Micah Richard Kunkle v. State of Indiana ( 2020 )

FILED
Jun 22 2020, 8:57 am
CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Alexander L. Hoover Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Law Office of Christopher G. Walter, Attorney General of Indiana
P.C.
Nappanee, Indiana Samantha M. Sumcad
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Micah Richard Kunkle, June 22, 2020
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
19A-CR-2617
v. Appeal from the Marshall Superior
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Robert O. Bowen,
Appellee-Plaintiff Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
50D01-1811-F3-41
May, Judge.
[1] Micah Richard Kunkle appeals his convictions of Level 3 felony aggravated
battery, 1 Level 3 felony battery resulting in serious bodily injury to a person less
1
Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1.5(2) (2014).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2617 | June 22, 2020 Page 1 of 14
than 14 years old, 2 Level 3 felony neglect of a dependent resulting in serious
bodily injury, 3 and Level 5 felony battery resulting in bodily injury to a person
less than 14 years of age. 4 Kunkle presents two issues for our review:
I. Whether his three convictions of battery subject him to double
jeopardy; and
II. Whether sufficient evidence supports his conviction of Level
3 felony neglect of a dependent resulting in serious bodily injury.
We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] In August 2018 Kunkle began dating Dawn Walter. In September 2018,
Kunkle moved in with Walter and her three children, R.W., A.L., and A.W.
When Walter would go to work, Kunkle would take care of A.W., who was
two years old. On October 2, 2018, Kunkle took Walter to work, dropped
R.W. and A.L. off at school, and returned home to watch A.W. When Walter
returned home from work, she noticed A.W. had burns on his back. When
confronted by Walter, Kunkle said A.W. “messed with the spigots” for the
2
Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1(c)(1) & (j) (2018).
3
Ind. Code § 35-46-1-4(a)(1) & (b)(2) (2018).
4
Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1(c)(1) & (g)(5)(B) (2018).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2617 | June 22, 2020 Page 2 of 14
bathtub while Kunkle was grabbing a towel and A.W. fell into the tub and
burned himself. (Tr. Vol. II at 125.)
[3] Walter wanted to take A.W. to the hospital, but Kunkle told her they would be
drug tested and neither of them would pass. Kunkle also told Walter she would
lose custody of her children as a result of the failed drug test. Walter ultimately
decided to not take A.W. to the hospital. Around this time, Walter and Kunkle
decided to stop letting Lyle Walter (“Lyle”), Walter’s ex-husband and the father
of her three children, exercise his regular visitation with A.W.
[4] On October 23, 2018, Walter woke to the sound of A.W. crying. Walter
walked to the kitchen and found Kunkle holding A.W. over the sink,
attempting to make him throw up. Kunkle claimed A.W. had found a bottle of
pills and swallowed some. A.W. defecated in his pants during the commotion,
so Kunkle took him to the bathroom. Kunkle began screaming at A.W., so
Walter followed him to the bathroom and took over cleaning up A.W.
[5] Walter noticed Kunkle was getting very angry, so she called Lyle. Walter did
not want her children to be around Kunkle while he was screaming and cursing
at her. Walter told Lyle to call or come to the house if he did not hear from her
in fifteen minutes. Kunkle heard the phone call between Walter and Lyle and
became even angrier. Kunkle confronted Walter, and the two of them went
outside to continue arguing. A.L., who was nine years old at the time, became
scared and contacted her cousin, who then handed the phone to her father,
A.L.’s uncle. Out of concern, A.L.’s uncle contacted A.L.’s paternal
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2617 | June 22, 2020 Page 3 of 14
grandmother and explained the situation. A.L.’s grandmother then called 9-1-
1.
[6] When EMTs arrived, they noticed A.W. had burns on his body and told Walter
that A.W. should be taken to the hospital. Soon after, Lyle arrived and agreed
to take A.W. to the hospital. At the hospital, a doctor determined A.W. was
suffering from a corneal abrasion and from bruises and lacerations to his ears,
head, shoulder, legs, hips, and arms. Additionally, the doctor noted areas of his
left side, buttocks, and lower back appeared to be healing from an immersion
burn. Dr. Tara Harris testified that an immersion burn “basically means he was
dipped into a scalding liquid.” (Id. at 178.)
[7] Detectives interviewed Kunkle regarding A.W.’s injuries. Kunkle told police he
had sought medical treatment for A.W. from a family friend named Dr.
Hershberger. When police tried to follow up with Dr. Hershberger, police
learned Dr. Hershberger moved to Wisconsin in 2015 and was deceased. On
November 2, 2018, the State charged Kunkle with Level 3 felony aggravated
battery, Level 3 felony battery resulting in serious bodily injury to a person less
than 14 years old, Level 3 felony neglect of a dependent resulting in serious
bodily injury, and Level 5 felony battery resulting in bodily injury to a person
less than 14 years of age. A jury found Kunkle guilty of all charges.
