State of Minnesota v. Robert Carl Thoensen ( 2016 )

This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A16-0338
State of Minnesota,
Appellant,
vs.
Robert Carl Thoensen,
Respondent.
Filed July 5, 2016
Affirmed
Rodenberg, Judge
Steele County District Court
File No. 74-CR-15-2257
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Daniel A. McIntosh, Steele County Attorney, Owatonna, Minnesota (for appellant)
Melvin R. Welch, Welch Law Firm, LLC, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)
Considered and decided by Rodenberg, Presiding Judge; Peterson, Judge; and
Bjorkman, Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
RODENBERG, Judge
The state challenges the district court’s pretrial suppression order, arguing that the
district court erred in concluding that the trooper lacked reasonable, articulable suspicion
to justify the stop of respondent Robert Carl Thoensen’s car. We affirm.
FACTS
On October 27, 2015, respondent was driving his car, displaying Colorado license
plates, on Interstate 35 in Steele County, Minnesota. A Minnesota state trooper saw
respondent’s car and suspected that the car’s window tint was darker than allowed under
Minnesota law. The trooper stopped the vehicle and, after smelling the odor of marijuana
from inside the car, sought respondent’s consent to search the car. After respondent and
his passenger consented to the search, troopers found 26.9 grams of cocaine. Respondent
was arrested and charged with one count of first-degree possession of a controlled
substance in violation of Minn. Stat. § 152.021, subd. 2(a)(1) (2014), and one count of
importing controlled substances across state borders in violation of Minn. Stat.
§ 152.0261, subd. 1 (2014).
Respondent moved the district court to suppress the evidence obtained from the
stop, arguing that there was no legal basis for the stop and that the stop was the result of
the trooper’s mistake of law. The parties agreed to the following stipulated facts at the
omnibus hearing:
1. [Respondent] was driving a motor vehicle in Steele
County on October 27, 2015.
2. The vehicle was a 2014 Volkswagen Jetta, bearing
Colorado license plate 591-QLZ. This vehicle is
registered to [respondent].
3. As the vehicle passed [the trooper] near mile post 34 on
Interstate 35 in Steele County, [the trooper] observed that
the window tint appeared to be darker than 50%, the
threshold allowed under Minnesota law.
4. [The trooper] also checked Colorado law and believed that
the window tint was darker than 27%, the threshold
allowed under Colorado law.
5. [The trooper] initiated a traffic stop near mile post 35.
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6. [The trooper] approached the vehicle, and [respondent]
was identified as the driver by his Colorado Driver’s
License.
7. [The trooper] measured the window tint1 and received a
measurement of 18%.
The district court granted respondent’s motion to suppress, concluding that the trooper
illegally stopped respondent’s car. The district court also dismissed the case, concluding
that “given the suppression of the evidence, there is no probable cause for the
charges . . . .” This appeal followed.
DECISION
The state challenges the district court’s pretrial suppression of the evidence
obtained from the traffic stop. When the state appeals a pretrial suppression order, it
“‘must clearly and unequivocally’ show both that the [district] court’s order will have a
‘critical impact’ on the state’s ability to prosecute the defendant successfully and that the
order constituted error.” State v. Zanter, 535 N.W.2d 624, 630 (Minn. 1995) (quoting
State v. Joon Kyu Kim, 398 N.W.2d 544, 547 (Minn. 1987). “[T]he critical impact of the
suppression must be first determined before deciding whether the suppression order was
made in error.” State v. Scott, 584 N.W.2d 412, 416 (Minn. 1998). “Dismissal of a
complaint satisfies the critical impact requirement.” State v. Trei, 624 N.W.2d 595, 597
(Minn. App. 2001). Here, because the district court dismissed the complaint, the
1
The parties’ stipulation purports to have been a measurement of the “tint” of the
windows. The statute prohibits windows with “a light transmittance of less than 50
percent.” Minn. Stat. § 169.71, subd. 4(3). We interpret the parties’ stipulation
concerning “tint” to mean that appellant’s window allowed light transmittance of only 18
percent, well below the statute’s 50-percent requirement.
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critical-impact requirement is satisfied. We therefore consider whether the pretrial order
constituted error. See id.The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits “unreasonable
searches and seizures.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. “A traffic stop for a suspected violation
of law is a ‘seizure’ of the occupants of the vehicle and therefore must be conducted in
accordance with the Fourth Amendment.” Heien v. North Carolina, 135 S. Ct. 530, 536
(2014). The standard of review of a pretrial suppression ruling is de novo on the legal
issue of whether a search was justified by reasonable suspicion or probable cause and
clearly erroneous on the district court’s findings of fact. State v. Burbach, 706 N.W.2d
484, 487 (Minn. 2005). Where the facts are undisputed, we review de novo the pretrial
ruling. Id.To justify a brief investigatory traffic stop, police must have a reasonable
suspicion of criminal activity. Heien, 135 S. Ct. at 536; State v. Richardson, 622 N.W.2d
823, 825 (Minn. 2001). “The reasonable-suspicion standard is not high.” State v. Diede,
795 N.W.2d 836, 843 (Minn. 2011) (quotation omitted). Police must only show that the
stop was based on more than “an inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or hunch.”
