Mario Deon Watkins v. State of Indiana , 67 N.E.3d 1092 ( 2017 )

FILED
Jan 06 2017, 8:46 am
CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Matthew J. McGovern Gregory F. Zoeller
Anderson, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Monika Prekopa Talbot
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Mario Deon Watkins, January 6, 2017
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
82A01-1510-CR-1624
v. Appeal from the Vanderburgh
Circuit Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Kelli E. Fink,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Magistrate
Trial Court Cause No.
82C01-1412-F2-5337
Brown, Judge.
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[1] Mario Deon Watkins appeals his convictions for two counts of possession of a
controlled substance as class A misdemeanors, possession of cocaine as a level
6 felony, possession of marijuana as a class B misdemeanor, and maintaining a
common nuisance as a level 6 felony. Watkins raises two issues, one of which
we find dispositive and which we revise and restate as whether the court abused
its discretion or erred in admitting evidence discovered as a result of a search.
We reverse.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] At some point, a confidential informant told Evansville Police Detective Chris
Goergen that he had observed cocaine, marijuana, and a firearm at a residence
in Evansville. In the late afternoon or early evening on December 16, 2014,
Detective Goergen spoke with the informant who had seen the firearm in the
residence earlier that day. The informant confirmed through a photo that
Watkins was the individual he saw inside the residence with narcotics and a
gun.
[3] On December 17, 2014, Detective Goergen completed an affidavit for a search
warrant, which alleged that cocaine and other evidence was being concealed in
or about the premises and curtilage located at 314 W. Illinois Street in
Evansville. The affidavit alleged:
Within 48 hours of December 16, 2014, a credible and reliable
confidential informant (hereinafter “CI”) observed more than ten
(10) grams of crack cocaine inside of 314 W. Illinois St.,
Evansville, IN. Your Affiant met with CI and had CI direct him
to the residence in your Affiant’s vehicle. Law enforcement has
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had prior dealings with Frederick A. Jackson (D.O.B.:
12.26.1985) at 312 W. Illinois St., Evansville, IN. CI advised
that Jackson had moved from 312 W. Illinois St. to 314 W.
Illinois St., Evansville, IN. As noted above in the description,
312 W. Illinois St. and 314 W. Illinois St. are both located in the
same building.
During surveillance on 314 W. Illinois St., Evansville, Indiana in
the early morning hours of December 17, 2014, Detectives came
to determine that at least one (1) resident of 314 W. Illinois St.,
Evansville, IN is Mario Watkins (D.O.B.: 8.4.1985). An attempt
to secure a photograph of Frederick A. Jackson (D.O.B.:
12.26.1985) for comparison proved fruitless.
With respect to CI’s credibility and reliability: CI has been
working with Detectives with the Evansville Vanderburgh
County Joint Drug Task Force for over one (1) year. The
information provided by CI has led to the arrest of numerous
individuals involved in narcotics activity. The arrests made on
the information provided by CI have resulted in convictions on
both the federal and state level. CI has provided information that
has been utilized on judicially issued search warrants.
Information provided by CI has led to the seizure of multiple
pounds of narcotics in the Evansville, Vanderburgh County,
Indiana area.
Confidential Exhibits at 28-29. The affidavit also alleged:
Your affiant has learned in his training and experience that
persons involved in the dealing of narcotics frequently possess or
carry firearms either in trade for narcotics or for protection of
their narcotics dealing assets, both product and proceeds.
Your affiant speaks from personal knowledge and observation
and believes that the persons giving the information contained
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herein speak from personal knowledge and observation and are
reliable and credible in that they voluntarily relayed the above
information to your affiant in the course of your affiant’s duties
as a law enforcement officer in an effort to aid in the
investigation of this offense.
Id. at 33. The trial court granted a search warrant.
[4] Detective Goergen relayed the address, the names of the persons who were
possibly inside the building, and that there was a firearm and cocaine seen
inside at some point the day before to the assisting investigators and the
Evansville SWAT team. In the briefing, the SWAT team were informed that
there was a woman and three men inside and a firearm. Evansville Police
Detective Michael Gray, a member of the SWAT team, decided with other
members of the team how to execute the entry into the house based on
information that a gun was seen in the house within the last twenty-four hours,
that there were narcotics in the house, and the criminal history of the possible
suspects.
[5] On December 17, 2014, Detective Goergen surveilled the house for “an hour,
an hour and a half . . . give or take, 15, 30 minutes or so,” prior to executing the
warrant. Transcript at 34. Another detective surveilling the property informed
Detective Goergen that he had seen someone matching Watkins’s description
exit the house and go out to the back of the house with trash cans and then re-
enter.
