Douglas W. Klemz v. Horizon Bank (mem. dec.) ( 2017 )

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Nov 15 2017, 8:44 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
the defense of res judicata, collateral Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
estoppel, or the law of the case. and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES
Daniel W. Sherman Robert A. Welsh
Valparaiso, Indiana Morris A. Sunkel
Connor H. Nolan
Harris Welsh & Lukmann
Chesterton, Indiana
John E. Hughes
Kevin G. Kerr
Hoeppner Wagner & Evans, LLP
Valparaiso, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Douglas W. Klemz, November 15, 2017
Appellant-Cross/Appellee-Respondent, Court of Appeals Case No.
64A05-1611-TR-2617
v. Appeal from the Porter Superior
Court
Horizon Bank, et al., The Honorable William E. Alexa,
Appellees-Cross/Appellants-Petitioners. Judge
The Honorable Katherine R.
Forbes, Magistrate
Trial Court Cause No.
64D02-1406-TR-5262
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Riley, Judge.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1] Appellant-Beneficiary/Cross-Appellee, Douglas Klemz (Douglas), appeals the
trial court’s Order, distributing the assets of the Larry A. Klemz Trust
Agreement, in accordance with the proposed allocation submitted by the
Appellee-Successor Trustee, Horizon Bank (Horizon), and with the approval of
the Appellees-Beneficiaries/Cross-Appellants, Justin Klemz (Justin) and Brian
Klemz (Brian).
[2] We reverse and remand.
ISSUES
[3] Douglas presents us with one issue on appeal, which we restate as follows:
Whether the trial court erred in approving the distribution of the assets of the
Larry A. Klemz Trust (Trust) as proposed by the Successor Trustee.
[4] On Cross-Appeal, Justin and Brian present this court with one issue, which we
restate as: Whether Douglas breached his fiduciary duty as Trustee of the
Trust.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[5] Larry Klemz (Larry) was a life-long entrepreneur and businessman, with real
estate holdings and a printing company, Home Mountain Publishing (HMP).
On March 8, 2005, Larry established the Trust, which was amended and
restated in its entirety on April 15, 2009, and March 11, 2013, respectively. The
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Trust instrument created a Business Trust and a Residuary Trust. The Business
Trust owned the stock and membership of HMP, the entity that operated the
printing business, and 5-K Run, LLC, the entity that owned the real estate
housing HMP. The Residuary Trust contained Larry’s remaining non-business
assets. Pursuant to the terms of the Trust, Larry and Douglas were co-trustees,
with Douglas, Justin, and Brian as designated primary beneficiaries. Upon
Larry’s passing, Douglas would receive a 90% interest in the Business Trust,
with Brian and Justin each receiving a 5% interest. Douglas had the first option
to purchase both HMP and 5-K Run, and thereby become the sole owner of the
Business Trust’s assets. The terms of the Trust further specified that the
Residuary Trust would distribute no more than $10,000 to each of Larry’s eight
grandchildren, not to exceed 10% of the net taxable value of the property then
constituting the Trust estate. Following these advancements and factoring any
advancements made to Douglas, Brian, or Justin prior to Larry’s death, the
remaining balance of the Residuary Trust was to be distributed with 60% to
Douglas, and 20% each to Brian and Justin.
[6] Upon Larry’s passing on October 12, 2013, Douglas became the sole Trustee of
the Trust and the operating manager of HMP and 5-K Run. Intending to carry
on the family business, Douglas communicated with suppliers, buyers, and
creditors of the company while managing the day-to-day operations. On
November 19, 2013, Douglas executed a quitclaim deed to convey ownership of
the real estate property at 3102 Cascade Drive (the Cascade Property) from the
Residuary Trust to an LLC owned by himself. Immediately prior to
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transferring the Cascade Property, Douglas used $135,000 of the Trust’s funds
to pay off the mortgage on the property.