State v. Timberlake, 744 N.W.2d 390, 393 (Minn. 2008) (quotation omitted). A stop will
be upheld when police can articulate a particular objective basis for the stop. Id. A
traffic violation, no matter how insignificant, generally provides such a basis. State v.
Anderson, 683 N.W.2d 818, 823 (Minn. 2004).
The trooper here based the traffic stop on his suspicion that respondent violated
the Minnesota window-tint statute. Minn. Stat. § 169.71, subd. 4(a)(3) (2014) provides:
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No person shall drive or operate any motor vehicle
required to be registered in the state of Minnesota upon any
street or highway under the following conditions:
...
(3) when any side window or rear window is
composed of or treated with any material so as to obstruct or
substantially reduce the driver’s clear view through the
window or has a light transmittance of less than 50 percent
plus or minus three percent in the visible light range or a
luminous reflectance of more than 20 percent plus or minus
three percent . . . .
The plain language of the statute limits its application to motor vehicles “required to be
registered” in Minnesota. Id. Minnesota law requires an individual to register a motor
vehicle in the state either (1) within 60 days of the owner residing in Minnesota, (2) when
ownership is transferred, or (3) when the out-of-state registration expires. Minn. Stat.
§ 168.012, subd. 8 (2014).
Here, respondent’s vehicle was registered in Colorado. Only if respondent was a
resident of Minnesota for 60 days or more, or had recently transferred ownership of the
car, would there be a basis for the trooper to have suspected a violation of Minn. Stat.
§ 169.71, subd. 4(a)(3). Respondent argues that upholding a stop on this basis would
justify an officer stopping any vehicle with an out-of-state license plate. The Minnesota
Supreme Court has cautioned against such broadly applicable justifications. See State v.
Britton, 604 N.W.2d 84, 89 (Minn. 2000).
In Britton, two officers stopped a vehicle based on the sole observation of a
broken rear-passenger window covered with a plastic bag. Id. at 86. One officer testified
that, in his experience, a broken window was an indication that a vehicle may have been
stolen. Id. The supreme court explained that, although deference is given to police
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officer training and experience, the officer’s stated rationale for stopping the vehicle
“would support stopping any car at all with a broken window.” Id. at 89. The supreme
court held that without any other articulable reasons, this observation alone was
insufficient to justify the stop. Id.The state attempts to distinguish Britton by arguing that “there was no indication
of a criminal or traffic violation” in Britton; but here, the trooper suspected respondent’s
window tint was noncompliant with both Minnesota and Colorado law. The state asserts
that “if the vehicle is equally in violation of either Minnesota law or the law of its
jurisdiction of registration, then there is at least a rational basis to infer that the vehicle
may also not be properly registered under Minnesota law.”
The state’s argument is readily distinguishable from the cases upon which it relies
for authority. See State v. Pike, 551 N.W.2d 919, 922 (Minn. 1996) (upholding stop
where police officer observed a vehicle whose registered owner’s driving privileges were
revoked); State v. Cox, 807 N.W.2d 447, 449 (Minn. App. 2011) (upholding stop where
police officer observed a vehicle with current-year license plate tabs, but a records check
showed the vehicle registration had expired two years earlier). Both Pike and Cox
involved police officers observing particularized and identifiable suspected violations.
Here, the trooper did not observe any violation of Minnesota law. Instead, the trooper’s
suspicion concerning the registration element of the window-tint statute was based
entirely on speculation. It is well-established that speculation is insufficient to support a
stop. See Timberlake, 744 N.W.2d at 393. The district court correctly concluded that the
trooper lacked a reasonable, articulable suspicion for stopping respondent.
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The state also argues that the stop could be justified by the apparent violation of
Colorado law. But a Minnesota trooper has no authority to enforce Colorado law. See
State v. Smith, 421 N.W.2d 315, 318 (Minn. 1988) (noting that, under common law, one
state cannot enforce another state’s criminal laws). The state makes no persuasive
showing that, even assuming that the window tint violated Colorado law, this fact would
make it more likely—and not speculative—that the vehicle was required to be registered
in Minnesota.
Respondent argues on appeal that an officer’s mistake of law does not provide
sufficient justification for a traffic stop in Minnesota. See Heien, 135 S. Ct. at 536(holding that under the United States Constitution, “a reasonable suspicion can [in
appropriate circumstances] rest on a mistaken understanding of the scope of a legal
prohibition”). But, the state expressly disclaimed any mistake-of-law argument on
appeal. We therefore do not consider respondent’s arguments concerning mistakes of
law. See Roby v. State, 547 N.W.2d 354, 357 (Minn. 1996) (holding that an appellate
court will not consider matters not argued to and considered by the district court); State v.
Butcher, 563 N.W.2d 776, 780 (Minn. App. 1997) (explaining that issues not briefed on
appeal are waived), review denied (Minn. Aug. 5, 1997).
The district court correctly concluded that “the presence of windows tinted darker
than allowable under Minnesota law does not give officers reasonable suspicion to stop
every car with an out-of-state license plate on the theory that they could potentially be
required to register their car in Minnesota.”
Affirmed.
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