[8] The trial court entered judgments of conviction on all four counts. The trial
court sentenced Kunkle to sixteen years for Level 3 felony aggravated battery;
sixteen years for Level 3 felony battery resulting in serious bodily injury to a
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2617 | June 22, 2020 Page 4 of 14
person less than 14 years of age; six years for Level 3 felony neglect of a
dependent resulting in serious bodily injury; and five years for Level 5 felony
battery resulting in bodily injury to a person under fourteen years of age. The
court ordered the sentences for aggravated battery and for the two battery
convictions to be served concurrently, and it ordered the sentence for the
neglect conviction to be served consecutive to the other three. Therefore,
Kunkle’s aggregate sentence is twenty-two years in prison.
Discussion and Decision
I. Double Jeopardy
[9] Kunkle argues three of his convictions – one of aggravated battery and two of
battery – violate his constitutional right to be free from double jeopardy. See
Ind. Const. Art. 1, § 14 (“No person shall be put in jeopardy twice for the same
offense.”). Two offenses are the “same offense” in violation of Indiana’s
Double Jeopardy Clause if, with respect to either the statutory elements of the
challenged crimes or the actual evidence used to convict, the essential elements
of one challenged offense also establish the essential elements of another
challenged offense. Spivey v. State, 761 N.E.2d 831, 832 (Ind. 2002). To
determine whether the statutory elements test is violated, we apply the federal
test: “whether each provision requires proof of an additional fact which the
other does not.” Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304, 52 S. Ct. 180,
182 (1932).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2617 | June 22, 2020 Page 5 of 14
[10] We review de novo whether a defendant’s convictions violate this provision.
Spears v. State, 735 N.E.2d 1161, 1166 (Ind. 2000), reh’g denied. “When two
convictions are found to contravene double jeopardy principles, a reviewing
court may remedy the violation by reducing either conviction to a less serious
form of the same offense if doing so will eliminate the violation. If it will not,
one of the convictions must be vacated.” Richardson v. State, 717 N.E.2d 32, 54
(Ind. 1999), holding modified by Garrett v. State, 992 N.E.2d 710 (Ind. 2013)
(modification unrelated to the case before us).
[11] Specifically, Kunkle argues his convictions of aggravated battery and two
counts of battery violate the “actual evidence” test. See Spivey, 761 N.E.2d at
832. The actual evidence test requires us to “determine whether each
challenged offense was established by separate and distinct facts.” Richardson,
717 N.E.2d at 53. To determine what facts were used to convict, we consider
the charging information, the final jury instructions, the evidence, and the
arguments of counsel. Davis v. State, 770 N.E.2d 319, 324 (Ind. 2002), reh’g
denied.
[12] To prove Kunkle committed Level 3 felony aggravated battery, the State had to
present evidence that: (1) Kunkle; (2) knowingly or intentionally; (3) inflicted
injury on A.W.; (4) that caused protracted loss or impairment of the function of
a bodily member or organ. See Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1.5(2) (2014) (elements of
crime). To convict Kunkle of the Level 3 felony battery, the State had to prove
battery resulted in serious bodily injury, in addition to all the elements for the
Level 5 felony battery. See Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1(j) (2018). The Level 5 felony
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2617 | June 22, 2020 Page 6 of 14
battery conviction required proof of the following: (1) Kunkle; (2) who was at
least eighteen years of age; (3) knowingly or intentionally; (4) touched A.W.;
(5) who was under fourteen years of age; (6) in a rude, insolent, or angry
manner; (7) resulting in bodily injury. See Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1(g)(5)(B) (2018)
(elements of crime).
[13] The charging information for aggravated battery read:
Micah Richard Kunkle did knowingly or intentionally inflict
injury on A.W. that caused protracted loss or impairment of the
function of a bodily member or organ, to-wit: A.W., age 2,
causing severe burns to his back, butt and testicles[.]
(App. Vol. II at 26) (emphasis added). The Level 3 felony battery resulting in
serious bodily injury charging information read:
Micah Richard Kunkle, a person at least eighteen (18) years of
age, did knowingly or intentionally touch A.W., a person under
the age of fourteen (14), in a rude, insolent, or angry manner by
hitting and/or beating A.W. resulting in serious bodily injury, to-
wit: bruising to the head, scratches to his neck and/or bruising to the
leg[.]
(Id. at 26) (emphasis added). The charging information for battery resulting in
bodily injury read:
Micah Richard Kunkle, a person at least eighteen (18) years of
age, did knowingly or intentionally touch A.W., a person under
the age of fourteen (14), in a rude, insolent, or angry manner by
hitting and/or beating A.W. resulting in bodily injury a [sic]
bruising and/or physical pain[.]
