State of Indiana v. Frank Greene , 16 N.E.3d 416 ( 2014 )

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Gregory F. Zoeller Stephen T. Owens
Attorney General of Indiana Hope H. Fey
Indianapolis, Indiana
Andrew A. Kobe
Justin F. Roebel
Deputy Attorneys General
Indianapolis, Indiana Sep 17 2014, 2:49 pm
In the
Indiana Supreme Court
No. 49S02-1403-PC-172
STATE OF INDIANA,
Appellant (Respondent below),
v.
FRANK GREENE,
Appellee (Petitioner below).
Appeal from the Marion Superior Court, No. 49F25-0811-PC-261114
The Honorable Clark H. Rogers, Judge
On Petition to Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 49A02-1303-PC-228
September 17, 2014
David, Justice.
Convicted of class B felony criminal confinement, Frank Greene alleged in his petition
for post-conviction relief that his trial and appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance by
failing to present allegedly controlling precedent from this Court and thus adequately challenge
the sufficiency of the evidence underlying his conviction. Greene argued that had counsel
submitted Long v. State, 743 N.E.2d 253 (Ind. 2001), to their respective courts, he would have
obtained, at worse, a conviction for class D felony criminal confinement. Persuaded, the post-
conviction court ordered his class B felony conviction reduced to a class D felony. The Court of
Appeals affirmed, and the State appealed.
The validity of Greene’s post-conviction claim turns on the legitimacy of his argument
that Long compelled a different result at trial. Specifically, he contends Long holds that in order
for a defendant to be convicted of class B felony criminal confinement, the State must have
proven beyond a reasonable doubt that serious bodily injury to the victim resulted when the
victim was moved from one place to another. Concluding that Greene mischaracterizes Long,
we find that the post-conviction court clearly erred in its judgment, as Greene’s counsel did not
render ineffective assistance by failing to argue a misstatement of the law.
Facts and Procedural History
At the close of his February 2009 bench trial, Greene was convicted, among other counts,
of class B felony criminal confinement 1 for a prolonged incident spanning two days in
November 2008 during which he terrorized his girlfriend Brenda Johnson and held her captive in
their shared apartment. 2 Greene v. State, No. 49A05-0905-CR-250, Slip. op. at *1 (Ind. Ct. App.
Oct. 30, 2009). Relevant here is that evidence was presented at trial that revealed, while in their
bedroom, Greene strangled Johnson until she lost consciousness. When she regained
consciousness, she was on a couch in their living room. Additionally, the trial court found
Greene to be a habitual offender 3 and sentenced Greene, in total, to fifty years executed.
1
Ind. Code § 35-42-3-3 (2008).
2
He was also convicted of class C felony and class A misdemeanor battery (Ind. Code § 35-42-
2-1 (2008)), class D felony strangulation (Ind. Code § 35-42-2-9 (2008)), class D felony and
class A misdemeanor intimidation (Ind. Code § 35-45-2-1 (2008)), class D felony criminal
confinement (which was later merged with his class B felony criminal confinement conviction as
to avoid double jeopardy), and two counts of class A misdemeanor domestic battery (Ind. Code §
35-42-2-1.3 (2008)).
3
Ind. Code § 35-50-2-8 (2008).
2
On direct appeal, Greene argued that there was insufficient evidence to sustain his
conviction for class B felony criminal confinement. Greene, No. 49A05-0905-CR-250 at *2–3. 4
The Court of Appeals affirmed, Greene, No. 49A05-0905-CR-250 at *3, and this Court denied
Greene’s petition to transfer, Greene v. State, 929 N.E.2d 793 (table) (Ind. 2006).
Then in November 2010, Greene filed a petition for post-conviction relief in which he
claimed that he received ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel. Specifically, in his
amended PCR petition, Greene contended that had counsel presented Long, either he would not
have been convicted of class B felony criminal confinement or his conviction would have been
set aside for insufficient evidence, because “the State totally failed to prove the loss of
consciousness had resulted from Ms. Johnson’s removal from the bedroom to the living room as
required by Long.” (App. at 48–50.) To Greene, Long is “directly on point.” (Appellee’s Br. at
7.)