[7] On June 16, 2014, Brian and Justin filed a petition to docket the Trust and to
remove Douglas as the Trustee because of a perceived breach of his fiduciary
duties as Trustee. Finding that Douglas had conveyed property from the Trust
to his wholly owned limited liability company, had kept income from this Trust
asset for his personal use, and had not notified the other beneficiaries of this
transfer, the trial court granted the petition on January 23, 2015. In the course
of the litigation, the beneficiaries stipulated to the appointment of Horizon as
the Successor Trustee, while Douglas continued as the operating manager of
HMP and 5-K Run.
[8] During the summer of 2015, Douglas expressed his intention to exercise his
option to purchase the assets of the Business Trust. As a result of protracted
negotiations, on August 24, 2015, Horizon and Douglas entered into two
contracts, a Corporate Asset Purchase Agreement and a Real Property
Purchase Offer (collectively, Agreements) to purchase certain assets from the
Trust. The Corporate Asset Purchase Agreement provided for the sale of HMP
to Douglas for the consideration of $400,000, “plus or minus allocations for
inventory, accounts receivable, accounts payable and cash on hand as of the
date of closing[,]” and subject to the “following contingencies and conditions:”
a. This Agreement is contingent upon the purchaser obtaining the
necessary financing in the amount of $200,000 at 5% interest;
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b. This Agreement is wholly contingent upon the Purchaser’s
contemporaneous purchase of the real estate commonly known
as 3602 Enterprise Avenue, Valparaiso Indiana upon which
premises the Corporation is currently located;
c. Any sale, transfer, and/or assumption as contemplated by the
terms of this Agreement is wholly contingent upon the approval
of said terms by each creditor and the [trial court].
(Appellant’s App. Vol. III, pp. 8, 10). In executing the Corporate Asset
Purchase Agreement, the parties agreed that “[t]ime is of the essence. Any time
periods specified in this Agreement and any [sic] are calendar days and shall
expire at midnight of the date stated unless the parties agree in writing to a
different date and/or time.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 12).
[9] In the corresponding Real Property Purchase Offer, Douglas agreed to purchase
3602 Enterprise Avenue for the amount of $1.7 million, contingent on Douglas
“obtaining the necessary financing in the amount of $250,000 at 5% per annum
for a period of time not to exceed 10 years, [Douglas’] completion of the
contemporaneous purchase of the corporate assets of [HMP] and obtaining the
approval of the [trial court].” (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 13). The parties
agreed that the “closing of the sale shall be on or before AUGUST 31, 2015,
unless an extension of time is mutually agreed to in writing and signed by all
parties. A reasonable extension of time shall be allowed for correcting defects
in title and obtaining [c]ourt approval for a sale.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p.
13).
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[10] In light of Brian’s and Justin’s continued opposition to the terms of the sale,
Horizon, as Successor Trustee, filed a petition on September 11, 2015, seeking
the trial court’s approval to sell the assets of HMP and 5-K Run in accordance
with the terms of the Agreements, as executed on August 24, 2015.
Commencing September 21, 2015, the trial court conducted a three-day trial on
Horizon’s petition and Brian’s and Justin’s allegations that Douglas had
breached his fiduciary duties as trustee. On March 4, 2016, while the parties
were still awaiting the trial court’s ruling after the September 21, 2015 hearing,
Horizon filed its petition to complete the sale of assets of 5-K Run and HMP
pursuant to the terms of the Agreements, previously filed, and requested the
trial court to “take immediate action to consent to the sale and allow it to be
completed at the earliest opportunity.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. III, p. 19).
Again, Brian and Justin opposed the completion of the sale, arguing that the
Agreements submitted by the Successor Trustee are not enforceable in that “the
Successor Trustee’s testimony of the ‘purchase price’ and [Douglas’] testimony
of the purchase price differed by more than $500,000.” (Appellant’s App. Vol.
III, p. 36).
[11] On March 8, 2016, the trial court issued its written order following its
September 21, 2015 hearing. In its order, the trial court concluded, in pertinent
part, as follows:
2. The [c]ourt finds that [Douglas] did not breach his fiduciary
duty with respect to the Cascade Property. The [c]ourt finds no
misappropriation of Cascade or of rental income.