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[6] The SWAT team rode in a Lenco Bearcat that followed a patrol vehicle to the
residence. At least a dozen officers were involved. Upon arrival and prior to
entry, three officers and a police vehicle approached the rear of the residence
and at least nine officers, most armed with assault weapons, approached the
front of the residence. At 10:30 a.m., the police knocked on the residence and
one of the officers announced, “Police - Search Warrant - Police - Search
Warrant,” and another officer announced over a loudspeaker “Search Warrant.
314 Illinois.” State’s Exhibit 1 at 3:55-4:00. One second later, the SWAT team
knocked down the door with a battering ram. State’s Exhibit 1 at 4.01.
[7] Evansville Police Officer Jacob Taylor, a member of the SWAT team, had a
GoPro camera attached to his helmet and recorded the entry. He was
responsible for deploying a “flash bang,” which is a diversionary device that
emits a bright flash and a loud bang. Transcript at 66. He testified that he
conducted a quick peek inside, which was the standard procedure, and saw a
couch, a TV, and some other things that were “kind of past the couch and then
just next to the couch was the floor and there wasn’t anything in the floor,” and
he did not see any children. Id. at 67. Detective Gray testified that he paused
at the front door, “actually kind of worked the angle, as [he] was standing
covering the front door [he] could see down the right wall on the right side of
the room but [he] couldn’t see what was to the left” and did not know who was
in the room. Id. at 55. One of the officers announced: “Flash bang, flash bang,
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flash bang.” 1 State’s Exhibit 1 at 4:00-4:05. Officer Taylor set or “basically
dropped” or tossed the flash bang, 2 which has a time delay of one and one-half
seconds and is designed to interrupt a person’s ability to observe, decide, and
act, “right there at the front door, the bottom left hand corner just inside the
residence.” Transcript at 56, 83. The device activated six inches inside the
door and emitted a “pretty loud” noise and a flash of light. Id. at 59. After the
flash bang grenade was deployed, Detective Gray entered the residence and
picked up a nine-month old baby crying on top of blankets in a playpen just
inside and “very close to the door.” Id. at 332. The room also contained a
baby’s car seat and a toddler’s activity center in the line of sight of the front
door. One of the officers moved the car seat with his foot to proceed further
into the residence. Officer Taylor took the baby out of the house, handed the
baby to a woman dressed in street clothes, and then returned to the house.
Meanwhile, other officers smashed in the kitchen window and threw another
flash bang grenade inside that filled the room with smoke and set off the smoke
detectors.
[8] Detective Gray encountered Watkins laying on a bed in a room towards the
middle of the house. Watkins offered no resistance, and Detective Gray and
Officer Kennedy detained him until the SWAT team completed clearing the
1
The first statement of the phrase “flash bang” occurred while the door was not fully open. State’s Exhibit 1
at 4:00-4:05.
2
The video of the placing of the flash bang into the residence reveals some forward motion of the device.
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house. Two other men and a woman were discovered in the back of the house.
The police also broke open a locked door leading to the laundry room.
[9] Before receiving his Miranda warnings and while the police were bringing him
out and sitting him on the curb outside, Watkins stated that everything in the
house belonged to him and that “they have nothing to do with it.” Id. at 313.
Detective Gray read Watkins his Miranda rights, and Watkins said that he
understood his rights. Detective Goergen asked him if he had been advised of
his Miranda warnings, and he again stated that everything in the house was his,
that he could show him where everything was, and that he could give him
information on other drug dealers in return for not taking him to jail or
charging him. The police discovered narcotics and marijuana, a digital scale, a
cut corner baggie, cocaine, and a .40 caliber handgun.
[10] On December 19, 2014, the State charged Watkins with Count I, dealing in a
schedule II controlled substance as a level 2 felony; Count II, dealing in cocaine
as a level 3 felony; Count III, unlawful possession of a firearm by a serious
violent felon as a level 4 felony; Count IV, dealing in a schedule IV controlled
substance as a level 4 felony; Count V, dealing in marijuana as a level 6 felony;
Count VI, maintaining a common nuisance as a level 6 felony; and Count VII,
neglect of a dependent as a level 6 felony. On August 25, 2015, the State filed
an amended Count II alleging that the offense was committed in the presence of
a minor.
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[11] Watkins filed a motion to suppress on March 6, 2015, and an amended motion
on April 13, 2015. He alleged that the seizure of the items was without lawful
authority because the search was conducted pursuant to an invalid warrant, the
manner of the search and execution of the warrant violated the Fourth
Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article 1, Sections 11, 13,
and 14 of the Indiana Constitution, and the affidavit of probable cause filed to
support the issuance of the warrant was insufficient to establish probable cause.
