Brenda and John Stachowski v. Estate of Daniel Radman , 95 N.E.3d 542 ( 2018 )

FILED
Mar 14 2018, 8:52 am
CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
Jeffrey J. Stesiak Adam C. Hawkins
James P. Barth Staff Counsel for Farmers
Pfeifer, Morgan & Stesiak Insurance Exchange and Affiliates
South Bend, Indiana Chicago, Illinois
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Brenda and John Stachowski, March 14, 2018
Appellants-Plaintiffs, Court of Appeals Case No.
71A05-1708-CT-1776
v. Appeal from the St. Joseph
Superior Court
Estate of Daniel Radman, The Honorable Jenny Pitts Manier,
Appellee-Defendant Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
71D05-1603-CT-144
Vaidik, Chief Judge.
[1] In this case we address the difference between (1) a negligence-per-se claim, in
which a plaintiff argues that the defendant’s violation of a statute or ordinance
suffices to prove breach of an existing common-law duty of reasonable care,
and (2) a private-right-of-action claim, in which a plaintiff asserts that a statute
or ordinance, itself, created an enforceable duty.
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[2] Brenda and John Stachowski have sued the Estate of Daniel Radman for
negligence, claiming that Brenda fell through an allegedly rotten handrail on the
deck of a home in South Bend that the Stachowskis were renting from Radman
(the Stachowskis originally named Radman as the defendant in their suit but
substituted the Estate after learning that Radman had died). The Estate filed a
motion for summary judgment, arguing that Radman did not have a duty to
maintain the handrail. The trial court granted the Estate’s motion, and the
Stachowskis appeal.
[3] An action for negligence has three elements: “(1) a duty owed to the plaintiff by
the defendant, (2) a breach of the duty, and (3) an injury proximately caused by
the breach of duty.” Yost v. Wabash College, 3 N.E.3d 509, 515 (Ind. 2014). The
Stachowskis concede that Radman did not owe them a common-law duty to
maintain the rental home in a safe condition once they took possession. See
Zubrenic v. Dunes Valley Mobile Home Park, Inc., 797 N.E.2d 802, 806 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2003) (“Generally, the common law does not impose a duty upon a
landlord to protect tenants from injuries due to defective conditions on the
property once possession and control of the property has been surrendered.”),
trans. denied.1 Instead, they argue that a South Bend ordinance required
Radman to maintain the handrail and that Radman therefore owed them a duty
1
There are exceptions to this general rule (repairs the landlord agrees to do, latent defects known to the
landlord but not to the tenant, maintenance of common areas, see Zubrenic, 797 N.E.2d at 806), but none of
them apply in this case. In addition, a lease agreement might impose certain maintenance responsibilities on
a landlord, but the Stachowskis did not have a written lease with Radman.
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under the doctrine of negligence per se. Under that doctrine, the unexcused
violation of a statute or ordinance constitutes negligence per se if the provision
(1) “protect[s] the class of persons in which the plaintiff is included” and (2)
“protect[s] against the type of harm which has occurred as a result of the
violation.” City of Fort Wayne v. Parrish, 32 N.E.3d 275, 277 (Ind. Ct. App.
2015), trans. denied.
[4] But the doctrine of negligence per se doesn’t concern the duty element of a
negligence action; rather, the doctrine assumes the existence of a common-law
duty of reasonable care, and the court is asked to adopt the standard of conduct
set forth in a statute or ordinance (often a criminal or regulatory provision) as
the standard of conduct required under that preexisting duty, so that a violation
of the statute or ordinance serves to satisfy the breach element of a negligence
action. In other words, a finding of negligence per se merely represents a
judicial acceptance of “the legislative judgment that acts in violation of the
statute constitute unreasonable conduct.” Cook v. Whitsell-Sherman, 796 N.E.2d
271, 276 (Ind. 2003). As then-Justice Rush recently explained, “In a negligence
per se action, the statute [or ordinance] supplies a defendant’s standard of
care—the second element in a tort claim. The negligence per se defendant
already owes a duty to use reasonable care without reliance on the statute [or
ordinance].” F.D. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 1 N.E.3d 131, 143 n.12 (Ind. 2013)
(Rush, J., dissenting) (citing 1 Dan B. Dobbs et al., The Law of Torts § 148 (2d
ed. 2011) (explaining that negligence-per-se defendant “must be under a duty to
use reasonable care; if he is not, violation of the statute cannot prove breach of
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duty”) and Restatement (Third) of Torts: Liability for Physical and Emotional
Harm § 38 cmt. d (2012) (explaining that negligence-per-se defendant is subject
to duty of reasonable care “even without reliance on the statute”)). In short, a
plaintiff cannot rely on the doctrine of negligence per se to satisfy the duty
element of a negligence claim.
