State of Iowa v. Soji Itunu Olutunde , 878 N.W.2d 264 ( 2016 )

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
No. 14–1799
Filed April 22, 2016
STATE OF IOWA,
Appellee,
vs.
SOJI ITUNU OLUTUNDE,
Appellant.
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Johnson County,
Deborah Farmer Minot, District Associate Judge.
Defendant charged with dependent adult abuse seeks reversal of
an order allowing the State to unseal information about a founded
complaint more than ten years old previously sealed under Iowa Code
section 235B.9. DISTRICT COURT RULING REVERSED; CASE
REMANDED.
Davis L. Foster, Iowa City, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Linda J. Hines, Assistant
Attorney General, Janet M. Lyness, County Attorney, and Rachel
Zimmermann, Assistant County Attorney, for appellee.
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WATERMAN, Justice.
This appeal presents questions of first impression concerning
access to records of dependent adult abuse sealed under Iowa Code
section 235B.9 (2013) and the use of such information in a criminal
prosecution. The defendant, while employed at a home caring for
dependent adults, allegedly punched a disabled client and was charged
with dependent adult abuse in violation of section 235B.20(7). The State
and the defendant filed motions in limine as to the admissibility of
evidence of his prior violent acts or findings of dependent adult abuse.
The State also filed a motion to unseal founded dependent adult abuse
reports more than ten years old. The district court granted the State’s
motions to unseal the records and ruled the information potentially could
be used at trial to impeach the defendant or his character witnesses. We
granted the defendant’s application for discretionary review.
For the reasons explained below, we hold the district court erred
by unsealing the record of a founded report of dependent adult abuse by
this defendant more than ten years earlier. We decline to issue an
advisory opinion on the scope of permissible impeachment at trial. We
reverse the ruling of the district court that unsealed the records under
section 235B.9 and remand the case for further proceedings consistent
with this opinion.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
On January 21, 2014, Soji Olutunde, age fifty-one, was working as
a caretaker for Systems Unlimited, a company that provides long-term
care for dependent adults at a group home in Iowa City. Olutunde
walked into the kitchen and saw a disabled adult resident, who requires
twenty-four-hour supervision, washing a water pitcher in the sink. What
happened next is disputed. Two other employees told police they saw
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Olutunde approach the victim, yell at him, and strike him in the groin
with a closed fist. The victim hunched over and asked Olutunde “why he
did that.” Olutunde denied those allegations in his police interview.
According to Olutunde, the disabled client was about to drink soapy
water from the pitcher. Olutunde clapped his hands and shouted to stop
him but did not strike him. The alleged victim had no bruising or sign of
injury.
On March 21, the State charged Olutunde with dependent adult
abuse in violation of Iowa Code section 235B.20(7). During pretrial
discovery, Olutunde listed nine character witnesses. On September 19,
the State filed a motion in limine to “inform the Defendant and the Court
of its intention to introduce certain evidence for rebuttal or cross
examination purposes.” The State had learned through its investigation
that Olutunde had a previous founded report for dependent adult abuse.
The report was over ten years old and had been sealed pursuant to Iowa
Code section 235B.9. 1 The State alleged that the defendant had denied
being the subject of a prior investigation for dependent adult abuse on
his job application. Defense counsel argued Olutunde was unaware that
he had previously been under investigation.
The State filed a motion to unseal records on October 24. The
State argued the records could be opened to authorized access upon a
showing of good cause. The State argued that “[g]ood cause is shown
here in that the State would be prejudiced if access to such records is
not granted for a determination of their admissibility at trial.” Olutunde
1The record does not show how the State determined there was a sealed
dependent adult abuse report about Olutunde.
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resisted, claiming that chapter 235B does not provide for opening sealed
dependent adult abuse records.
The district court granted the State’s motion to unseal records on
October 27. The district court emphasized that the State was seeking
the reports to use on cross-examination of the defendant and his
character witnesses. The district court explained,
It would not be fair to the State to allow a defendant to
claim, either directly or through witnesses, that he had never
been involved in a [dependent] adult abuse investigation
when, in fact, a founded report had been filed, simply
because the report is now under seal. In that case, the
existence of the report and its findings would be fair game
for cross-examination.