He also alleged that his statements were made without being adequately
advised of his Miranda rights.
[12] On May 4, 2015, the court held a hearing on Watkins’s motion to suppress.
Detective Goergen testified that he had worked with the confidential informant
extensively over the course of sixteen to eighteen months, that the informant
“by all accounts and everybody in the drug task force has been established as
one of the most credible informants in the history of the drug task force,” and
that the informant’s information has led to the arrest of dozens of individuals
and convictions. Transcript at 22. Detective Goergen also testified that, prior
to the execution of the search warrant, Detective Watson was able to locate the
name of Mario Watkins as being involved at 314 W. Illinois, Detective
Goergen forwarded a picture of Watkins to the informant, and the informant
confirmed that Watkins was the individual to whom he was referring.
[13] Detective Gray testified, and when asked if he recalled the criminal history of
the occupants, he answered: “No I don’t, I mean I think there was some sort of
drug history and a violent act but I can’t say for sure.” Id. at 51. He testified
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that he did not toss the flash bang into the residence but that “whoever is
charged with ensuring that they deploy [a distraction] device is also charged
with ensuring that they deploy it into a safe area” and that “you wouldn’t want
to throw it on any children, you wouldn’t want to throw it if there was a meth
lab, flammable’s [sic], bond [sic] making materials, different things like that, so
it is the job of the operator that’s actually deploying the device to do the quick
peek to check.” Id. at 63. He also acknowledged that the flash bang could
catch a carpet on fire.
[14] Officer Taylor testified that he had been with SWAT for eight years and that
before he deploys a flash bang and as the door is breached “there’s a quick peek,
a lot of things were [sic] looking for, people, kids, elderly, smells, and then it
gets placed there at the threshold.” Id. at 66-67. When asked if he believed that
he complied with the safety protocol, Officer Taylor testified: “Yes, even more
so than our standards are.” Id. at 73. He also stated that the SWAT team
carries a fire extinguisher.
[15] The court admitted the video from the camera that was mounted to Officer
Taylor’s helmet as State’s Exhibit 1. Officer Taylor testified that his perception
of things involved a much wider view than what the camera could see. At a
time stamp of 4:01 on the video, a member of the SWAT team rammed the
door open several inches with a battering ram. From an angle to the right,
Officer Taylor tossed the flash bang into the house at 4:02, and it detonated at
4:04. The video at 4:02 shows only a portion of the right rear of the couch and
the wood floor on which it sat. The video reveals that about five minutes after
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the initial entry someone stated: “Make sure you get a picture . . . are you
taking a picture of that?” State’s Exhibit 1 at 8:50-8:55. This appears to be a
reference to a charred stain on the floor. The person then stated: “Because the
baby was in this room, but I put it right there for a reason.” Id. at 8:55-9:00.
[16] On cross-examination, Officer Taylor testified that his vantage point was what
was on the video because the camera was mounted to his helmet. After the
video was played, Watkins’s counsel asked Officer Taylor: “So you’re saying
from the angle depicted there you could see inside that room?” Transcript at
82. Officer Taylor answered: “I can see, I can see from the couch over to the
left, I can’t see the corner, the left corner inside the room and I can’t see the
hallway in front of it, that’s why the flash bang goes in the threshold.” Id. at 82-
83.
[17] On May 22, 2015, the court denied Watkins’s motion to suppress. On May 26,
2015, Watkins filed a motion for interlocutory appeal. The trial court certified
the order, and this court denied Watkins’s motion for leave to appeal from the
interlocutory order.
[18] On August 17, 2015, the State filed a motion in limine arguing that the
introduction of evidence that a flash bang grenade was deployed in the same
room where Watkins’s small child was located would be objectionable, highly
prejudicial, and irrelevant. The court found that the means of entry into the
home had some relevance to the case and stated that it would allow testimony
regarding the use of the SWAT team to make entry into the home and the
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location of the individuals, including the child, in the home at the time of entry.
The court also found that the use of a flash bang grenade had little or no
relevance to the charged offenses and that the prejudicial effect of such evidence
outweighed any probative value of the evidence.
[19] In August 2015, the court held a jury trial during which Watkins referred to his
motion to suppress and objected to any evidence seized from the house
including statements made by those who were extracted from the house. The
court incorporated Watkins’s earlier arguments and allowed him to make a
continuing objection.
