Neloms v. State ( 2021 )

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION
No. 122,808
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
MICHAEL NELOMS,
Appellant,
v.
STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; KEVIN J. O'CONNOR, judge. Opinion filed May 7, 2021.
Affirmed.
Kristen B. Patty, of Wichita, for appellant.
Lesley A. Isherwood, assistant district attorney, Marc Bennett, district attorney, and Derek
Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.
Before ARNOLD-BURGER, C.J., POWELL and CLINE, JJ.
PER CURIAM: Michael Neloms appeals the district court's summary dismissal of
his timely K.S.A. 60-1507 motion and its construction of his subsequent pleading as an
untimely K.S.A. 60-1507 motion. Neloms argues he was entitled to an evidentiary
hearing on his timely K.S.A. 60-1507 motion and the district court should have construed
his second pleading as a motion for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence.
Finding no error, we affirm.
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FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In 2013, a jury convicted Neloms of aggravated human trafficking, promoting
prostitution, and aggravated indecent liberties with a child. Neloms was sentenced to 620
months' imprisonment. This court affirmed his convictions but remanded to correct a
sentencing issue. State v. Neloms, No. 110,391, 2016 WL 463362, at *19 (Kan. App.
2016) (unpublished opinion). The Kansas Supreme Court denied Neloms' petition for
review. The appellate mandate was issued on August 31, 2017.
In August 2018, Neloms filed a pro se motion pursuant to K.S.A. 60-1507. In the
motion, he argued: (1) He was charged with a nonexistent crime because the statute
under which he was charged (K.S.A. 21-3447, aggravated human trafficking) was
repealed July 1, 2011; (2) his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the
truthfulness of the probable cause affidavit; (3) his trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to investigate matters of significant importance, such as alibi witnesses; and (4)
there was insufficient evidence to convict him of aggravated human trafficking and
aggravated indecent liberties with a child.
In May 2019, Neloms filed what he called "Petitioner's Memorandum of Law in
Support of K.S.A. 60-1507 Motion." In that pleading, Neloms raised several additional
claims which he did not raise in his original K.S.A. 60-1507 motion. These other claims
included: (1) Neloms' right to due process was denied because the State used false and
coerced testimony from the alleged victim; (2) Neloms was entitled to a new trial based
on newly discovered evidence because the State withheld information related to the
credibility of one of its witnesses at trial; and (3) there was insufficient evidence to
convict him of aggravated human trafficking because the State's key witness was an
accomplice.
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In January 2020, the district court issued an order dismissing both of Neloms'
pleadings. The district court found the claims in Neloms' August 2018 motion were
meritless, and it dismissed Neloms' May 2019 motion as untimely.
Neloms timely appeals.
ANALYSIS
Neloms first argues the district court erred in summarily dismissing the claims in
his August 2018 K.S.A. 60-1507 motion. A district court has three options when handling
a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion:
"'(1) The court may determine that the motion, files, and case records
conclusively show the prisoner is entitled to no relief and deny the motion summarily; (2)
the court may determine from the motion, files, and records that a potentially substantial
issue exists, in which case a preliminary hearing may be held. If the court then
determines there is no substantial issue, the court may deny the motion; or (3) the court
may determine from the motion, files, records, or preliminary hearing that a substantial
issue is presented requiring a full hearing.' [Citations omitted.]" White v. State, 308 Kan.
491, 504, 421 P.3d 718 (2018).
The standard of review depends on which path the district court traveled. White,
308 Kan. at 504. When the district court summarily dismisses a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion,
like it did here, we conduct a de novo review to determine whether the motion, files, and
records of the case conclusively establish that the movant has no right to relief. Beauclair
v. State, 308 Kan. 284, 293, 419 P.3d 1180 (2018).
To avoid the summary denial of a motion brought under K.S.A. 60-1507, a
movant must establish entitlement to an evidentiary hearing. To meet this burden, a
movant's contentions must be more than conclusory, and either the movant must set forth
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an evidentiary basis to support those contentions or the basis must be evident from the
record. Holmes v. State, 292 Kan. 271, 274, 252 P.3d 573 (2011). If such a showing is
made, the court must hold a hearing unless the motion is a "'second'" or "'successive'"
motion seeking similar relief. Sola-Morales v. State, 300 Kan. 875, 881, 335 P.3d 1162(2014) (quoting Holt v. State, 290 Kan. 491, 495, 232 P.3d 848 [2010]).
Neloms acknowledges his burden and argues mainly that the district court erred by
not granting an evidentiary hearing on his claim that his trial counsel "was ineffective for
failing to investigate matters of significant importance, such as alibi witnesses."
To be entitled to relief under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 60-1507, the movant must
establish by a preponderance of the evidence either: (1) "the judgment was rendered
without jurisdiction"; (2) "the sentence imposed was not authorized by law or is
otherwise open to collateral attack"; or (3) "there has been such a denial or infringement
of the constitutional rights of the prisoner as to render the judgment vulnerable to
collateral attack." K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 60-1507(b); Supreme Court Rule 183(g) (2021 Kan.