At an evidentiary hearing, both Greene’s trial and appellate counsel testified that they
were unaware of Long at the relevant times, but would have argued the case had they been
aware. Following the hearing, the post-conviction court issued findings of fact and conclusions
of law and found that “[t]here is no question in this Court’s opinion that [Greene] should not
have been convicted of Class B felony confinement”; thus, “both trial and appellate counsel were
ineffective for failing to properly argue Supreme Court precedent on point with [Greene’s] case.”
(App. at 99, 103.) As a result, the post-conviction court reduced Greene’s class B felony
criminal confinement conviction to class D felony criminal confinement and ordered that he be
resentenced accordingly. The State subsequently appealed. Unanimous in result, the Court of
Appeals affirmed. State v. Greene, No. 49A02-1303-PC-228, Slip. op. at *10 (Ind. Ct. App.
December 27, 2013) (Robb, C.J., concurring).
4
Though the Court of Appeals mistakenly analyzed the sufficiency of the evidence for class D
felony criminal confinement, on rehearing the majority concluded that it was “equally accurate”
to apply that analysis to Greene’s class B felony criminal confinement conviction and affirmed.
Greene, No. 49A05-0905-CR-250, Slip op. on Reh’g at *2 (Ind. Ct. App. Feb. 17, 2010).
3
We granted the State’s petition to transfer, thereby vacating the Court of Appeals
opinion, Ind. Appellate Rule 58(A), to address whether the post-conviction court erred in finding
that Greene’s trial and appellate counsel were ineffective for failing to adequately challenge the
sufficiency of the evidence underlying Greene’s class B felony criminal confinement conviction
by failing to cite Long.
Standard of Review
A judgment granting post-conviction relief will be “reverse[d] only upon a showing of
‘clear error’—that which leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that [a] mistake has been
made.” Ben-Yisrayl v. State, 738 N.E.2d 253, 258 (Ind. 2000) (internal quotation omitted). See
also Ind. Trial Rule 52(A) (when appeal from non-jury trial does not challenge negative
judgment, “the court on appeal shall not set aside the findings or judgment unless clearly
erroneous, and due regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the
credibility of the witnesses”). “Because this ‘clearly erroneous’ standard is a review for
sufficiency of evidence, we neither reweigh the evidence nor determine the credibility of
witnesses”; rather, we “consider only the evidence that supports the judgment and the reasonable
inferences to be drawn from that evidence.” Ben-Yisrayl, 738 N.E.2d at 258–59.
Furthermore, to establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner is “required to
show that (1) counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness based on
prevailing professional norms; and (2) ‘there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.’” Landis v. State,
749 N.E.2d 1130, 1133–34 (Ind. 2001) (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694
(1984)). These prongs are “separate and independent inquiries,” and a petitioner’s “failure to
establish either prong will cause the claim to fail.” Landis, 749 N.E.2d at 1134; Vermillion v.
State, 719 N.E.2d 1201, 1208 (Ind. 1999). In order to succeed, a petitioner must overcome the
“strong presumption that counsel rendered adequate assistance and made all significant decisions
in the exercise of reasonable professional judgment.” Stevens v. State, 770 N.E.2d 739, 746
(Ind. 2002).
4
Greene Did Not Receive Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Determining that Greene received ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel, the
post-conviction court agreed with Greene that his counsels’ failure to discover and argue Long
constituted deficient performance resulting in prejudice to him. As the post-conviction court put
it: “[i]n Long . . . the Court had held the State presented insufficient evidence . . . that serious
bodily injury had resulted from the ‘removal’ of the victim . . . . When the State presents
sufficient evidence of a ‘removal’ but insufficient evidence of a serious bodily injury resulting
from the removal itself,” a class B felony criminal confinement conviction must be reduced to a
class D felony conviction. (App. at 69 (emphasis added).) In his brief, Greene repeats this
reasoning. The State, however, maintains that the post-conviction court committed clear error
because “[t]rial and appellate counsel’s performance cannot be considered ineffective for failing
to cite a case that is legally and factually distinct from the present case.” (Appellant’s Br. at 7,
9.)