[20] After the State rested and outside the presence of the jury, Watkins’s counsel
questioned Detective Goergen regarding the video of the search and the
location of the baby. Detective Goergen testified: “I think you can see like the
octagon shaped playpen, I know where the baby was at, it was very close to the
door.” Id. at 332. Watkins’s counsel argued that “this tape would tend to show
that the child was not in the physical presence of any controlled substances at
that time because there were no controlled substances found in the living[
]room.” Id. at 336. The prosecutor argued that the only purpose of introducing
the video was to show the flash bang grenade and the violent nature of the
SWAT entry and that such violated the court’s order on the motion in limine.
The court indicated that it would not allow the flash bang evidence, and that a
portion of the video could be played without evidence of the flash bang. A
portion of the video between 4:20 and 4:30 on the recording, which showed
Officer Taylor picking up the baby and exiting the residence, was played for the
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jury without sound. The defense then rested and moved for a motion for
judgment on the evidence, and the court denied the motion.
[21] The jury found Watkins guilty of the lesser-included offense of possession of a
schedule II controlled substance as a class A misdemeanor, the lesser-included
offense of possession of cocaine as a level 6 felony, the lesser-included offense
of possession of a schedule IV controlled substance as a class A misdemeanor,
the lesser-included offense of possession of marijuana as a class B
misdemeanor, and maintaining a common nuisance as a level 6 felony. The
State moved to dismiss the possession of a firearm by a serious violent felon and
neglect of a dependent counts, and the court dismissed those counts.
[22] On September 23, 2015, the court sentenced Watkins to an aggregate sentence
of two years executed at Vanderburgh County Work Release.
Discussion
[23] The issue is whether the trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence
discovered as a result of the search. Generally, we review the trial court’s ruling
on the admission or exclusion of evidence for an abuse of discretion. Roche v.
State, 690 N.E.2d 1115, 1134 (Ind. 1997), reh’g denied. We reverse only where
the decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances.
Joyner v. State, 678 N.E.2d 386, 390 (Ind. 1997), reh’g denied. In reviewing the
trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence from an allegedly illegal
search, an appellate court does not reweigh the evidence but defers to the trial
court’s factual determinations unless clearly erroneous, views conflicting
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evidence most favorably to the ruling, and considers afresh any legal question of
the constitutionality of a search or seizure. Meredith v. State, 906 N.E.2d 867,
869 (Ind. 2009).
[24] In ruling on admissibility following the denial of a motion to suppress, the trial
court considers the foundational evidence presented at trial. Carpenter v. State,
18 N.E.3d 998, 1001 (Ind. 2014). If the foundational evidence at trial is not the
same as that presented at the suppression hearing, the trial court must make its
decision based upon trial evidence and may consider hearing evidence only if it
does not conflict with trial evidence. Guilmette v. State, 14 N.E.3d 38, 40 n.1
(Ind. 2014).
[25] Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution provides:
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects, against unreasonable search or seizure, shall
not be violated; and no warrant shall issue, but upon probable
cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly
describing the place to be searched, and the person or thing to be
seized.
[26] Although its text mirrors the federal Fourth Amendment, we interpret Article 1,
§ 11 of our Indiana Constitution separately and independently. Robinson v.
State, 5 N.E.3d 362, 368 (Ind. 2014). “When a defendant raises a Section 11
claim, the State must show the police conduct ‘was reasonable under the
totality of the circumstances.’” Id. (quoting State v. Washington, 898 N.E.2d
1200, 1205-1206 (Ind. 2008), reh’g denied). Generally, “[w]e consider three
factors when evaluating reasonableness: ‘1) the degree of concern, suspicion, or
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knowledge that a violation has occurred, 2) the degree of intrusion the method
of the search or seizure imposes on the citizen’s ordinary activities, and 3) the
extent of law enforcement needs.’” Id. (quoting Litchfield v. State, 824 N.E.2d
356, 361 (Ind. 2005)). 3 “[T]he degree of intrusion may render a search
unreasonable, even where law enforcement needs are obviously present.”
Litchfield, 824 N.E.2d at 360.