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3. The [c]ourt finds that [Douglas] did not breach his fiduciary
duty with respect to the sale of the Calumet Property.
4. The [c]ourt finds that [Douglas] did not breach his fiduciary
duty with respect to disclosure of information. All information
was turned over to Brian and Justin. However, Brian and Justin
did have to file Motions before the [c]ourt and are entitled to fees
for that action.
5. The [c]ourt finds that [Douglas] did not breach his fiduciary
duty with respect to the collection of debt owed by [HMP] to the
Trust.
6. The [c]ourt finds that [Douglas] did not breach his fiduciary
duty with respect to oral instructions.
7. The [c]ourt finds Brian and Justin have no interest in, and,
therefore, no right to the profits of [HMP]. It appears that
neither Justin nor Brian was interested in the day to day
operations of the business. Other than the proceeds of the sale of
the business assets of share of stock, they had no expectancy or
interest in the day to day operations of [HMP]. . . . The only
operational interest they could possibly benefit from was that the
financial condition of the business would be roughly reflected in
the sale price. The Trust held the stock to which they held a
minority interest. The [c]ourt rejects their arguments and hereby
approves the sale of the business known as [HMP], and the real
estate located at 3602 Enterprise Drive, Valparaiso, IN, to Larry
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Klemz[ 1] under the terms set in the pleading seeking [c]ourt
approval.
(Appellant’s App. Vol. II, pp. 19-20).
[12] After the trial court’s March 8, 2016 order, Horizon and Douglas proceeded to
finalize the values on the Agreements in preparation of closing. Meanwhile,
Douglas continued to manage the day to day operations of HMP. As such, on
April 27, 2016, Douglas emailed Horizon, Brian, and Justin, notifying them:
There are a handful of elements to determine as of the date of
closing: Assets – cash on hand, inventory and accounts
receivable and the Liabilities – short and long term liabilities.
You’ve seen the preliminary numbers that I forwarded on April
20th. Based on the snap shot at that moment in time, Justin and
your combined 10% interest in the real estate and the business is
about $30,933.60.
My recommendation is that you accept that number and get the
deal done. These are fair numbers based on the negotiated
agreements between [Horizon] and I and, I guarantee, they will
not improve with time. As Justin is aware, [HMP] has
purchased a press which adds a significant dollar amount to the
liabilities of the Corporation. The press purchase is a good and
necessary decision for the business; however, it does not improve
the value of the shares at all.
1
All parties agree that the trial court made a scrivener’s error and the sentence should read, in part, “and the
real estate located at . . . to Douglas[.]”
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(Appellees’ App. Vol. II, p. 44).
[13] During the continued negotiations between Horizon and Douglas, an inventory
of HMP’s personal property was prepared as of May 31, 2016, and Douglas
submitted to Horizon, as Successor Trustee, the bank statements for HMP and
5-K Run, accounts receivable and accounts payable for HMP. In the midst of
these negotiations, on June 3, 2016, Douglas filed a petition for relief and
request for hearing further to the Trust and the trial court’s March 8, 2016
ruling. In his petition, Douglas alerted the trial court to a manifest
disagreement with Horizon’s interpretation of the Agreements. Specifically,
Douglas informed the trial court that he had “always understood the Corporate
Asset Purchase Agreement to be an Asset Minus Liabilities sale,” while the
Successor Trustee advised him that it “interprets the [Corporate Asset Purchase
Agreement] to be an ‘Asset Minus Accounts Payable (only) sale.’” (Appellant’s
App. Vol. IV, p. 5). This difference in interpretation “increases the sale price to
[Douglas] by over $600,000[.]” (Appellant’s App. Vol. IV, p. 6). Under these
conditions, Douglas presented to the trial court that he could not “financially
absorb that increase in sales price[.]” (Appellant’s App. Vol. IV, p. 7).