Thus, in order to determine whether Greene received ineffective assistance of counsel, we
must examine whether Long and closely related precedent would have mandated a different
result at trial. Our review leaves us convinced that these cases would not.
We begin with the relevant statute. In Long and at the time Greene was convicted,
Indiana’s criminal confinement statute provided, in pertinent part, that:
(a) [a] person who knowingly or intentionally:
(1) confines another person without the other person’s consent; or
(2) removes another person, by fraud, enticement, force, or threat
of force, from one (1) place to another;
commits criminal confinement. Except as provided in subsection
(b), the offense of criminal confinement is a Class D felony.
(b) The offense of criminal confinement defined in subsection (a)
is:
5
...
(2) a Class B felony if it:
...
(B) results in serious bodily injury to a person other than the
confining or removing person . . . .
Ind. Code § 35-42-3-3. 5 6
Two distinct types of criminal confinement are encompassed:
confinement by non-consensual restraint and confinement by forcible removal. Kelly v. State,
535 N.E.2d 140, 140–41 (Ind. 1989). Like Greene, Long was specifically charged with and
convicted of confinement by forcible removal resulting in serious bodily injury. 7 Long, 743
N.E.2d at 258.
Contending that his criminal confinement conviction should be reduced from a class B
felony to a class D felony, Long insisted that although there was evidence that his victim Pamela
Foddrill suffered fractured facial bones, there was no evidence that these injuries resulted from
her being forcefully removed from one place to another. Id. at 259. Without such evidence, he
reasoned, there was insufficient evidence to establish the serious bodily injury enhancement. Id.
5
Effective July 1, 2014, the criminal confinement statute was recodified. Now, it reads, in relevant part:
“(a) [a] person who knowingly or intentionally confines another person without the other person’s consent
commits criminal confinement.” Ind. Code § 35-42-3-3 (effective July 1, 2014). Should his criminal
episode have occurred after July 1, 2014, Greene would have likely been (also) charged under the
recodified kidnapping statute, which provides, in pertinent part: “(a) [a] person who knowingly or
intentionally removes another person, by fraud, enticement, force, or threat of force, from one place to
another commits kidnapping. . . . (2) a Level 3 felony if it: . . . (B) results in serious bodily injury to a
person other than the removing person . . . .” Ind. Code § 35-42-3-2 (effective July 1, 2014).
6
“‘Serious bodily injury’ means bodily injury that creates a substantial risk of death or that causes: (1)
serious permanent disfigurement; (2) unconsciousness; (3) extreme pain; (4) permanent or protracted loss
or impairment of the function of a bodily member or organ; or (5) loss of a fetus.” Ind. Code § 35-31.5-2-
292 (Supp. 2013).
7
The evidence indicated that Long, together with two co-conspirators, kidnapped a mentally handicapped
woman; confined her in an attic for possibly longer than one week; forced her to engage in multiple acts
of oral, anal, and vaginal intercourse; killed her by beating her with a baseball bat and stabbing her with a
knife; and concealed her body. Long, 743 N.E.2d at 260, 262. Ultimately, this Court upheld his
conviction and sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for the murder of Pamela
Foddrill. Id. at 262.
6
The State countered that “the jury could have inferred that Foddrill’s injuries to her nose and eye
socket were caused during her movement from one place to another” but did not identify any
evidence as proof. Id. (quoting Appellee’s Br. at 13). On review, we found that “the evidence
was insufficient to establish that the conduct constituting the charged offense of criminal
confinement resulted in serious bodily injury.” Id. (emphasis added.)
Crucially, “the charged offense” was that (1) Long (2) knowingly or intentionally (3)
removed the victim from one place to another (4) by force. Ind. Code § 35-42-3-3. At issue
were elements three and four, and without identifying the circumstances under which Foddrill
sustained facial fractures, the State could not establish beyond a reasonable doubt that Foddrill’s
serious bodily injury occurred during her forcible removal from one place to another. This was
likely attributable to the facts of the case: Long and two others confined Foddrill for possibly
longer than one week in an attic, and in the course of her captivity and murder, inflicted
numerous injuries upon her. Id. at 260, 262. Under these circumstances, the State was likely
unable to isolate precisely when Foddrill sustained her fractures. Thus, the jury was unable to
find that serious bodily injury resulted from her forcible removal.
