State v. G.O. ( 2022 )

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION
No. 124,676
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellant,
v.
G.O.,
Appellee.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appeal from Shawnee District Court; NANCY E. PARRISH, judge. Opinion filed September 23,
2022. Reversed and remanded.
Natalie Chalmers, assistant solicitor general, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, for appellant.
Reid T. Nelson, of Capital and Conflicts Appeals Office, for appellee.
Before HURST, P.J., BRUNS and GARDNER, JJ.
PER CURIAM: This case comes before the court on the State's interlocutory appeal,
challenging the district court's decision to suppress G.O.'s confession to having sexually
abused his stepsister. As the district court noted, the determination whether G.O.'s
confession was voluntary is a close question. But having examined the totality of the
circumstances and finding no coercion by the police officer, we reverse.
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Initiation of Police Investigation and DCF Involvement.
In 2017, G.O.'s stepsister reported allegations of sexual abuse by G.O., which had
occurred over years. Stepsister initially disclosed the abuse to the KVC Kansas Health
Facility, which referred the matter to the Kansas Department for Children and Families
(DCF). KVC and DCF then separately contacted G.O.'s mother to discuss the matter.
DCF told Mother that she needed to remove G.O. from the family's home before
Stepsister returned from KVC, and Mother did so. DCF set a goal of reintegration for the
family, and later met with Mother, Stepsister, and G.O.'s stepfather for weekly counseling
sessions. DCF also told Mother that the family "needed to be interviewed" and that
someone would be reaching out to her to set that up.
Sergeant Ryan Hayden contacted Mother and eventually interviewed each family
member separately. Based on her conversations with DCF, Mother believed that these
interviews were required, so she told G.O. he had to meet with Hayden.
Hayden's 2017 Interview with G.O.
After discussing a plan with Hayden, Mother drove G.O. to the police station for
his interview. Once there, Mother asked if she could sit in on the interview, but Hayden
told her she should wait in the lobby. He then took G.O. to a separate room.
While walking into the interview room, Hayden asked G.O. if he needed a
restroom break or a drink; G.O. declined both. Hayden stated that he hoped the interview
would not take very long and told G.O. he would get him back to school when the
interview was finished. Hayden introduced himself as "Detective Hayden," and explained
that he had been a police officer for around 15 years and that he worked with children,
but typically worked with "young young kids."
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Hayden assured G.O.: "You are not under arrest. You're not going to be under
arrest when we're done." G.O. agreed that his Mother had told him so and confirmed that
he knew he would not be arrested. Hayden then suggested that G.O. was summoned to
the police station to "get some stuff cleared up." Hayden also stated that he was "just
trying to clear some things up for [G.O.] and [his] sister," but "especially [his] sister"
because she "was kinda hurting" at that time. Hayden suggested that if they could get
things cleared up, it would help everyone out. He explained that "this [was not] about
getting people in trouble, [it was] about trying to fix some things . . . [s]o [they could] all
move on." Hayden made similar statements about the need to help Stepsister at other
times during the interview.
Hayden then repeated that G.O. was not under arrest and would not be under arrest
when they were done. Yet he noted that they were sitting in an interrogation room, he
read G.O. his Miranda warnings, and he asked if G.O. understood his rights. G.O.
responded that he did.
G.O. answered a few questions about himself, explaining he was in the 11th grade,
had good grades, played the violin, enjoyed technology, and wanted to attend Washburn
University. G.O. also acknowledged that Stepsister was hurting "big time" and told
Hayden that he wanted her to get better.
Without any prompting or question by Hayden, G.O. then started discussing the
topic of sexual abuse. He stated that he lived in the basement, that Stepsister would come
downstairs, that she had issues with Mother, and that he was just trying to make things
better, but it "went downhill." He admitted to sexually abusing Stepsister and suggesting
that his actions may have stemmed from his past, saying he had been abused when young
by his babysitter's son. G.O. explained that his abuser would take him to a bedroom, lock
the door, and then force him to engage in various sex acts.
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Before asking G.O. for details, Hayden assured G.O. that he could speak freely
when discussing the sexual abuse that he had committed. Hayden told G.O. that any
information he was likely to relay was not going to be new or shocking to him. At the
same time, however, Hayden warned G.O. that the nature of their interview could change
if G.O. lied or failed to provide pertinent information. Hayden told G.O. that he would no
longer have "control" over what may happen if G.O. failed to tell the truth. Hayden told
G.O. that Mother had told him that G.O. wanted to get things off his chest.