[27] Watkins argues that the officers’ military-style assault that involved announcing
their presence seconds before crashing through the door with a battering ram
and then one second later tossing a flash bang grenade into the front room of
the house, which contained only a nine-month old baby, was an unreasonable
use of force in the execution of the search warrant. He argues that there was
little evidence that this case involved a high risk entry, and that while Officer
3
The State argues that the factors discussed in Litchfield are inapplicable under the facts of this case because
the search discussed in Litchfield was a warrantless search and the three factors are relevant to a determination
of reasonableness when a warrantless search occurs. See Appellee’s Brief at 25 (citing Mehring v. State, 884
N.E.2d 371, 381 n.4 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), reh’g denied, trans. denied). The State asserts that the manner of the
search still has to be reasonable under the totality of the circumstances and that even if this Court were to find
that the factors in Litchfield apply, the factors are satisfied here. In Mehring, the Court noted that the
defendant referenced the three factors discussed in Litchfield as applicable to a determination of a staleness
issue and whether there was probable cause for the issuance of a search warrant. 884 N.E.2d at 381 n.4. The
Court then stated: “Because the search discussed in Litchfield was a warrantless search and the three factors
are relevant to a determination of reasonableness when a warrantless search occurs, we do not agree that they
are applicable under the facts of this case.” Id. In Lacey v. State, the Court addressed a defendant’s challenge
to the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence obtained from the execution of a search warrant
by police. 946 N.E.2d 548, 548 (Ind. 2011), reh’g denied. In its analysis, the Court referenced the Litchfield
factors. Id. at 550. See also Smith v. State, 953 N.E.2d 651, 659 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (addressing a search
conducted pursuant to a warrant, citing Litchfield for the propositions that the legality of a governmental
search turns on an evaluation of the reasonableness of the police conduct under the totality of the
circumstances and that although there may well be other relevant considerations, the reasonableness of the
search or seizure turns on a balance of (1) the degree of concern, suspicion, or knowledge that a violation has
occurred, (2) the degree of intrusion the method of the search or seizure imposes on the citizen’s ordinary
activities, and (3) the extent of law enforcement needs), trans. denied. We cannot say that the Litchfield factors
do not apply.
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Taylor claimed that he peeked in the room before tossing the grenade, his video
belies this claim. He also asserts that the no-knock entry was unreasonable.
[28] The State argues that the use of the flash bang device was not a part of the
search and to the extent the use of the device caused any harm, this could be the
basis of a civil suit but should not be a vehicle for the suppression of the
evidence. It also argues that, to the extent the use of the device was a part of
the search, its use was reasonable given that the police had received reliable
information that there was marijuana and ten grams of cocaine inside
Watkins’s residence, that Watkins had a firearm, and that the possible suspect
inside the residence had a criminal history of a violent act. The State notes that
Officer Taylor, who deployed the flash bang device, testified that he looked
inside first and only deployed the grenade when he did not see anyone in the
front room. The State asserts that, even though the video shows that there was
a baby in the front room, this may not have been clear to Officer Taylor at the
moment of entry because the baby was on the floor in an enclosed playpen-type
area and at least partially hidden by the white plastic lattice bars of the playpen.
The State contends that this was not a no-knock entry as the officers announced
their presence and then waited a few seconds before they broke through the
front door. It also asserts that even if this had been a no-knock entry, it would
have been reasonable given that officers knew that cocaine and marijuana were
present at the residence and that they could be facing an armed and dangerous
individual. The State also suggests that we adopt the inevitable
discovery/independent source exception as a matter of Indiana constitutional
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law. In reply, Watkins asserts that the inevitable discovery doctrine has not
been adopted as a matter of Indiana constitutional law and that this Court has
expressly refused to adopt it.
[29] Applying the factors articulated in Litchfield, we first consider “the degree of
concern, suspicion, or knowledge that a violation has occurred.” Litchfield, 824
N.E.2d at 361. According to the affidavit, a credible and reliable confidential
informant observed more than ten grams of crack cocaine inside the residence
within forty-eight hours of December 16, 2014, the day before the warrant was
executed. The informant confirmed through a photograph that Watkins was
the individual he saw inside the residence with narcotics and a gun. The
informant also observed marijuana, but the record does not reveal when the
informant observed the marijuana or whether Watkins or Jackson personally
possessed the marijuana or attempted to sell it to the informant.