But, factually, this case is different. At Greene’s trial, Johnson testified that Greene
strangled her unconscious while in their bedroom, and that she regained consciousness in their
living room. Greene v. State, No. 49A05-0905-CR-250, Slip. op. at *1. Given this evidence, the
jury could have reasonably inferred that Greene’s act of force, strangulation, both facilitated his
removal of Johnson from their bedroom to their living room and resulted in serious bodily injury
to her. See Ind. Code § 35-31.5-2-292 (Supp. 2013) (“Serious bodily injury” includes bodily
injury causing unconsciousness). Unlike in Long, the evidence here supported the State’s
contention that the defendant’s knowing or intentional removal of the victim from one place to
another by force resulted in serious bodily injury to the victim.
Even if we were to set aside the factual distinctions between Long and Greene’s case, we
would still find that Long does not control, for in Long we held that the State did not establish
beyond a reasonable doubt that the conduct constituting the charged offense of criminal
7
confinement—a defendant’s knowing or intentional forcible removal of the victim from one
place to another—resulted in serious bodily injury to the victim. As such, contrary to Greene’s
claim, we did not “hold[] that for a defendant to be convicted of criminal confinement by
removal as a Class B felony . . . the State was required to prove the charged ‘serious bodily
injury’ was caused ‘during [the victim’s] movement from one place to another.’” (Appellee’s
Br. at 11 (emphasis added).)
This is, at a minimum, an incomplete assessment of our holding in Long, for the conduct
constituting the charged offense of criminal confinement includes a forcible removal, not just a
removal, resulting in serious bodily injury. To be sure, there must be a temporal link between
the inducement (here via force) and the removal so as to constitute one incident, but we do not
interpret the relevant statutory language so narrowly as to require the serious bodily injury to be
suffered by the victim during the actual act of removal from one place to another. Doing so
would render the inducement, or “forcible,” element meaningless. See Spaulding v. Int’l Bakers
Servs., Inc., 550 N.E.2d 307, 309 (Ind. 1990) (“Where possible, every word must be given effect
and meaning, and no part is to be held meaningless if it can be reconciled with the rest of the
statute.” (internal citation omitted)). Instead, we give each word its plain meaning. Ind. Code §
1-1-4-1(1) (2005); Naugle v. Beech Grove City Sch., 864 N.E.2d 1058, 1068 (Ind. 2007).
Moreover, force can be a conduit for removal. See Carter v. State, 766 N.E.2d 377, 380
(Ind. 2002) (sufficient evidence sustained two class B felony criminal confinement convictions
where defendant and companions beat victims and forced victims to lead them to other
locations). It would only be logical to hold that proof of the defendant’s use of immobilizing,
incapacitating, or sufficient force in order to move the victim that results in serious bodily injury
to the victim sustains a conviction for class B felony criminal confinement. See State v. Evans,
810 N.E.2d 335, 337 (Ind. 2004) (“We presume the legislature intended logical application of the
language used in the statute, so as to avoid unjust or absurd results.” (internal quotation
omitted)).
8
So consequently Long requires us to determine whether the evidence the State offered at
trial established beyond a reasonable doubt that Greene knowingly or intentionally forcibly
removed Johnson from one place to another, with serious bodily injury to Johnson resulting. If
Greene’s interpretation of Long was accurate, then we would be required to consider whether his
trial and appellate counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to direct their respective
courts toward its allegedly dispositive holding. Yet as it was decided, Long does not control
Greene’s case. Ironically, in holding that each element of the charged offense of criminal
confinement listed in Ind. Code § 35-42-3-3 must be supported by sufficient evidence in order
for a conviction to stand, Long effectively vitiates Greene’s claim for post-conviction relief,
because his counsel cannot be faulted for not arguing what is not the law, as counsel for the State
expressed during oral arguments.