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2617 | June 22, 2020 Page 7 of 14
(Id. at 27) (emphasis added).
[14] As the language of the charges makes clear, the aggravated battery charge was
based on the immersion burns on A.W., (see id. at 26), while the other two
counts of battery were based on bruises and scratches, and bruises and pain.
(See id. at 26, 27.) Similarly, in the final jury instructions for these three
charges, the instruction for Level 3 felony aggravated battery alone was
supported by the evidence of A.W.’s burns. (See App. Vol. III at 54 (containing
final instruction for all counts).) Accordingly, the conviction of aggravated
battery was based on evidence distinct from the other two battery charges. See,
e.g., Vermillion v. State, 978 N.E.2d 459, 465-66 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (no double
jeopardy violation when State established separate offenses based on distinct
facts).
[15] We turn next to Kunkle’s convictions of Level 3 felony battery resulting in
serious bodily injury to a person less than 14 years old and Level 5 felony
battery resulting in bodily injury to a person less than 14 years of age to
determine whether the evidence used to support them violates the actual
evidence test. Kunkle notes the charging information for each count cites
“bruising” as part of the bodily injury caused by the battery. (App. Vol. II at
26, 27.)
[16] The final instructions regarding these two battery charges were similar, but not
identical, to the charging information. The final instruction for Level 3 felony
battery resulting in serious bodily injury read:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2617 | June 22, 2020 Page 8 of 14
Micah Richard Kunkle, a person at least eighteen (18) years of
age, did knowingly or intentionally touch [A.W.], a person under
the age of fourteen (14), in a rude, insolent or angry manner
resulting in serious bodily injury, to wit: to the head, neck, and
body[.]
(App. Vol. III at 54.) The final instruction for Level 5 felony battery resulting in
bodily injury read:
Micah Richard Kunkle, a person at least eighteen (18) years of
age, did knowingly or intentionally touch [A.W.], a person under
the age of fourteen (14), in a rude, insolent, or angry manner
resulting in bodily injury, to wit: bruising or pain, or corneal
abrasion[.]
(Id.)
[17] To ensure Kunkle was not exposed to double jeopardy, the prosecutor needed
to separate the facts in evidence to support separately the two counts of neglect
and present argument that clarified for the jury the facts it needed to find to
support each count separately. During closing arguments, the prosecutor
reviewed these two counts separately, explained the elements for each count,
and highlighted the evidence that proved each element.
[18] While going over the evidence to support the elements of Level 3 felony battery
resulting in serious bodily injury, the prosecutor noted that, after Kunkle started
to come around, A.W.
gets injuries in his ear, in his head, on his shoulder, on his legs,
on his hips, on his arms, on his upper legs. That happened over a
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2617 | June 22, 2020 Page 9 of 14
period of time, Ladies and Gentlemen. . . . You know everyone
knows the speed in [sic] which bruises will heal on their body.
Look at these photographs. It shows you that this happened over
a period of time.
(Tr. Vol. III at 69.) Then, when discussing the evidence supporting Level 5
felony battery resulting in bodily injury, the prosecutor said: “[H]ere we’re
talking about the fact that little [A.W.] is not only covered in bruises, but he has
a corneal abrasion that Dr. Harris says would have been very painful left
untreated. Um, pain also qualifies under this statute.” (Id. at 71.) Because the
prosecutor explained to the jury that it should convict Kunkle for one battery
based on the bruises all over his body and for the other battery based on the
corneal abrasion that would have been painful, we hold Kunkle was not
exposed to Double Jeopardy when convicted of both counts of battery. See, e.g.,
Vermillion, 978 N.E.2d at 465-66 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (no double jeopardy
violation when State established separate offenses based on distinct facts).
II. Sufficiency of the Evidence
[19] Kunkle argues the evidence was insufficient to prove he committed Level 3
felony neglect of a dependent resulting in serious bodily injury. In assessing
whether there was sufficient evidence to support a conviction, we consider the
probative evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict. Burns v. State, 91
N.E.3d 635, 641 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018). “It is the fact-finder’s role, not that of
appellate courts, to assess witness credibility and weigh the evidence to
determine whether it is sufficient to support a conviction.” Drane v. State, 867
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2617 | June 22, 2020 Page 10 of 14
N.E.2d 144, 146 (Ind. 2007). “Reversal is appropriate only when no reasonable
fact-finder could find the elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable
doubt. Thus, the evidence is not required to overcome every reasonable
hypothesis of innocence and is sufficient if an inference may reasonably be
drawn from it to support the verdict.” Burns, 91 N.E.3d at 641 (internal citation
omitted).