[5] The Stachowskis cite this Court’s decision in Dawson by Dawson v. Long, where
the majority concluded that a landlord’s violation of various Marion County
property-maintenance ordinances (including one relating to handrails)
constituted negligence per se. 546 N.E.2d 1265, 1268-69 (Ind. Ct. App. 1989),
reh’g denied, trans. denied. In doing so, the majority did not first address whether
the landlord owed a common-law duty to the plaintiff, nor did it respond to the
dissent’s point that landlords generally don’t owe a common-law duty to repair
and maintain. To the extent that Dawson stands for the proposition that the
doctrine of negligence per se is relevant to the duty element of negligence, we
believe it was wrongly decided.2
2
But even if we were to analyze the Stachowskis’ claim under Dawson, we would still affirm the trial court’s
grant of summary judgment in favor of the Estate. As already noted, a statute or ordinance can support a
claim of negligence per se only if the provision protects the class of persons in which the plaintiff is included
and protects against the type of harm that occurred as a result of the violation. Parrish, 32 N.E.3d at 277; see
also Dawson, 546 N.E.2d at 1268 (framing issue as whether statute or ordinance “was designed to protect the
class of persons in which the plaintiff is included against the risk of the type of harm which has occurred as a
result of its violation”). Here, the Stachowskis did not address that well-settled, two-prong standard in their
opening brief. They alluded to it in their reply brief, but only in passing. By failing to address the controlling
standard until their reply brief, and by failing to address the standard in a cogent manner even then, the
Stachowskis waived any negligence-per-se argument they might have had under Dawson. See U.S. Gypsum,
Inc. v. Ind. Gas Co., 735 N.E.2d 790, 797 n.5 (Ind. 2000) (“[A]n argument raised for the first time in a reply
brief is waived.”); Merrill v. State, 716 N.E.2d 902, 904 n.2 (Ind. 1999) (finding appellate claim waived where
appellant “failed to make a cogent argument”); see also Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a).
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[6] When a plaintiff claims that the violation of a statute or ordinance gives rise to
civil liability even in the absence of a common-law duty, the issue should be
framed as whether the statute or ordinance confers a “private right of action”—
a concept that is related to but distinct from the doctrine of negligence per se.
Whereas a negligence-per-se plaintiff claims that a statute or ordinance should
establish the applicable standard of conduct required under an existing duty of
reasonable care, see Cook, 796 N.E.2d at 275, the issue when a plaintiff claims a
private right of action is whether the legislative body intended to establish not
just a standard of conduct but a duty enforceable by tort law, see, e.g., Estate of
Cullop v. State, 821 N.E.2d 403, 408 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (explaining that
existence of statutory duty does not necessarily mean that plaintiff “may
enforce this duty in a private cause of action”), reh’g denied; Cuyler v. United
States, 362 F.3d 949, 952 (7th Cir. 2004) (“[T]he mere fact that a statute defines
due care does not in and of itself create a duty enforceable by tort law.”).
[7] If the Stachowskis meant to assert that the South Bend handrail ordinance
confers a private right of action, they missed the mark. As with negligence per
se, we have a well-established standard for determining whether a legislative
body intended to confer a private right of action. Absent an express right of
action, the primary considerations are (1) whether the statute or ordinance was
designed to protect particular individuals or the public in general and (2)
whether it includes an independent enforcement mechanism. Doe #1 v. Ind.
Dep’t of Child Servs., 81 N.E.3d 199, 202-04 (Ind. 2017); Estate of Cullop, 821
N.E.2d at 408. The Stachowskis never address that standard in their briefs, so
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they waived any private-right-of-action claim they might have had. See Ind.
Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a) (requiring that the appellant’s arguments be
supported by “cogent reasoning” and citations to the authorities relied on);
Merrill v. State, 716 N.E.2d 902, 904 n.2 (Ind. 1999) (finding appellate claim
waived where appellant “failed to make a cogent argument”).
[8] Affirmed.
May, J., and Altice, J., concur.
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