reduction in his 11-year consecutive sentence imposed in case number
10CR17687. We thoroughly considered defendant’s claims and affirmed the dismissal of his
petition.
¶3 Defendant sent another postconviction petition captioned with case number 10CR17687 to
the Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County (Clerk). He later filed a motion seeking leave to file
the petition, claiming it was the first petition under case number 10CR 17687. The trial court
denied leave to file and dismissed the petition, finding it was successive and failed to satisfy the
cause-and-prejudice test. Defendant appeals, and asks us to reverse the trial court’s judgment and
remand the case to the trial court for second-stage postconviction proceedings. We affirm.
¶4 BACKGROUND
¶5 In October of 2010, defendant was charged in case number 10CR17687 with possessing
between 15 and 100 grams of heroin with the intent to deliver. 720 ILCS 570/401(a)(1)(A) (West
2010). Defendant posted bond and proceeded to commit other crimes. Defendant’s bond was
revoked, and the State charged him with driving on a suspended license in case number
12CR10671, and aggravated fleeing in case number 12CR10678. 625 ILCS 5/6-303(a) (West
2012); Id. § 11-204.1(a)(4). After a bench trial, defendant was convicted of the drug offense and
sentenced to 11 years in prison. Upon the denial of defendant’s motion to reconsider sentence, he
pled guilty to both traffic offenses and was sentenced to the statutory minimum term of one year
for each offense. The trial court ordered defendant to serve all of the sentences consecutively.
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¶6 Defendant filed a direct appeal of his drug conviction, challenging the sufficiency of the
State’s evidence. Defendant did not raise any claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. We
affirmed defendant’s conviction on July 17, 2014, and corrected the mittimus. See People v.
McCoy, 2014 IL App (1st) 130864-U. While the direct appeal was pending, defendant filed a pro
se post-conviction petition on May 20, 2013. See 725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2014)) (Act).
Defendant captioned the petition with case numbers 10CR17687, 12CR10671 and 12CR10678.
The trial court appointed postconviction counsel, who filed an amend petition, claiming defendant
was denied the benefit of his negotiated plea agreement because his credit for time served was
incorrectly applied (amended petition). The trial court dismissed the amended petition on May 22,
2015, and defendant appealed.
¶7 Defendant asked the court on appeal to reduce his consecutive 11-year sentence imposed
in case number 10CR17687 by 513 days to effectuate his negotiated plea agreement. Defendant
claimed this form of sentencing relief was available to him because consecutive sentences “are to
be treated as a single term of imprisonment.” We affirmed the dismissal of the amended petition
on March 22, 2018. See People v. McCoy, 2018 IL App (1st) 151742-U) (finding in part that “the
513 days of credit cannot be subtracted from defendants 11-year sentence in case No. 10 CR 17687
because that sentence was imposed by the trial court following a trial and was not part of
defendant’s plea agreement”).
¶8 While the amended petition was pending in the trial court, defendant filed another pro se
postconviction petition, arguing that a State witness at his bench trial committed perjury and his
trial and appellate counsel were ineffective (pro se petition). Defendant captioned the pro se
petition with case number 10CR17687 only. The Clerk marked the pro se petition “received” on
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January 20, 2015. However, no record of the pro se petition was in the Clerk’s electronic database
or the trial court’s case file.
¶9 On December 9, 2015, defendant filed a motion for leave to file his pro se petition.
Attached to the motion was: (1) the first page of the three-page pro se petition; (2) a notice of filing
dated January 12, 2015, informing the Clerk that defendant mailed the petition; (3) a four-page
affidavit executed by defendant; and (4) 15 pages of exhibits. In support of the motion, defendant
claimed the pro se petition was an initial, not successive petition, and the trial court was required
to automatically advance the pro se petition to the second stage of proceedings it was “filed” on
January 12, 2015, and the 90-day docketing period outlined in section 122-2.1 of the Act (725
ILCS 5/122–2.1 (West 2014)) had lapsed.
¶ 10 On March 4, 2016, the trial court entered a written order dismissing the pro se petition.
The trial court determined that defendant was “foreclosed from arguing that his new petition is the
first petition filed under [10 CR 17687]” because he: (1) captioned the amended petition with case
number 10CR17687; (2) never mentioned the filing of the pro se petition in early 2015, despite
the pendency of the amended petition; and (3) even captioned the notice of appeal from the
dismissal of the amended petition with case number 10CR17687.
