State v. Mitchell ( 2022 )

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
No. 119,747
STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,
v.
ROBERT E. MITCHELL,
Appellant.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1.
An appellate court exercises de novo review over the determination of whether a
sentence is illegal within the meaning of K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-3504.
2.
The definition of an illegal sentence does not include a claim that a defendant was
denied his or her statutory right to a speedy trial.
3.
The definition of an illegal sentence does not include a claim that a district court
failed to comply with statutory allocution requirements.
4.
Appellate courts have discretion to construe an improper motion to correct an
illegal sentence as a motion challenging a sentence under K.S.A. 60-1507.
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5.
K.S.A. 60-1507 motions are time-barred if filed more than one year after the case
is final unless a movant can establish manifest injustice.
6.
A second or successive K.S.A. 60-1507 motion may be dismissed as an abuse of
remedy unless the defendant establishes exceptional circumstances for the subsequent
motion. Exceptional circumstances are unusual events or intervening changes in the law
that prevented the defendant from raising the issue in a preceding 60-1507 motion.
Appeal from Johnson District Court; TIMOTHY P. MCCARTHY, judge. Opinion filed March 11,
2022. Affirmed.
Brittany E. Lagemann, of Olathe, was on the brief for appellant.
Jacob M. Gontesky, assistant district attorney, Stephen M. Howe, district attorney, and Derek
Schmidt, attorney general, were on the brief for appellee.
The opinion of the court was delivered by
ROSEN, J.: In 1988, a Johnson County jury convicted Robert E. Mitchell of
aggravated burglary, aggravated kidnapping, rape, and two counts of aggravated sodomy.
In the years following his convictions, Mitchell has unsuccessfully petitioned the courts
for various forms of relief. Mitchell filed a pro se motion to correct an illegal sentence
under K.S.A. 22-3504 which the district court summarily denied. Mitchell appeals,
arguing that his sentence is illegal because he was denied his statutory right to a speedy
trial and his right to allocution at sentencing. However, neither claim is properly before
this court in a motion to correct an illegal sentence, and Mitchell does not allege that we
should construe his motion as one challenging his sentence under K.S.A. 60-1507. But
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even if we did, Mitchell's motion is both untimely and successive. As a result, we affirm
the district court.
Factual and Procedural Background
Mitchell was convicted of multiple crimes in 1988 for unlawfully entering the
victim's house and sexually assaulting her. He was convicted of and sentenced to a term
of life imprisonment for aggravated kidnapping; a term of 45 years to life in prison for
each rape and aggravated sodomy count; and a term of 15-60 years in prison for
aggravated burglary. The district court imposed a controlling prison sentence of a
minimum of life plus 60 years and a maximum of two life sentences plus 60 years. We
affirmed Mitchell's convictions and sentence on direct appeal. State v. Mitchell, No.
62,234, 784 P.2d 365 (Kan. 1989) (unpublished opinion).
Thereafter, Mitchell unsuccessfully sought relief through various postconviction
motions. See, e.g., State v. Mitchell, 284 Kan. 374, 379, 162 P.3d 18 (2007) (affirming
summary dismissal of motion to correct illegal sentence); Mitchell v. McKune, No.
109,285, 2014 WL 349584, at *6 (Kan. App. 2014) (unpublished opinion) (affirming
denial of K.S.A. 60-1507 motion); Mitchell v. State, No. 87,218, 2002 WL 35657541, at
*1 (Kan. App. 2002) (unpublished opinion) (affirming denial of K.S.A. 60-1507 motion).
We now consider the latest of Mitchell's pro se motions to correct an illegal
sentence. In the motion, Mitchell alleged violations of his constitutional and statutory
rights to a speedy trial and claimed that the district court had illegally sentenced him as a
habitual offender and had improperly deprived him of his right to allocution at
sentencing. Mitchell also argued that trial and appellate counsel were ineffective in
failing to raise these issues.
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Finding no need for the appointment of counsel or a preliminary hearing, the
district court summarily denied Mitchell's motion. The court concluded that the issues
raised in the motion had previously been rejected by multiple courts and that no
exceptional circumstances justified reconsideration of these issues.