Likewise, neither is Redman v. State on point. 743 N.E.2d 263 (Ind. 2001). A co-
conspirator of Long’s, Redman was also convicted of class B felony criminal confinement by
removal. Id. at 264. He too claimed that although there was evidence his victim suffered
fractured bones, there was no evidence that those injuries resulted from her being forcefully
removed from one place to another, and consequently that there was insufficient evidence to
establish the serious bodily injury enhancement. Id. at 265. And again, because the State failed
to identify evidence establishing that the victim’s fractures resulted from her forcible removal,
we concluded that “there was insufficient evidence to permit a jury to find beyond a reasonable
doubt that the victim’s injuries resulted from the charged criminal offense of criminal
confinement by removing the victim from one place to another” and appropriately modified
Redman’s sentence for criminal confinement. Id. (emphasis added.)
Redman echoes Long: the charged offense of class B felony criminal confinement, as set
forth above, encompasses a defendant’s use of force (or other listed inducement) to remove a
victim from one place to another that causes the victim serious bodily injury. We therefore
cannot agree with Greene’s conflicting interpretation.
9
Extending Greene’s argument to other crimes also reveals that his understanding of Long
is contrary to law. For example, Ind. Code § 35-42-5-1 (effective July 1, 2014) provides, in
relevant part, that:
[a] person who knowingly or intentionally takes property from
another person or from the presence of another person . . . by using
or threatening the use of force on any person . . . commits robbery,
a Level 5 felony. However, the offense is . . . a Level 2 felony if it
results in serious bodily injury to any person other than a
defendant.
If Greene would have us hold that serious bodily injury must only occur during the removal of
the victim to sustain a class B felony criminal confinement conviction, then he would likely
argue that robbery is a Level 2 felony only if the use of force resulting in serious bodily injury to
the victim occurred simultaneously with the taking of the victim’s property. Apparently, it
would not be enough for Greene if Person A punched Person B unconscious before running off
with B’s purse; A would have to punch B unconscious with one hand while snatching B’s purse
with the other for the serious bodily injury enhancement to correctly attach. Under this line of
thinking, if A knocks B unconscious even one second before taking her property, then A
committed battery8 and theft, 9 but not Level 2 felony robbery. But this would be mistaken, as A
utilized force to effectuate the taking of B’s property, and it is “the absence of force [that]
reduces a robbery to theft.” Young v. State, 725 N.E.2d 78, 80 (Ind. 2000).
A similar argument would also apply to Level 1 rape, as set forth in Ind. Code § 35-42-4-
1 (effective July 1, 2014):
[a] person who knowingly or intentionally has sexual intercourse
with another person . . . when: (1) the other person is compelled by
force or imminent threat of force . . . commits rape, a Level 3
felony. . . . [and] a Level 1 felony if . . . (3) it results in serious
bodily injury to a person other than a defendant.
8
Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1 (effective July 1, 2014).
9
Ind. Code § 35-43-4-2 (effective July 1, 2014).
10
Greene would likely argue that under Long serious bodily injury to the victim could only occur
during the act of sexual intercourse for the highest statutory enhancement to apply; if not, the
defendant could only be convicted of battery and Level 3 felony rape. We cannot agree.
As previously explained, the viability of Greene’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim
turns on the strength of his assessment of Long, which he claims holds that serious bodily injury
to the victim must occur during the course of the victim’s removal for a class B felony criminal
confinement conviction to be upheld. Our review has revealed that Long and Redman actually
hold that serious bodily injury to the victim must be sustained during the charged offense of
criminal confinement: a defendant’s knowing or intentional forcible removal of the victim from
one place to another. Thus, the victim must suffer serious bodily injury as the result of the act of
forcible removal, whether or not the act of force occurs simultaneously with the act of removal.
What Greene argues his trial and appellate counsel should have argued, then, is not the
law. By failing to present an incorrect interpretation of case law, Greene’s counsels’ conduct did
not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness, and they did not render ineffective
assistance. In deciding otherwise, the post-conviction court committed clear error. Under the
facts of this case, the State presented more than sufficient evidence for the jury to infer that
Greene’s act of force, i.e. his strangulation of Johnson, facilitated his removal of Johnson from
one place to another and resulted in serious bodily injury to her.
Conclusion
We therefore reverse the post-conviction court’s modification of Greene’s conviction and
sentence for class B felony criminal confinement.
Rush, C.J., Dickson, Rucker, and Massa, J.J., concur.
11
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