[20] To prove Kunkle committed Level 3 felony neglect of a dependent resulting in
serious bodily injury, the State was required to present evidence that: (1)
Kunkle; (2) having care of A.W.; (3) knowingly or intentionally; (4) placed
A.W. in a situation that endangered his life or health; and (5) said act resulted
in serious bodily injury. See Ind. Code § 35-46-1-4(a)(1) & (b)(2) (2018)
(elements of crime). Serious bodily injury is “bodily injury that creates a
substantial risk of death or that causes: (1) serious permanent disfigurement; (2)
unconsciousness; (3) extreme pain; (4) permanent or protracted loss or
impairment of the function of a bodily ember or organ; or (5) loss of a fetus.”
Ind. Code § 35-31.5-2-292.
[21] Kunkle asserts: “Nowhere in her testimony does Dr. Harris ever state that the
injuries became worse as a result of Kunkle . . . not seeking medical attention
for the burns immediately after they occurred.” (Appellant’s Br. at 16.)
However, our review of the record found evidence that Dr. Harris did so testify.
For example, she explained:
[W]hen burns are fresh, especially burns at this depth, partial
thickness burns, they’ll be very moist because essentially there’s
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2617 | June 22, 2020 Page 11 of 14
been a blister and the top layer has come off, so they’re wet when
they first, um, happen, but then over time, um, if they don’t have
treatment, they get dry and the appearance of the skin changes as
the body tries to heal it. Um, if they’re appropriately treated, we
try to keep that skin moist because that will help it heal, helps
prevent infection, helps prevent it from cracking and getting
worse. Um, but if it’s allowed to just get dried out, then the skin,
um, becomes darker pigmented and will dry out over time. He
had, um, some of that and then some crusting where the healing
tissue was starting to peel off.
(Tr. Vol. II at 179.) In addition, she said:
So burns are extremely painful. Most people have had a sunburn
and you know how sensitive that is, um, with any movement or
touching of it. They type of burn that [A.W.] had, the partial
thickness being one (1) layer deeper, is typically even more
painful because you’ve burned right to where those nerve endings
stop, so they’re very painful . . . the depth of his burn that’s the
most painful level to burn to. Um, so it – they’re immediately
extremely painful when the burn happens . . . and then it stays
painful. It’s really tender especially with any movement. Um,
the – the kind of hardest – or most heartbreaking part of burns on
this area – on the buttocks on a toddler that they’re going to
continue to – um, have to touch and wipe that area, so, um, any
time he urinated or had a bowel movement, having that tissue
contact that raw sensitive burned skin would have been very
painful, um, and then having to clean it off, having to use wipes
and clean off that area would have been extraordinarily painful.
(Id. at 180-81.) Because of the painfulness of the type of burns A.W. had, he
should have received intravenous narcotic painkillers, “especially when we’re
going to be cleaning the area and putting new dressings on it . . . .” (Id. at 181.)
Finally, she opined:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2617 | June 22, 2020 Page 12 of 14
[A.W.] had not gotten medical care even for significant injury
like his burn, ah, which I would classify as medical neglect. Um,
with the burn where it was, um, and seeing how very painful he
was with that location, um, I think he would meet some
definitions of torture with seeing him be in pain like that
repeatedly over time and still not getting him attention.
(Id. at 188.)
[22] If he had been taken for medical care when the burns occurred, A.W. would
have been treated with narcotic painkillers, especially when his diaper needed
changed, but instead he remained at home to endure diaper changes that were
repeatedly “extraordinarily painful.” (Id. at 181.) In addition, if properly kept
moisturized, burns do not dry out, crack, and turn a darker color, but A.W.’s
skin had some of those changes. Dr. Harris’ testimony was sufficient to
demonstrate A.W. experienced repeated extreme pain as a result of Kunkle’s
failure to obtain medical treatment for A.W.’s burns. Therefore, the evidence
was sufficient to support Kunkle’s conviction of Level 3 felony neglect of a
child resulting in serious bodily injury. See, e.g., Schweitzer v. State, 552 N.E.2d
454, 458 (Ind. Ct. App. 1990) (victim’s testimony that “she never before had
been so painfully injured” sufficient to prove serious bodily injury).
Conclusion
[23] Kunkle was not subjected to double jeopardy because the State argued different
injuries to support each of his three convictions of battery. The State presented
sufficient evidence of serious bodily injury related the exacerbation of pain from
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2617 | June 22, 2020 Page 13 of 14
the burns to convict Kunkle of Level 3 felony neglect of a dependent resulting in
serious bodily injury. Accordingly, we affirm.
[24] Affirmed.
Robb, J., and Vaidik, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 19A-CR-2617 | June 22, 2020 Page 14 of 14