¶ 11 The trial court denied defendant leave to file and dismissed the pro se petition as a
successive petition that failed to satisfy the cause-and-prejudice test. The trial court relied in part
on People v. Marker, 233 Ill. 2d 158, 163 (2009) to make its decision, where our supreme court
determined that separate felony and traffic cases were “functionally consolidated” in the trial court
and defendant was “estopped to deny” consolidation because he “filed several cases listing both
case numbers in the caption.” The trial court alternatively concluded that even if the pro se petition
was an initial petition, it would fail on the merits.
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¶ 12 Defendant appeals, and asks us to reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand the case
for second-stage postconviction proceedings. Defendant claims the pro se petition was an initial
petition not subject to the cause-and-prejudice test. He further claims the dismissal of the pro se
petition on the merits constituted an improper partial dismissal because the trial court considered
only the claims raised on the first page of the three-page pro se petition.
¶ 13 ANALYSIS
¶ 14 The Act provides a statutory remedy to criminal defendants who claim that substantial
violations of their constitutional rights occurred at trial. People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 21.
The Act is not a substitute for an appeal, but rather a collateral attack on a final judgment. Id. The
purpose of a post-conviction proceeding is to allow inquiry into constitutional issues involved in
the original conviction and sentence that have not been, and could not have been, adjudicated
previously on direct appeal. People v. Towns, 182 Ill. 2d 491, 502 (1998). When a petitioner has
previously taken an appeal from a judgment of conviction, the judgment of the reviewing court
will bar review under the doctrine of res judicata of all issues actually decided by the reviewing
court and any other claims that could have been presented to the reviewing court will be deemed
waived. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 21.
¶ 15 The Act contemplates the filing of a single petition. People v. Paige, 2020 IL App (1st)
161563, ¶ 29. However, a defendant may file a successive petition with leave of court. 725 ILCS
5/122-1(f) (West 2014)). Leave to file a successive petition may be granted only if the defendant
“demonstrates cause for his or her failure to bring the claim in his or her initial post-conviction
proceedings and prejudice results from that failure.” Id. To establish “cause,” the defendant must
show some objective factor external to the defense impeded his ability to raise the claim in the
initial postconviction proceeding. People v. Coleman, 2013 IL 113307, ¶ 82 (citing People v.
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Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444, 460 (2002). To establish “prejudice,” the defendant must show the
claimed constitutional error so infected his trial that the resulting conviction violated due process.
Id. (citing Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 464). A defendant faces “immense procedural default
hurdles when bringing a successive post-conviction petition,” which “are lowered in very limited
circumstances” because successive petitions “plague the finality of criminal litigation.” People v.
Crenshaw, 2015 IL App (4th) 131035, ¶ 27 (citing People v. Tenner, 206 Ill.2d 381, 392 (2002)).
¶ 16 The central contention raised by the parties on appeal is whether the trial court was justified
in “treating” the pro se petition as a successive petition. The parties fail to contest the trial court’s
determination that the pro se petition, if a successive petition, failed to satisfy the cause-and-
prejudice test. A review of the record reveals that defendant made no attempt in the pro se petition
to satisfy the cause-and-prejudice test. Accordingly, this appeal turns, at least initially, on the
question of whether the pro se petition was the second petition filed under case number 10CR
17687.
¶ 17 Defendant does not deny that he and his postconviction counsel captioned the amended
petition with case number 10CR17687. However, he argues that the act of captioning the amended
petition was “merely a layman’s error that did not affect the substance of his pleading and should
not affect the way it or subsequent pleadings under the Act are characterized.” Defendant contends
that Marker has no application to this case. We reject these arguments.
¶ 18 The record in this case establishes that defendant captioned the amended petition with case
number 10CR17687 and included that case number in his notice of appeal following dismissal.
Defendant actively sought sentencing relief on appeal, arguing that the court should reduce his 11-
year sentence imposed in case number 10CR17687 by 513 days to give full effect to his negotiated
plea agreement. McCoy, 2018 IL App (1st) 151742-U, ¶ 14 (defendant “argues the 11-year
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sentence imposed in his earlier case could be reduced by 513 days to approximate the terms of his
plea agreement”). Defendant reasoned that consecutive sentences constitute a single term of
imprisonment and the proposed reduction of his 11-year sentence was therefore both feasible and
warranted. We gave due consideration to defendant’s claims and rejected them. We affirmed the
dismissal of the amended petition. McCoy, 2018 IL App (1st) 151742-U, ¶ 35.