S. Ct. R. 239).
The right of an accused to have assistance of counsel for his or her defense is
guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The right is
"applicable to state proceedings by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution." Miller v. State, 298 Kan. 921, 929, 318 P.3d 155 (2014). The guarantee
includes not only the presence of counsel but counsel's effective assistance as well. Sola-
Morales, 300 Kan. at 882 (relying on Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104
S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 [1984]). Therefore, Neloms claims he was denied a
constitutional right.
Neloms relies on our Supreme Court's decision in State v. Holmes, 278 Kan. 603,
102 P.3d 406 (2004), to support his argument. There, our Supreme Court recognized:
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"It is erroneous to deny a 60-1507 motion without an evidentiary hearing where
the motion alleges facts which do not appear in the original record, which if true would
entitle the movant to relief, and it identifies readily available witnesses whose testimony
would support such facts or other sources of evidence. The motion must set forth a
factual background, names of witnesses, or other sources of evidence demonstrating
movant's entitlement to relief. [Citations omitted.]" 278 Kan. at 629.
Neloms' reliance on Holmes is misplaced. In his motion, he simply asserted that
his "trial counsel was deficient in that they failed to investigate matters of significant
importance, such as alibi witnesses." He follows that statement with some legal authority,
but he fails to set forth the "factual background, names of witnesses, or other sources of
evidence demonstrating" that he is entitled to relief. See 278 Kan. at 629. Neloms did not
provide the names of any alibi witnesses, nor did he provide any factual recitation
suggesting he had provided these names to his former counsel, the circumstances relating
to these alleged alibi witnesses, or his former attorney's actions. He specified no other
"matters of significant importance" which his counsel allegedly failed to investigate, nor
did he identify which of his multiple former attorneys' performances were deficient.
Just like the pro se K.S.A. 60-1507 motion at issue in Mundy v. State, 307 Kan.
280, 304, 408 P.3d 965 (2018), Neloms "offers only conclusory statements and
incomplete facts; []he presents no evidentiary basis in support of [his] claims, and no
such basis appears in the record." Neloms' "'naked allegations'" are insufficient to raise a
substantial issue of fact which requires an evidentiary hearing. 307 Kan. at 305. The
district court properly found Neloms provided no evidentiary basis to support his
conclusory contentions.
Neloms does not discuss the other arguments raised in his original K.S.A. 60-1507
motion in his appellate brief. That said, the record establishes that Neloms' other
arguments are similarly without merit.
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Neloms' first argument was that the State charged him with a nonexistent crime
because the aggravated human trafficking statute was repealed in January 2011, nearly
five months before his conviction. The district court correctly determined Neloms was
mistaken because the Legislature repealed the statute in July 2011 pursuant to a
recodification of the criminal code.
The old statute for aggravated human trafficking, K.S.A. 21-3447, was recodified
pursuant to the 2011 recodification of the Kansas Criminal Code. The recodified version
of the statute was effective July 1, 2011. See L. 2010, ch. 136, § 61. Neloms committed
his crimes in May 2011. The State charged him under K.S.A. 21-3447 because the
"[c]riminal statutes and penalties in effect at the time of the criminal act are controlling."
State v. Rice, 308 Kan. 1510, 1512, 430 P.3d 430 (2018). Thus, the State did not charge
Neloms with a nonexistent crime by charging him with aggravated human trafficking
under the previous codification of the statute.
Neloms' second argument was another claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.
In this claim, Neloms alleged his counsel was ineffective because they failed to challenge
the truthfulness of the probable cause affidavit. The district court denied this claim
because the counsel's "'failure' to challenge the probable cause affidavit in support of the
complaint/information does not establish prejudice because the 'failure' does not
undermine confidence in the outcome of the case." By mentioning prejudice, the district
court was referencing the two-prong ineffective assistance of counsel inquiry:
"To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, a criminal
defendant must establish (1) that the performance of defense counsel was deficient under
the totality of the circumstances, and (2) prejudice, i.e., that there is a reasonable
probability the jury would have reached a different result absent the deficient
performance. [Citations omitted.] " State v. Salary, 309 Kan. 479, 483, 437 P.3d 953(2019).
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Judicial scrutiny of counsel's performance in a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel is highly deferential and requires elimination of distorting effects of hindsight
and consideration of all the evidence before the judge or jury. See Fuller v. State, 303
Kan. 478, 488, 363 P.3d 373 (2015). The reviewing court must strongly presume that
counsel's conduct fell within the broad range of reasonable professional judgment. State
v. Kelly, 298 Kan. 965, 970, 318 P.3d 987 (2014).
The crux of Neloms' argument is that his counsel failed to "challenge the
truthfulness of the sworn affidavit for probable cause, after Neloms informed him that the
affiant, Virgil Miller of the Wichita Police Department, included false information." The
only example of false information Neloms referenced was that the affidavit mentioned
May 29, 2011, twice. The first mention was when M.M., the victim, told Miller that she
received a telephone call on May 29, 2011. The second mention was when Neloms'
sisters drove M.M. to a motel that same day. Neloms argued that this date cannot be
correct because it was after he was arrested.