The court ordered the Iowa Department of Inspections and Appeals to
unseal any founded dependent adult abuse reports regarding Olutunde
within seventy-two hours. The court “specifically [found] that the
information contained in this report [was] necessary for the resolution of
an issue arising in a criminal case involving dependent adult abuse.”
On October 30, the district court ruled on motions in limine. The
court conditionally granted the State’s motion in limine to allow the State
to use the existence of the report during cross-examination of Olutunde
or his character witnesses if relevant for impeachment. The court held
that if Olutunde or his witnesses opened the door, the contents of the
founded report could be admissible as an exhibit.
Olutunde applied for discretionary review and requested a stay in
proceedings pursuant to Iowa Code section 814.6. We granted
Olutunde’s application on October 31.
II. Standard of Review.
“We review rulings on questions of statutory interpretation for
correction of errors at law.” In re R.D., ___ N.W.2d ___, ___ (Iowa 2016).
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“We review the district court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion.”
State v. Neiderbach, 837 N.W.2d 180, 190 (Iowa 2013).
III. Analysis.
We must decide whether the district court had the authority to
unseal dependent adult abuse registry records to allow the State to use
the information for cross-examining Olutunde or his character witnesses.
Olutunde argues the legislature has mandated that sealed dependent
adult abuse records must remain sealed:
Dependent adult abuse information which is determined by
a preponderance of the evidence to be founded, shall be
sealed ten years after the receipt of the initial report of such
abuse by the registry unless good cause is shown why the
information should remain open to authorized access.
Iowa Code § 235B.9(1). The State argues this provision “does not
prohibit the district court from ordering a founded dependent adult
abuse report unsealed.” It is undisputed that the prior founded abuse
report involving Olutunde was sealed and involved conduct reported ten
or more years prior. We conclude that Olutunde’s prior founded report
must remain sealed.
A. Whether the District Court Could Unseal Olutunde’s
Dependent Adult Abuse Record. We begin with an overview of chapter
235B, which is entitled “Dependent Adult Abuse Services—Information
Registry.” Section 235B.5 creates a central registry for dependent adult
abuse information. Id. § 235B.5. The purposes of this central registry
are to facilitate the identification of victims or potential
victims of dependent adult abuse by making available a
single, statewide source of dependent adult abuse data; to
facilitate research on dependent adult abuse by making
available a single, statewide source of dependent adult abuse
data; and to provide maximum safeguards against the
unwarranted invasions of privacy which such a registry
might otherwise entail.
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Id. § 235B.4. The legislature emphasized the importance of protecting
privacy, stating, “The general assembly . . . finds that vigorous protection
of rights of individual privacy is an indispensable element of a fair and
effective system of collecting, maintaining, and disseminating dependent
adult abuse information.” Id. § 235B.4.
The legislature strictly circumscribes who may access the central
registry. Dependent adult abuse information is confidential and is only
open to authorized users. Id. § 235B.6. Iowa Code section 235B.6(2)
lists who has authorized access to founded dependent adult abuse
information. That list includes persons named in the report as victims or
alleged abusers and their representatives, persons who investigate
dependent adult abuse, licensed caregivers and administrators, registry
or department personnel, the department of inspections and appeals,
and the court. See id. § 235B.6(2).
The statute also strictly limits the use of registry information. See
id. § 235B.8(1). Any dissemination must be memorialized in writing. Id.
§ 235B.8(1)(c). An authorized user is subject to civil and criminal
penalties for wrongfully disseminating the registry information. Id.
§ 235B.11 (providing a civil remedy and mandating a minimum award of
$500); id. § 235B.12 (providing criminal penalties).
Founded dependent adult abuse information in the registry
generally must be sealed ten years after receipt of the initial report. Id.
§ 235B.9(1). Two circumstances extend the period that the information
may remain unsealed. First, a founded report will not be sealed after ten
years if “good cause is shown why the information should remain open to
authorized access.” Id. Second, subsequent reports within the ten-year
period may delay sealing the first report:
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If a subsequent report of founded dependent adult abuse
involving the adult named in the initial report as the victim
of abuse or a person named in such report as having abused
an adult is received by the registry within the ten-year
period, the information shall be sealed ten years after the
receipt of the subsequent report unless good cause is shown
why the information should remain open to authorized
access.