[14] Five days following the filing of his petition, Douglas entered into a loan
agreement with 1st Source Bank to finance the purchase and installation of the
printing press, mentioned in Douglas’ April 27, 2016 email, for a total amount
of $636,442. In exchange for the loan amount, 1St Source Bank obtained a
secured interest in the assets of HMP and a mortgage encumbering the real
estate owned by 5-K Run.
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[15] In response to Douglas’ petition, on June 10, 2016, Horizon filed a petition
requesting the trial court to grant the specific bequests to the grandchildren, as
provided under the Trust, and seeking specific guidance with respect to the
payment of the Trust’s tax liabilities. On June 30, 2016, Horizon filed a second
petition, requesting the trial court to adopt its interpretation of the Corporate
Asset Purchase Agreement. Subsequently, on July 12, 2016, Horizon filed a
petition to resign as Successor Trustee.
[16] On September 21, 2016, the trial court heard argument by all parties on the
issues presented by the parties’ petitions and issued its order on October 18,
2016, which reflected, in part:
1. The Corporate Asset Purchase Agreement dated the 24th day
of August, 2015, between the Successor Trustee and
[Douglas] is not ambiguous as approved by the [c]ourt in its
March 8, 2016 Order.
****
5. The effective date of closing for the [Corporate] Asset
Purchase Agreement and the Real Estate Agreement shall be
May 31, 2016, with the actual closing to occur at the earliest
opportunity.
****
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND
DECREED by the [c]ourt:
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1. The petition of [Douglas] to interpret the Corporate Asset
Purchase Agreement dated the 24th day of August, 2015 as an
“asset minus liabilities” sale is Denied. The [c]ourt finds no
ambiguity in the Agreement and, accordingly, no extrinsic
evidence is admitted into the record. . . . The transaction
shall close as early as feasible with an effective Closing Date
of May 31, 2016.
(Appellees’ App. Vol. II, pp. 3, 4). That same day, October 18, 2016, 1st Source
Bank intervened in the proceedings.
[17] The following day, October 19, 2016, Horizon filed a petition requesting an
emergency hearing, informing the trial court of HMP’s cash flow problems and
Douglas’ continued refusal to close on the sale pursuant to the Agreements.
Horizon also advised the trial court that “1st Source Bank continues to demand
that there be an injection of funds from the [T]rust to assist the Business in
continuing its operation or it will commence legal action to demand immediate
payment of any and all obligations owed to them by said entities.” (Appellant’s
App. Vol. VII, p. 4).
[18] Four days later, on October 26, 2016, the trial court conducted a hearing on
Horizon’s petition. During the hearing, Horizon alerted the trial court that it
had received a notice of default from 1st Source Bank with respect to HMP’s
indebtedness, which advised Horizon that it was pursuing foreclosure
proceedings and the appointment of a receiver. The Successor Trustee also
testified to HMP’s cashflow problems and the difficulties in getting the
Agreements closed. Upon questioning by Douglas, the Successor Trustee
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admitted not knowing whether the contingencies of the Corporate Asset
Purchase Agreement had been satisfied and conceded that Horizon did not
have a “written consent from 1st Source Bank to move forward with the sale.”
(Transcript p. 33). The trial court issued its Order on the emergency hearing on
November 4, 2016, concluding:
1. The [c]ourt grants [Horizon’s] request that [Douglas] receive,
as his distribution, the business and the real estate, assets of
the Business Trust and the funds that are shown on
[Horizon’s] proposed allocation which is attached and made a
part of this Order. This will allow [Douglas] to continue to
carry on the family business. [Douglas] should be able to
complete the purchase from his share of the Residuary Trust.
2. That all of the remaining funds shall be distributed to [Brian]
and [Justin] pursuant to [Horizon’s] proposed allocation
which the [c]ourt has now adopted.
3. That while the [c]ourt has allowed for $80,000.00 to be held
for fees and expenses, it is not entering [o]rders, at this time,
as to the exact amounts and distributions. Said sums shall be
held pending further [o]rder of [c]ourt.
(Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 23).
[19] Douglas now appeals. Brian and Justin cross-appeal. Additional facts will be
provided as necessary.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
I. Standard of Review
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[20] In reviewing a trial court’s order containing specific findings, the specific
findings control only as to the issues they cover, and a general judgment
standard applies to any issues upon which the trial court has not made findings.
In re Estate of Stayback, 38 N.E.3d 705, 710 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015). We review
such findings by determining whether the evidence supports the findings and
whether the findings support the judgment. Id. We will reverse only when the
judgment is shown to be clearly erroneous, i.e., when it is unsupported by the
findings of fact and conclusions entered thereon, or when the trial court applies
an incorrect legal standard. Id. We defer substantially to the trial court’s
findings of fact, but we evaluate conclusions of law de novo. Id.II. Division of the Trust
[21] In its Order on “Successor Trustee’s Petition for Emergency Hearing with
respect to the Corporate Assets and the Real Property Purchase,” issued on
November 4, 2016, the trial court granted Horizon’s distribution of the Trust as
“shown on [Horizon’s] allocation which is attached and made a part of this
Order.” (Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 23). While the trial court omitted to
physically attach Horizon’s allocation, the proposed allocation had been made
part of Horizon’s Petition and all parties appear to be in agreement that the trial
court “presumably” referenced Horizon’s exhibit in its Order. (Appellant’s Br.
p. 15). During the hearing preceding the trial court’s Order, the parties revisited
the provisions of the Corporate Asset Purchase Agreement and the Real
Property Purchase Order in light of the recent cash flow problems of HMP and
1st Source Bank’s demand for payment on HMP’s indebtedness in the amount
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of $1,091,714 and 5-K Run in the amount of $1,336,811. Again, Horizon
insisted that it was “trying to close under the terms and conditions of the”
Agreements and requested the trial court to approve the sale in accordance
therewith. (Tr. p. 23). Douglas disputed the terms of the Agreements and the
compliance with the contingencies specified therein.
[22] On appeal, Douglas now contends that the “Agreements that the trial court
attempts to force upon the parties are unenforceable on their face.”
(Appellant’s Br. p. 16). Referencing the drastically changed circumstances with
the appearance and actions of 1st Source Bank, Douglas maintains, among
other arguments, that because 1st Source Bank’s court-appointed receiver took
possession of the assets of HMP and 5-K Run, no consideration exists to
support the Agreements. Consequently, there is no printing business to
purchase and continue. Ignoring recent developments, Horizon, as well as
Brian and Justin, argue that the trial court’s allocation and distribution of Trust
assets should be affirmed.
[23] During the hearing, counsel for 1st Source Bank confirmed that it had notified
the Successor Trustee of HMP’s and 5-K Run’s indebtedness and default and
advised Horizon that it was “currently working on the actions to foreclose on
the real estate and the equipment and other assets. We’re going to ask to have a
receiver appointed as well so those will be on file if not today, tomorrow.” (Tr.
p. 4). However, despite the parties’ awareness of these developments and the
trial court being notified of concurrent important proceedings in a different
tribunal, the trial court failed to take the opportunity to examine the record.
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Pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 201, a court “may take judicial notice on its
own” of a fact that “can be accurately and readily determined from sources
whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned;” and of the existence of
“records of a court of this state.” In Fisher v. State, 878 N.E.2d 457, 462 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2007), we determined that “it is clear that Indiana appellate courts
take judicial notice of records on file with that court in relation to a related
proceeding.” See also In re Paternity of P.R., 940 N.E.2d 346, 349 (Indiana Trial
Rule 201 allows courts to judicially notice records beyond those in the cases
before them); Pigman v. Ameritech Pub., Inc., 650 N.E.2d 67, 69 (Ind. Ct. App.