Mitchell filed this timely appeal. Jurisdiction is proper. See K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-
3601(b)(3) (Supreme Court has jurisdiction over case in which life sentence is imposed);
State v. Sims, 294 Kan. 821, 823-24, 280 P.3d 780 (2012) (Supreme Court has
jurisdiction over motion to correct an illegal sentence filed in a case in which defendant
received a life sentence).
Analysis
Whether a sentence is illegal is a question of law subject to de novo review. State
v. Sartin, 310 Kan. 367, 369, 446 P.3d 1068 (2019). An illegal sentence is defined as:
(1) a sentence imposed by a court without jurisdiction; (2) a sentence that does not
conform to the applicable statutory provision, either in character or the term of authorized
punishment; or (3) a sentence that is ambiguous with respect to the time and manner in
which it is to be served. K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-3504(c)(1); State v. Hambright, 310 Kan.
408, 411, 447 P.3d 972 (2019).
When a district court summarily denies a motion to correct an illegal sentence
under K.S.A. 22-3504, this court exercises de novo review of that decision because we
have access to the same documents as the district court. State v. Alford, 308 Kan. 1336,
1338, 429 P.3d 197 (2018). A K.S.A. 22-3504 motion may be summarily denied without
the appointment of counsel when the motion, files, and records of the case conclusively
show the defendant has no right to relief. State v. Laughlin, 310 Kan. 119, 121, 444 P.3d
910 (2019).
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No illegality under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-3504
At the outset, we note that Mitchell has abandoned his claims below that his
constitutional speedy trial rights were violated and that he was illegally sentenced as a
habitual offender. See State v. Salary, 309 Kan. 479, 481, 437 P.3d 953 (2019) (issues not
briefed are deemed waived or abandoned). On appeal, Mitchell argues only that his
sentence is illegal because he was deprived of his statutory right to a speedy trial and his
right to allocution at sentencing.
But neither of Mitchell's arguments give rise to a claim of an illegal sentence
under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-3504. The illegal sentence statute is one of specific and
limited application. Alford, 308 Kan. at 1338. Mitchell's assertions of a statutory speedy
trial rights violation and the denial of his right to allocution do not involve claims that
divest the district court of jurisdiction. Nor do they allege that his sentence did not
conform to the applicable statutory provision or was ambiguous with respect to the time
and manner in which it was to be served. See K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-3504(c)(1); State v.
Taylor, 299 Kan. 5, 8, 319 P.3d 1256 (2014) (claim that defendant was denied his or her
statutory right to speedy trial is not properly raised in motion to correct illegal sentence);
State v. Mebane, 278 Kan. 131, Syl. ¶ 1, 91 P.3d 1175 (2004) ("The district court's failure
to comply with the statutory allocution requirements does not make a defendant's
sentence illegal.").
No relief under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 60-1507
While appellate courts have discretion to construe an improper motion to correct
an illegal sentence as a motion challenging the sentence under K.S.A. 60-1507, Mitchell
makes no such request here. See State v. Redding, 310 Kan. 15, 19, 444 P.3d 989 (2019)
(citing State v. Harp, 283 Kan. 740, 744-45, 156 P.3d 1268 [2007]). Indeed, in one of his
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filings below, Mitchell specifically asked the district court clerk to give the motion a
criminal case number, rather than a civil one, and stated: "This is a K.S.A. § 22-3504
motion to correct an illegal sentence, not a K.S.A. § 60-1507 motion."
But even if we were to construe Mitchell's motion as one brought under K.S.A.
60-1507, he would not be entitled to relief because he cannot overcome certain
procedural hurdles. K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 60-1507(f) requires the motion to be filed within
one year of the case becoming final unless the movant can show manifest injustice.
Mitchell clearly exceeded that time limit and provides no manifest injustice argument.
In addition, Mitchell's motion is successive in that he asserts claims that were
decided, or which could have been decided, on direct appeal or in the multiple motions
challenging his 1988 convictions and sentence he has filed since that time. In 2009,
Mitchell petitioned for writ of habeas corpus alleging the same speedy trial issue he now
raises. Construing the petition as one brought under K.S.A. 60-1507, the district court
summarily denied it. After reviewing the merits of Mitchell's speedy trial argument, the
Court of Appeals affirmed the district court, holding that "the motion, files, and records
conclusively show that Mitchell's statutory right to a speedy trial was not violated." See
Mitchell, 2014 WL 349584, at *6. Under the law-of-the-case doctrine, we generally do
not reconsider issues that have been finally decided in prior appeals in the same case.