¶ 19 To be sure, defendant and his counsel’s acts of (1) captioning the amended petition with
case number 10CR17687, and (2) including that case number in the notice of appeal, allowed him
to seek a reduction of his 11-year consecutive sentence. If case number 10CR17687 was not
included in the amended petition and notice of appeal, defendant’s request for sentencing relief
would not have been considered because, as he argues in his brief, “the bench trial proceedings in
10CR17867 were entirely separate from the proceedings in 12CR10671 and 12CR10678.”
Defendant fails to see that what matters in this case is the action he undertook, in the trial court
and on appeal, to combine the separate drug and traffic proceedings.
¶ 20 Marker applies here and the trial court was correct to rely on it for guidance. In Marker,
our supreme court found that separate traffic and felony cases were “functionally consolidated”
because the parties and the trial court treated them as such. Marker, 233 Ill. 2d at 162. The court
pointed to the following facts as conclusively establishing functional consolidation: (1) numerous
documents filed by the parties and orders filed by the court listed both case numbers in the caption;
and (2) the trial court announced the cases as, “People of the State of Illinois vs. Brent E. Marker,
06 CF 69, 06 DT 57,” at the hearing on defendant’s motion to quash and suppress and the hearing
on the State’s motion to reconsider. Id. The court also stated, where a “defendant himself filed
several documents listing both case numbers in the caption, he is ‘estopped to deny’
consolidation.” Id. at 163.
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¶ 21 Here, as in Marker, the parties and the trial court treated defendant’s case as functionally
consolidated. Defendant and his counsel captioned the amended petition with case numbers
10CR17687, 12CR10671 and 12CR10678. The trial court expressly indicated in its written order
entered on March 4, 2016, that it (1) treated the amended petition as filed under 10CR17867 and
(2) defendant never mentioned the filing of the pro se petition in early 2015, despite the pendency
of the amended petition. These facts conclusively establish functional consolidation under Marker.
But there is more.
¶ 22 Defendant included case number 10CR17687 in his notice of appeal from the dismissal of
the amended petition and sought a reduction of the 11-year consecutive sentence imposed in that
case. Defendant clearly took advantage of the joined caption. See Ad-Ex, Inc. v. City of Chicago,
247 Ill. App. 3d 97, 102 (1993) (“[w]here a party has taken advantage of de facto consolidation,
the court may consider such fact, together with all of the other circumstances of the case, including
memoranda or memorials, and such party may be estopped to deny that there was an appropriate
order of consolidation”). Accordingly, defendant’s actions here go beyond the facts of Marker and
place the trial court’s determination on even more settled ground.
¶ 23 Based on all of defendant’s actions he “ought not be allowed to change the rules” and claim
post hoc that case number 10CR17687 appeared on amended petition and notice of appeal by way
of a “layman’s error.” Ad-Ex, Inc. v. City of Chicago, 247 Ill. App. 3d at 102. Neither party argues
that their respective actions taken to functionally consolidate the cases caused each other to suffer
prejudice. Marker, 233 Ill. 2d at 163 (citing Ad-Ex, Inc., 247 Ill. App. 3d at 98-103).
¶ 24 We reject defendant’s argument that People v. Little, 2012 IL App (5th) 100547, applies to
this case. The court in Little held that “where a defendant files an initial postconviction petition
seeking only to reinstate the right to a direct appeal that was lost due to counsel’s ineffectiveness,
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a subsequent petition is not a successive petition for purposes of section 122–1(f)” of the Act.
Little, 2012 IL App (5th) 100547, ¶ 19; see also People v. Wilson, 2014 IL App (1st) 113570, ¶¶
39, 40 (following Little in a case with “substantially similar” facts). No postconviction petition
seeking to reinstate the right to a direct appeal was filed in this case. Little has no application here.
¶ 25 Accordingly, the trial court was correct to dispose of the pro se petition because it was a
successive petition and defendant pled no facts under the cause-and-prejudice test. The 90-day
docketing period outlined in section 122-2.1 of the Act (725 ILCS 5/122–2.1 (West 2014)) did not
apply to the pro se petition. See People v. Tidwell, 236 Ill. 2d 150, 159 (2010) (“[f]or purposes of
the 90-day docketing provision, *** a successive postconviction petition will not be considered
‘filed,’ as that term is used in the statute, until leave is granted; notwithstanding the circuit clerk’s
reception and acceptance of the petition”). Based on our decision we need not consider defendant’s
remaining arguments. The judgment must be affirmed.
¶ 26 CONCLUSION
¶ 27 Accordingly, we affirm.
¶ 28 Affirmed.
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