Id. Neither circumstance is presented in this case. The State concedes
Olutunde’s prior founded report was made over ten years ago and was
already sealed before he was charged in this pending case.
Section 235B.9 does not provide for “expungement” of founded
reports of dependent adult abuse. Other types of reports under this
Code section, however, are expunged after three or five years:
2. a. Dependent adult abuse reports that are rejected
for evaluation, assessment, or disposition for failure to meet
the definition of dependent adult abuse shall be expunged
three years from the rejection date.
b. Dependent adult abuse information which is
determined by a preponderance of the evidence to be
unfounded shall be expunged five years from the date it is
determined to be unfounded.
Id. § 235B.9(2). The State contends that the legislative choice not to
expunge founded reports means those records may be unsealed for good
cause. We disagree based on the plain meaning of the operative
statutory language.
The State relies on the “good cause” provision of Iowa Code section
235B.9(1). That provision by its terms does not apply once records of a
founded report have been sealed. See id. § 235B.9(1) (permitting the
records to “remain open to authorized access” for good cause). Without a
second report or showing of good cause within ten years of the initial
report, the sealing is automatic and mandatory. Id. (stating founded
reports “shall be sealed ten years after the receipt of the initial report”);
see also id. § 4.1(30)(a) (“The word ‘shall’ imposes a duty.”). We decline
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to rewrite section 235B.9(1) to extend the good-cause exception to
records already sealed. See Nichols v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, ___,
136 S. Ct. 1113, 1118, ___ L. Ed. 2d ___, ___ (2016) (applying plain
meaning of federal sex offender registry statute and declining “the
Government’s invitation to add an extra clause”); In re Estate of Whalen,
827 N.W.2d 184, 194 (Iowa 2013) (“[W]e may not extend, enlarge, or
otherwise change the meaning of a statute under the guise of
construction.” (quoting In re Estate of Bockwoldt, 814 N.W.2d 215, 223
(Iowa 2012))).
In other statutes, our legislature has expressly provided that
records under seal may be unsealed by court order. See, e.g., Iowa Code
§ 21.5(4) (providing process to determine whether the detailed minutes
and audio recording of a closed session should be unsealed by the court);
id. § 229A.15 (requiring certain court records to “be sealed and opened
only on order of the court”); id. § 901.4 (providing that presentence
investigation reports “shall be sealed and opened only on order of the
court”); Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.504(1)(a)(6) (providing that protective orders
may “be opened only by order of the court”); cf. Iowa Ct. R. 8.32(1)
(providing records for judicial waiver of parental notification of abortion
records “shall be kept sealed and opened only as necessary for the
conduct of proceedings for waiver of parental notification, an appeal of
the district court decision, or as ordered by a court”). By contrast,
section 235B.9(1) lacks such a provision for unsealing reports of founded
complaints after such records have been sealed ten years after receipt. If
the legislature had intended to allow the court to unseal such records, it
presumably would have said so. It did not. We assume the omission of
such a provision was intentional. See Oyens Feed & Supply, Inc. v.
Primebank, 808 N.W.2d 186, 194 (Iowa 2011) (concluding that selective
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placement of phrase in one subsection but not another meant the phrase
did not apply where it was omitted). The State fails to cite any decision
allowing an Iowa court to disclose information from records sealed under
a statute that lacks a provision expressly permitting such disclosure. Cf.
In re R.D., ___ N.W.2d at ___ (declining to hold that “good cause” permits
the court to disclose to an adoptee the identity of her biological parents
in sealed adoption records under Iowa Code section 600.16A(2)(d)).
The State’s interpretation would undermine the privacy protections
mandated by the legislature. We prefer an interpretation that “best
effectuate[s] the purpose of the statute.” Christiansen v. Iowa Bd. of
Educ. Exam’rs, 831 N.W.2d 179, 189 (Iowa 2013) (quoting State v.
Walker, 804 N.W.2d 284, 290 (Iowa 2011)). Our cases interpreting
record-sealing statutes have relied on the legislature’s stated purposes.