But May 29, 2011, was the day after the underlying events took place. At the
preliminary hearing on July 20, 2011, M.M. testified that she went to a motel in Wichita
on May 28, 2011, to meet someone for sexual intercourse in exchange for $100. M.M.
also testified that Neloms' sisters drove her to the motel and rented the room because she
was too young to do so. And the original complaint filed on June 1, 2011, alleged that the
underlying events took place on May 28, 2011, as does the amended complaint.
The affidavit's mention of the incorrect day does not establish that Neloms' trial
counsel was ineffective under either prong of the requisite test. See Salary, 309 Kan. at
483. Since this was the only basis Neloms used to advance his claim of ineffective
assistance on this issue, the district court was correct when it found there was no
reasonable probability the jury would have reached a different result.
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The final claim was that the evidence adduced at trial was insufficient to convict
him of aggravated human trafficking and aggravated indecent liberties with a child. The
district court dismissed this claim because it found that Neloms was trying to relitigate
the case.
Supreme Court Rule 183(c)(3) (2021 Kan. S. Ct. R. 239) provides:
"A proceeding under K.S.A. 60-1507 ordinarily may not be used as a substitute
for direct appeal involving mere trial errors or as a substitute for a second appeal. Mere
trial errors must be corrected by direct appeal, but trial errors affecting constitutional
rights may be raised even though the error could have been raised on appeal, provided
exceptional circumstances excuse the failure to appeal."
As the district court noted, Neloms is trying to use his K.S.A. 60-1507 motion to
replace a direct appeal because his argument on this issue seeks to relitigate the case. The
error Neloms alleges should have been raised in his direct appeal. Furthermore, in both
his pro se motion and appellate brief, Neloms fails to assert any exceptional
circumstances that excuse his failure to raise the issues in his direct appeal.
The district court did not err when it summarily dismissed Neloms' August 2018
K.S.A. 60-1507 motion.
In Neloms' second issue on appeal, he claims the district court erred by construing
his May 2019 pleading as an untimely K.S.A. 60-1507 motion instead of a timely motion
for a new trial based on newly discovered evidence. Under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 60-
1507(f)(1)(A), a prisoner challenging his or her sentence must bring an action within one
year of "[t]he final order of the last appellate court in this state to exercise jurisdiction on
a direct appeal or the termination of such appellate jurisdiction." Here, the appellate
mandate was issued on August 31, 2017.
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If both of Neloms' pleadings are construed as K.S.A. 60-1507 motions, the one
filed in August 2018 was timely under the statute, but the second one filed in May 2019
was not. If the May 2019 pleading is construed as a motion for a new trial, the motion is
timely because "[a] motion for a new trial based on the ground of newly discovered
evidence may be made within two years after final judgment." K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-
3501(1).
Whether the district court correctly construed Neloms' pro se pleading is a
question of law over which we have unlimited review. "'Pro se pleadings are liberally
construed, giving effect to the pleading's content rather than the labels and forms used to
articulate the defendant's arguments. A defendant's failure to cite the correct statutory
grounds for his or her claim is immaterial.' [Citation omitted.]" State v. Gilbert, 299 Kan.
797, 802, 326 P.3d 1060 (2014).
Besides titling his pleading "Petitioner's Memorandum of Law in Support of
K.S.A. 60-1507 Motion," Neloms repeatedly referred to K.S.A. 60-1507 throughout. He
begins the pleading by claiming in the statement of facts section that he "relies on the
facts set forth in his case record and trial transcripts in support of his claims raised in his
K.S.A. 60-1507 motion." He devoted multiple paragraphs in his first issue to argue that
the one-year time limitation of K.S.A. 60-1507 should be excused because he presented a
claim of actual innocence. He also addressed an anticipatory argument that his "K.S.A.
60-1507 motion is successive." And he concluded his third issue by asking the district
court to grant relief under the habeas statute.
Here, only one section of Neloms' pleading seeks a new trial based on newly
discovered evidence. While a court must interpret pro se pleadings based on their
contents and not solely titles or labels, "there are limits to a court's duty to liberally
construe pro se pleadings. A court is not required to divine every conceivable
interpretation of a motion, especially when a litigant repeatedly asserts specific statutory
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grounds for relief and propounds arguments related to that specific statute." State v.
Redding, 310 Kan. 15, 18, 444 P.3d 989 (2019).
Based on the contents of the pleading, the district court was correct when it
construed the May 2019 pleading as a motion under K.S.A. 60-1507 and not a motion for
a new trial based on newly discovered evidence under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-3501. As a
result, it was untimely based on the one-year time limitation in K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 60-
1507(f)(1).
The district court correctly determined that the motion, files, and records of the
case conclusively established that Neloms had no right to relief under either of his
pleadings. As a result, the district court did not err when it summarily denied both
pleadings. See White, 308 Kan. 491.
Affirmed.
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