1995). Both Douglas and Horizon included in their appellate appendices
certain orders issued by the trial court in the cause of 1st Source Bank against
HMP, et al., which unquestionably establish that all assets of HMP and 5-K
Run have entered into receivership to satisfy 1st Source Bank’s secured debt,
and have been approved by the trial court on January 4, 2017, to be auctioned
off. As a result, HMP’s business is now closed and all assets of HMP and 5-K
Run have been sold.
[24] Without even discussing the trial court’s omission to inquire into the
satisfaction of the Agreements’ contingencies and conditions, we find that the
Agreements can no longer be approved and enforced as written as no
consideration exists. To have a legally binding contract there must generally be
an offer, acceptance, and consideration. Ind. Dept. of State Revenue v. Belterra
Resort Indiana, LLC, 935 N.E.2d 174, 179 (Ind. 2010). To constitute
consideration, there must be “either a benefit to the party making the promise,
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or a loss or detriment to the party to whom the promise is made.” OVRS
Acquisition Corp. v. Cmty. Health Servs., Inc., 657 N.E.2d 117, 126 (Ind. Ct. App.
1995), trans. denied. In the end, “consideration—no matter what its form—
consists of a bargained-for exchange.” Belterra Resort Indiana, LLC, 935 N.E.2d
at 179. In exchange for the promise to pay $400,000, Douglas wanted to obtain
the benefit of HMP’s and 5-K Run’s ownership from the Successor Trustee.
However, due to the foreclosure proceedings instituted by 1st Source Bank, the
Trust no longer includes HMP and 5-K Run and, therefore, Horizon is not in a
position to transfer ownership of these assets to Douglas. Thus, lacking
consideration, the Agreements are not valid. 2 Accordingly, the trial court erred
in granting the distribution of the assets in accordance with the provisions of the
Agreements. 3 We reverse the trial court’s Order and remand to the trial court
to calculate a new distribution and allocation of the remaining assets in the
Trust, if any, in accordance with the provision of the Trust instrument.
2
Although Horizon did not file a complaint for specific performance, it should be noted that when the
subject matter of a contract is sold to an unrelated third party, it is beyond the control of the parties and the
court may not grant specific performance. See UFG, LLC v. Southwest Corp., 848 N.E.2d 353, 361 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2006), trans. denied. Accordingly, because no complaint for specific performance was filed, we will not
address the parties’ allegations with respect to the impossibility of performance and damages. See Bernel v.
Bernel, 930 N.E.2d 673, 683 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (impossibility is an affirmative defense to performance of an
executory contract and is generally invoked as a defense to an action for damages), trans. denied.
3
Throughout their briefs, both Horizon, on the one hand, and Brian and Justin, on the other, argue that we
should affirm the trial court because the trial court had ordered the parties to use May 31, 2016, as the
effective closing date for the Agreements. Therefore, they argue that the sale price can be calculated and
ownership can be transferred as of that effective date, regardless of later developments. Although we agree
that in so far that the trial court ordered May 31, 2016 as the closing date of the Agreements, nevertheless, we
would still conclude that the Agreements are not enforceable as non of the contingencies specified in the
Agreements—most notably 1st Source Bank’s approval to the sale—were satisfied.
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III. Fiduciary Duties
[25] In their cross-appeal, Brian and Justin contend that the trial court erred in
concluding that Douglas did not breach his fiduciary duty as Trustee.
[26] However, in its order of March 8, 2016, the trial court concluded, in part, that:
2. The [c]ourt finds that [Douglas] did not breach his fiduciary
duty with respect to the Cascade Property. The [c]ourt finds no
misappropriation of Cascade or of rental income.
3. The [c]ourt finds that [Douglas] did not breach his fiduciary
duty with respect to the sale of the Calumet Property.
4. The [c]ourt finds that [Douglas] did not breach his fiduciary
duty with respect to disclosure of information. All information
was turned over to Brian and Justin. However, Brian and Justin
did have to file Motions before the [c]ourt and are entitled to fees
for that action.
5. The [c]ourt finds that [Douglas] did not breach his fiduciary
duty with respect to the collection of debt owed by [HMP] to the
Trust.