See In re R.D., ___ N.W.2d at ___; In re Adoption of S.J.D., 641 N.W.2d
794, 800 (Iowa 2002). The legislature directed us to interpret chapter
235B “to provide maximum safeguards against the unwarranted
invasions of privacy.” Iowa Code § 235B.4. Our interpretation furthers
that purpose.
The legislative history of chapter 235B reinforces our conclusion
that the legislature did not intend the district court open sealed records
regarding founded dependent adult abuse. See Iowa Individual Health
Benefit Reins. Ass’n v. State Univ. of Iowa, ___ N.W.2d ___, ___ (Iowa
2016) (considering legislative history in statutory construction). The
dependent adult abuse registry was originally a subsection of the child
abuse registry. See Iowa Code § 235B.1(4)(a) (1985) (“The department
shall . . . expand[] the central registry for child abuse to include reports
of dependent adult abuse.”). The legislature used the child abuse
registry as a model when it created a separate registry for dependent
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adult abuse. S.F. 455, 74th G.A., 1st Sess., Background Statement
(Iowa 1991) (“Child abuse legislation was used as a model for dependent
adult abuse legislation and the central registry for child abuse was
expanded to include dependent adult abuse reports.”). The organization
of the two registries remains parallel. Compare Iowa Code § 235A.14
(2013) (creating the child abuse registry), with id. § 235B.5 (creating the
dependent adult abuse registry). The child abuse registry’s provisions for
sealing founded child abuse reports are nearly identical to the provisions
in the dependent adult abuse registry statute for sealing founded reports.
Compare id. § 235A.18(1)(a) (sealing child abuse registry report and
disposition data), with id. § 235B.9(1) (sealing founded dependent adult
abuse information).
Like dependent adult abuse information, the child abuse report
and disposition data are “sealed ten years after the initial placement of
the data in the registry unless good cause be shown why the data should
remain open to authorized access.” Id. § 235A.18(1)(a). That time period
is extended if there is a subsequent report within the ten-year period. Id.
However, the child abuse registry expressly allows the department of
justice to access report and disposition data “for purposes of review by
the prosecutor’s review committee or commitment of sexually violent
predators under chapter 229A.” Id. There is no similar provision in the
dependent adult abuse registry. Again, we assume that omission is
intentional. That omission confirms that prosecutors shall not be
permitted access to sealed dependent adult abuse information. See State
v. Walden, 870 N.W.2d 842, 846 (Iowa 2015) (“Legislative ‘[i]ntent may be
expressed by the omission, as well as the inclusion, of statutory terms.’ ”
(alteration in original) (quoting State v. Beach, 630 N.W.2d 598, 600
(Iowa 2001))).
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For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the district court’s ruling
unsealing Olutunde’s founded dependent adult abuse report.
B. Whether the State May Use the Contents of the Sealed
Report for Impeachment. The State argues in the alternative that it
may use information from the sealed record to impeach Olutunde or his
character witnesses if any of them testify he never previously abused a
dependent adult. See, e.g., State v. Parker, 747 N.W.2d 196, 207 (Iowa
2008) (“Once Parker testified he had never been charged with burglary,
the State was permitted to impeach Parker’s assertion by asking him
about his prior charge for burglary.”). In Parker, we observed that
impeachment is governed by the rules of evidence. Id. (“The rules of
evidence open the door for the State to expose false statements and
claims, but only as far as specifically provided by the rules.”). Whether
information contained in records sealed under Iowa Code section
235B.9(1) may be used for impeachment is a question of first impression.
We decline to decide this evidentiary issue on this record because we can
only speculate whether it will arise on remand. See State v. Derby, 800
N.W.2d 52, 59–60 (Iowa 2011) (holding defendant must testify at trial in
order to preserve challenge to pretrial ruling allowing impeachment
evidence).
IV. Conclusion.
For the above reasons, we reverse the district court’s ruling
granting the State’s motion to unseal Olutunde’s record of a prior
founded report of dependent adult abuse that had been sealed under
Iowa Code section 235B.9(1). We remand this case for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
DISTRICT COURT RULING REVERSED; CASE REMANDED.