State v. Cheeks, 313 Kan. 60, 66, 482 P.3d 1129 (2021); State v. Parry, 305 Kan. 1189,
1194-95, 390 P.3d 879 (2017) (litigants must proceed in accordance with mandates and
legal rulings as established in previous appeals).
And under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 60-1507(c), district courts need not consider more
than one habeas motion seeking similar relief filed by the same prisoner. See Kansas
Supreme Court Rule 183(d) (2022 Kan. S. Ct. R. at 242). Because a movant is presumed
to have listed all grounds for relief in his or her initial K.S.A. 60-1507 motion, a prisoner
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must show exceptional circumstances to justify the filing of a successive motion.
Littlejohn v. State, 310 Kan. 439, 446, 447 P.3d 375 (2019); see State v. Trotter, 296 Kan.
898, Syl. ¶ 2, 295 P.3d 1039 (2013). Exceptional circumstances include "unusual events
or intervening changes in the law which prevent[ed] a movant from reasonably being able
to raise all of the trial errors in the first postconviction proceeding." State v. Kelly, 291
Kan. 868, Syl. ¶ 2, 248 P.3d 1282 (2011).
In his appellate brief, Mitchell does not point to any changes in the law or unusual
events that would justify the filing of a successive K.S.A. 60-1507 motion, effectively
waiving this argument. See Salary, 309 Kan. at 481. In his motion to correct an illegal
sentence, Mitchell suggested that ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel and
inadequate access to the prison law library constituted exceptional circumstances that
warranted the court's reconsideration of the issues raised in his motion.
Neither excuse rises to the level of exceptional circumstances that prevented
Mitchell from raising these claims in his first K.S.A. 60-1507 motion. While an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim may constitute an exceptional circumstance, any
ineffectiveness relating to Mitchell's speedy trial rights and sentencing allocution
occurred before he filed his first 60-1507 motion in 1996. See Rowland v. State, 289 Kan.
1076, 1087, 219 P.3d 1212 (2009) ("Ineffective assistance of counsel can qualify as an
exceptional circumstance."). Thus, ineffective assistance of counsel at trial or on direct
appeal was not an intervening event that would excuse Mitchell's failure to raise the
issues in his first 60-1507 motion. Notably, Mitchell argued ineffective assistance of
counsel in his first 60-1507 motion, albeit on different grounds. See Mitchell, 2002 WL
35657541, at *1. Mitchell also argued ineffective assistance of counsel relating to the
speedy trial issue on appeal of his second 60-1507 motion, which the Court of Appeals
rejected. See Mitchell, 2014 WL 349584, at *4-6. While Mitchell makes an additional
argument here to include ineffectiveness relating to his allocution claim, he ultimately
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seeks successive consideration of the same issue. This is not an exceptional circumstance.
See K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 60-1507(c) ("The sentencing court shall not be required to
entertain a second or successive motion for similar relief on behalf of the same
prisoner."); Thuko v. State, 310 Kan. 74, 84-85, 444 P.3d 927 (2019) (holding movant's
failure to establish exceptional circumstances that prevented him from presenting all
ineffective assistance of counsel arguments in first 60-1507 motion barred movant from
"'piecemeal[ing] an issue of ineffective assistance of counsel to circumvent Supreme
Court Rule 183[d]'").
And even if Mitchell was unable to access the prison law library as often as he
would have liked, the record on appeal reflects that Mitchell never lacked access to the
courts. Mitchell has filed numerous postconviction pleadings in the years since his
convictions, raising both the speedy trial and allocution issues. Any suggestion that
Mitchell was previously unaware of or unable to argue these issues until now is
unpersuasive.
Conclusion
Mitchell's motion to correct an illegal sentence was not the appropriate vehicle for
claiming a violation of his statutory speedy trial rights or a denial of his right to
allocution. But even if we were to construe Mitchell's motion as one filed under K.S.A.
60-1507, we are bound by the law of the case as well as Mitchell's failure to prove the
requisite exceptional circumstances that would excuse the filing of his successive motion,
or the manifest injustice required to circumvent the one year time limitation on such
motions. As a result, we affirm the district court's decision summarily denying Mitchell's
motion.
Affirmed.
STANDRIDGE, J., not participating.
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