6. The [c]ourt finds that [Douglas] did not breach his fiduciary
duty with respect to oral instructions.
(Appellant’s App. Vol. II, pp. 19-20).
[27] Accordingly, the issue of Douglas’ purported breach of fiduciary duty was
conclusively decided by the trial court in its order of March 8, 2016. Although
the trial court failed to make a specific determination in writing with respect to
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this individual claim of breach of fiduciary duty for the order to be a final
judgment as to that claim, the trial court never ruled on the issue of fiduciary
duties again even though Brian and Justin reiterated this claim during the
course of the proceedings. See Indiana Appellate Rule 2(H). Even assuming
that the issue of Douglas’ purported breach was not finally decided upon in the
trial court’s March 8, 2016 order, the issue would be more appropriately raised
after a final decision is reached in this cause. See Shuler v. Estate of Botkins, 970
N.E.2d 164, 167 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (“[O]rders issued by a probate court are
not final until the estate is closed.”)
CONCLUSION
[28] Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court erred in approving the
distribution of the Trust, as proposed by the Successor Trustee. We further
conclude that the cross-appeal is not properly before us.
[29] Reversed and remanded for further proceedings.
[30] Pyle, J. concurs
[31] Robb, J. concurring in part and dissenting in part with separate opinion
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IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Douglas W. Klemz, Court of Appeals Case No.
64A05-1611-TR-2617
Appellant-Cross/Appellee-Respondent,
v.
Horizon Bank, et al.,
Appellees-Cross/Appellants-Petitioners.
Robb, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
[32] I concur in the majority’s decision with respect to the division of the trust.
However, I dissent from the majority’s decision that Brian and Justin’s cross-
appeal issue was “conclusively decided by the trial court in its order of March 8,
2016” and that the cross-appeal is not properly before us. See slip op. at ¶ 27.
[33] Even if Brian and Justin’s claim was “finally decided” by the March 8, 2016
order, see id., an appeal of the trial court’s disposition of that claim is not
foreclosed. The March 8, 2016 order was not a final order. The fact that the
trial court never ruled on the issue of Douglas’ fiduciary duties again is
immaterial. For purposes of deciding what is a final order, we do not look issue
by issue – we look at the case as a whole. Appellate Rule 2(H) defines a “final
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order” as an order that “disposes of all claims as to all parties.” 4 If an order
does less than that, the trial court must make a specific determination in writing
with respect to an individual claim for the order to be a final judgment as to that
claim. Following the March 8, 2016 order, the question of how to distribute the
estate remained, a question addressed by the November 4, 2016 order. The
March 8, 2016 order did not dispose of all claims as to all parties, nor did the
trial court make an express determination that there was no just reason for
delay and direct entry of judgment as to Brian and Justin’s claim. Therefore,
the March 8, 2016 was not a final judgment as to any claim; it was an
interlocutory order. Brian and Justin’s failure to appeal within thirty days of this
interlocutory order did not waive their right to appeal the order. See Keck v.
Walker, 922 N.E.2d 94, 99 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (“A claim of error in an
interlocutory order, even an interlocutory order which is appealable as of right,
is not waived for failure to take an interlocutory appeal . . . .”).
[34] Douglas’ Notice of Appeal designates as the appealed order or judgment both the
March 8, 2016 and the November 4, 2016 interlocutory orders. I would
therefore decide the issue raised by Brian and Justin now in the interest of
judicial economy. But because the majority has chosen not to decide the issue,
I reiterate and emphasize that Brian and Justin’s claims of error in the March 8,
4
Had the March 8, 2016 order been a final judgment disposing of all claims as to all parties, the case would
have been closed and any further litigation would have borne a separate cause number. That is not the case
here.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 64A05-1611-TR-2617 | November 15, 2017 Page 20 of 21
2016 interlocutory order can be raised by a timely notice of appeal after a final
order is entered in this case, whenever that might be. See slip op. at ¶ 27.
[35]
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 64A05-1611-TR-2617 | November 15, 2017 Page 21 of 21