[30] Regarding the degree of intrusion, we agree with Watkins’s characterization of
the execution of the search warrant as a “military-style assault.” Appellant’s
Brief at 25. The record reveals that at least a dozen officers surrounded the
residence, most of whom were armed with assault weapons. At the front door,
the officers knocked and announced their presence seconds before using a
battering ram to crash open the front door and then tossed a flash bang device
inside the residence no more than one second later and in a room containing a
nine-month old baby in a playpen. That room which the SWAT team entered
also contained a baby’s car seat and a toddler’s activity center in the line of sight
of the front door. One of the officers announced: “Flash bang, flash bang, flash
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bang.” State’s Exhibit 1 at 4:00-4:05. The first statement of the phrase “flash
bang” occurred while the door was not fully open. State’s Exhibit 1 at 4:00-
4:05. The video shows almost no time lapse between when the door was
battered in and the tossing of the flash bang. The door was barely opened when
the flash bang was immediately tossed into the room, and the angle at which
Officer Taylor was standing to the door did not allow him an opportunity to see
what was inside the room. Indeed, Officer Taylor acknowledged that he could
not see portions of the room in which the flash bang was placed. Specifically,
he testified that he could see “from the couch over to the left, I can’t see the
corner, the left corner inside the room and I can’t see the hallway in front of it,
that’s why the flash bang goes in the threshold.” Transcript at 82-83. The
audio from the recording reveals what appears to be Officer Taylor stating:
“Because the baby was in this room, but I put it right there for a reason.”
State’s Exhibit 1 at 8:55-9:00. Officer Taylor took the baby out of the house
and handed the baby to a woman dressed in street clothes.
[31] While Officer Taylor testified that that the burn mark from the flash bang can
be seen six inches inside the door, Detective Goergen testified: “I think you can
see like the octagon shaped playpen, I know where the baby was at, it was very
close to the door.” Transcript at 332. Other officers smashed in the kitchen
window and threw a flash bang grenade inside that filled the kitchen with
smoke and set off the smoke detectors. They handcuffed Watkins and took him
outside to sit on the curb. They searched his house, breaking open a locked
door leading to the laundry room in the process.
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[32] As to the extent of law enforcement needs, the officers were aware that the
informant had reported observing more than ten grams of cocaine and
marijuana in the residence. Detective Goergen testified that the informant told
him that he also saw a firearm in the residence on the 16th, the day before the
warrant was executed. Officer Taylor testified that the SWAT team held a
briefing before entering the residence and their planning information indicated
that there were three males and a woman inside. As to the criminal histories of
Watkins and the others, the affidavit asserts that “[l]aw enforcement has had
prior dealings with Frederick A. Jackson,” but it did not specifically describe
the contents of these prior dealings. Confidential Exhibits at 28. During direct
examination, Detective Gray testified that they decided on how they were
going to execute the entry into the house based upon the information they were
given by the case agent and detectives. The following exchange then occurred:
Q When you said based on information that was provided by the
case agent and other assisting officers, what information are you
referring to?
A Information that a gun was seen in the house very recently, as
I recall within the last 24 hours, and narcotics being in the house
and then the possible suspects, the criminal history involved
there.
Q Do you recall what the criminal history was?
A No I don’t, I mean I think there was some sort of drug history
and a violent act but I can’t say for sure.
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Transcript at 51. During cross-examination of Detective Gray, the following
exchange occurred:
Q You mentioned prior criminal history as one of the factors in
your determination for the method of entry but you don’t recall
exactly what that was, you don’t recall exactly what his criminal
record was?
A No, I’m fairly certain it’s documented on the . . .
Q It is.
A Okay.
Q It is.
A But I don’t, I don’t recall it.
Q Did he have a conviction for burglary and robbery in the year
of 2004?
A I would have to look at his record.
Q Do you know if he had any other criminal record?
A I don’t.
Id. at 62. The State does not point us to any other evidence indicating the
criminal history of Watkins or the other occupants of the house. The record
contains no evidence that law enforcement could not have safely presented the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 82A01-1510-CR-1624 | January 6, 2017 Page 19 of 26
person matching Watkins’s description with the search warrant during the time
that he was outside the house and before he re-entered it.
[33] Comparing the factors, we conclude that while there was a considerable degree
of suspicion, the extent of law enforcement needs for a military-style assault
was low and the degree of intrusion was unreasonably high. Under these
specific circumstances and particularly in light of the use of a flash bang
grenade in the same room as a nine-month old baby who was “very close” to
where the flash bang was deployed, the State has not demonstrated that the
police conduct was reasonable under the totality of the circumstances. We
conclude that the search violated Watkins’s rights under Article 1, Section 11 of
the Indiana Constitution and that the trial court erred in admitting the evidence
discovered as a result of the search. 4
[34] To the extent the State suggests that we adopt the inevitable discovery
exception as a matter of Indiana constitutional law, we observe that under the
Fourth Amendment, the inevitable discovery exception to the exclusionary rule
“permits the introduction of evidence that eventually would have been located
had there been no error, for [in] that instance ‘there is no nexus sufficient to
provide a taint.’” Shultz v. State, 742 N.E.2d 961, 965 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001)
(quoting Banks v. State, 681 N.E.2d 235, 239 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997) (quoting Nix
v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431, 438, 104 S. Ct. 2501 (1984))), reh’g denied, trans.
4
Because we find that the search violated Watkins’s rights under Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana
Constitution, we need not address his argument that the search warrant affidavit lacked probable cause.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 82A01-1510-CR-1624 | January 6, 2017 Page 20 of 26
denied. However, the inevitable discovery exception has not been adopted as a
matter of Indiana constitutional law. Ammons v. State, 770 N.E.2d 927, 935
(Ind. Ct. App. 2002), trans. denied. The Indiana Supreme Court has held that
“our state constitution mandates that the evidence found as a result of [an
unconstitutional] search be suppressed.” Brown v. State, 653 N.E.2d 77, 80 (Ind.
1995). See also Grier v. State, 868 N.E.2d 443, 445 (Ind. 2007) (“Evidence
obtained as a result of an unconstitutional search must be suppressed.”).
Despite the State’s request, we are not inclined to adopt the inevitable discovery
rule as part of Indiana constitutional law in light of the Indiana Supreme
Court’s firm language. See Gyamfi v. State, 15 N.E.3d 1131, 1138 (Ind. Ct. App.
2014) (declining to adopt the inevitable discovery rule as part of Indiana
constitutional law in light of the Indiana Supreme Court’s firm language in
Brown), reh’g denied; Ammons, 770 N.E.2d at 935.
Conclusion
[35] For the foregoing reasons, we reverse Watkins’s convictions.
[36] Reversed.
Baker, J., concurs.
May, J., dissents with separate opinion.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 82A01-1510-CR-1624 | January 6, 2017 Page 21 of 26
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Matthew J. McGovern Gregory F. Zoeller
Anderson, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Monika Prekopa Talbot
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Mario Deon Watkins, Court of Appeals Case No.
82A01-1510-CR-1624
Appellant-Defendant,
v.
State of Indiana,
Appellee-Plaintiff.
May, Judge, dissenting.
[37] Unlike my colleagues, I would hold the search of Watkins’ residence was
reasonable under the totality of the circumstances. I therefore respectfully
dissent.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 82A01-1510-CR-1624 | January 6, 2017 Page 22 of 26
[38] I believe the majority’s analysis underestimates “the extent of law enforcement
needs.” Powell v. State, 898 N.E.2d 328, 336 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied.
The confidential informant, whose credibility had been established, reported
meeting Watkins at the house to be searched less than twenty-four hours before
the search was to be conducted and, at that time, Watkins was in possession of
a handgun. Police believed three men and a woman would be in the house. 5
Detective Gray recalled that Watkins had a criminal history that included a
violent crime and he remembered considering that information as the SWAT
team decided how to enter the residence. 6 Detective Goergen testified “the fact
5
The majority suggests police should have served the search warrant on “the person matching Watkins’
description . . . during the time that he was outside of the residence.” Slip op. at 21, ¶ 32. However, the
record does not indicate: (1) how many officers were near the residence conducting surveillance when the
man who looked like Watkins exited the back of the house; or (2) whether those officers possessed a copy of
the search warrant to serve. I simply do not believe we should expect what may have been only one or two
police officers to serve a search warrant on a man outside a house thought to have three additional adult
occupants, at least one gun, and large quantities of drugs that could be destroyed while the premises are being
secured.
6
I also disagree with my colleagues’ assessment of the evidence about Watkins’ criminal history. When
asked about Watkins’ criminal history, Detective Gray said, “I think there was some sort of drug history and
a violent act but I can’t say for sure.” (Tr. at 51.) When asked again on cross-examination, Detective Gray
said, “I’m fairly certain it’s documented,” (id. at 62), and defense counsel responded, “It is.” (Id.) Thus, the
question is not “whether” Watkins has a criminal record, only “which crimes” his record contains.
The charging information alleged Watkins was guilty of possession of a firearm by a serious violent felon
because he had a conviction of “Burglary Resulting in Bodily Injury in Cause Number 82D02-0403-FA-200.”
(App. Vol. 1 at 20.) The trial court had granted Watkins’ motion to sever that count from the other charges
for trial, (id. at 7), and had refused to lower Watkins’ bond after a hearing in which Watkins’ counsel asked
him if he was serving probation or parole for the “prior conviction of burglary in 2014,” (id. at 5), and
Watkins replied, “It was 2004.” (Id.) The State’s memorandum in opposition to the motion to suppress
noted:
At the time the warrant was executed, officers knew that the Defendant had a prior
conviction for Burglary as a B felony, which makes the Defendant a serious violent felon.
Officers also knew that one of their most credible and reliable informants had seen the
Defendant inside the residence with the firearm the evening prior to making entry. The
Defendant’s possession of a firearm with his status as a serious violent felon is a crime in
and of itself and presents an alarming danger to officers’ safety.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 82A01-1510-CR-1624 | January 6, 2017 Page 23 of 26
that there was a firearm on Mr. Watkins didn’t necessarily in my opinion
enhance probable cause for the search warrant but it was a, it’s a safety issue for
the investigators.” (Tr. Vol. 2 at 37.) Because the police were executing a
search warrant on the home of a convicted violent felon believed to be in
possession of a handgun and a large amount of illegal drugs, I would conclude
the law enforcement need was high.
[39] In light of the manner in which the search warrant was executed, I conclude the
degree of intrusion into Watkins’ privacy was high, but not “unreasonably” so.
Cf. slip op. at 21, ¶ 33 (“the degree of intrusion was unreasonably high”). Police
had already obtained a search warrant, which allowed them to enter Watkins’
home, breaking down the door if necessary, and search in any spot that might
conceal drugs. Thus, regardless of the precise manner of execution, police had
been given authority to intrude into Watkins’ personal residence, drag him
outside in handcuffs, and turn his residence upside down.
[40] Furthermore, while I expect the police would never knowingly detonate a flash
bang near a child, 7 I do note that the principal function of a flash bang is “to
(Id. at 36.) While none of this information is evidence that proves Watkins had a criminal record that
included a violent crime, it demonstrates the officers conducting the search had reason to believe Watkins
had been convicted of a violent felony as they were determining how to execute the search warrant.
Finally, if the trial court doubted the existence of Watkins’ Class B felony burglary conviction under Cause
Number 82D02-0403-FA-200, it could have taken judicial notice of that fact, just as we may. See Ind.
Evidence Rule 201; (App. Vol. 2 at 189 (PSI demonstrates Watkins pled guilty to Class B felony burglary
resulting in bodily injury in 2004).)
7
As the Seventh Circuit has noted, “potentially serious injuries . . . may arise from the use of a flash-bang
device during a search.” United States v. Folks, 236 F.3d 384, 388 (7th Cir. 2001) (citing cases involving
injuries), cert. denied 534 U.S. 830 (2001). “Children are especially vulnerable” to injury if they are near the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 82A01-1510-CR-1624 | January 6, 2017 Page 24 of 26
protect officers from weapons fire,” United States v. Jones, 217 F.3d 836, 838 (7th
Cir. 2000), and that our Section 11 analysis of reasonableness should “include
consideration of police officer safety.” Mitchell v. State, 745 N.E.2d 775, 786
(Ind. 2001). As the Mitchell court noted:
In construing and applying “unreasonable” under Section 11, we
recognize that Indiana citizens have been concerned not only
with personal privacy but also with safety, security, and
protection from crime. Indeed, the Indiana Constitution was
adopted to the end that “justice be established, public order
maintained, and liberty perpetuated.” Ind. Const. preamble. Its
framers and ratifiers declared in Article 1 of its Bill of Rights that
government is “instituted for [the people’s] peace, safety, and
well-being.” Ind. Const. art. 1, § 1.
Id. (modifications in original). If we are going to ask police officers, as
protectors of the general public’s safety and security, to enter the home of four
adults, one of whom is a violent felon in possession of a handgun who sells
drugs out of the house, I believe we must allow those officers some means by
which to protect themselves from the danger that can be inherent in such an
entrance.
There certainly could be cases in which the use of a flash bang device may
render a search constitutionally unreasonable. But this is not such a case. My
detonation location. United States v. Jones, 214 F.3d 836, 838 (7th Cir. 2000) (refusing to suppress evidence in
criminal trial based on inevitable discovery doctrine). Detonation of flash bang grenades near innocent
people has led to tort claims against the government. See, e.g., Milan v. Bolin, 795 F.3d 726 (7th Cir. 2015)
(police officers are not shielded from liability by qualified immunity when their execution of a search warrant
was unreasonable), cert. denied 136 S. Ct. 1162 (2016).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 82A01-1510-CR-1624 | January 6, 2017 Page 25 of 26
analysis of the Litchfield factors leads me to conclude the search of Watkins’
house was reasonable under the totality of the circumstances. Accordingly, I
see no error in admitting the evidence gathered pursuant to the search warrant
in Watkins’ criminal trial, and I respectfully dissent.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 82A01-1510-CR-1624 | January 6, 2017 Page 26 of 26