G.O. gave detailed descriptions of several instances in which he sexually abused
Stepsister. G.O. told Hayden that he understood Stepsister was probably not a willing
participant when the abuse first started. G.O. also acknowledged that he probably
persuaded Stepsister to do what he wanted, and she may have gotten used to it as time
progressed. G.O. also claimed that if Stepsister asked to him to stop mid act, he complied.
G.O. also claimed that he had not engaged in any sexual behavior with Stepsister for the
most recent two years, and Stepsister had instigated the final incident.
When Hayden asked G.O. whether he had threatened Stepsister, he responded that
he was pretty sure he had not, unless he forgot it. But G.O. then admitted he had probably
threatened her near the beginning because he did not want her to tell. He added that
if Stepsister said something happened, she was probably "right." G.O. also told Hayden
that if he had threatened Stepsister, he never intended to harm her and felt "terrible" about
what he had done.
Hayden also asked G.O. about Stepsister's relationship with Mother and his
relationship with Stepfather. This resulted in another lengthy response from G.O. He
noted that Stepsister had previously accused Mother of physical abuse, but he said no
such abuse occurred. G.O. described his relationship with Stepfather as being "very
awkward" after Stepsister's allegations arose. But G.O. noted that he had been removed
from the house and was thus not interacting with Stepfather much. G.O. then stated that
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all he wanted to do was to "go home" and to get everything "done and over with" and
"cleared up." G.O. then volunteered that he had locked himself in a closet, had many
anxiety and panic attacks, that he takes medication to deal with his anxiety issues, and
that he is in therapy at DCF bi-weekly. Hayden acknowledged these statements before
redirecting the conversation to additional details of the alleged abuse.
Before ending the interview, Hayden asked G.O. whether they had missed
anything. G.O. thought that they had covered everything but asked if Stepsister had
talked about anything else. Hayden then asked G.O. whether he wanted to write
Stepsister a note. G.O. responded with a third lengthy discourse, talking about his "very
large-scale anxiety attack," after his acts with Stepsister were revealed. Apparently when
he locked himself in the closet, he wrote a note to Stepsister and notes to Mother and
Stepfather and pushed them under the door to Mother. To Stepsister, he wrote that he was
sorry and she did not deserve what happened to her. To the others, he wrote that he had
not wanted them to find out, but he had tried to help Stepsister to make it better. He did
not write details and was unsure whether Mother knew he had had sex with Stepsister.
Hayden then asked again if G.O. wanted to write notes today, and G.O. decided
not to. G.O. gave Hayden permission to get his previous notes from Mother and said that
he might write another note in the future. Hayden left G.O. alone in the interview room,
asked Mother about the apology letter, then returned to the interview a few minutes later
and escorted G.O. back to the lobby. Hayden did not arrest G.O. that day. In fact, no one
arrested him until over two years later.
Initiation of a Criminal Case and Plea Negotiations
The State charged G.O. in August 2019 with one count of aggravated criminal
sodomy and one count of aggravated indecent liberties with a child. The district court
allowed the State to prosecute G.O. as an adult. G.O. later pleaded guilty to criminal
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sodomy, and the State dismissed the remaining count of aggravated indecent liberties
with a child. The parties agreed to leave G.O.'s recommended sentence open for
arguments.
But before sentencing, G.O. moved for a downward dispositional departure. And
soon after, G.O. moved to withdraw his plea, arguing defense counsel had incorrectly
told him that he could request a dispositional departure sentence despite K.S.A. 2021
Supp. 21-6818(a)'s prohibition of such a request. G.O. also moved to withdraw his waiver
of his preliminary hearing. The district court granted G.O.'s motion, withdrew his plea,
and set the case for pretrial.
As pretrial progressed, the State filed an amended and second amended complaint.
The State charged G.O. with 60 offenses, including multiple counts of aggravated
criminal sodomy, rape, attempted rape, and aggravated indecent liberties with a child.
The complaint alleged that G.O. had committed these offenses over a 4-year span when
he was under 18 and Stepsister was under 14 years old.
Suppression Proceedings
G.O. moved to suppress his incriminating statements, arguing he made them
involuntarily in reaction to Hayden's coercive conduct.
At the suppression hearing, the State admitted testimony from Hayden and the
video of his interview with G.O. Hayden testified, and the video confirms, that the overall
nature of the interview was relaxed and Hayden's tone was cordial. G.O. came and left
with his Mother, who stayed in the police station lobby during the interview. She had told
Hayden that G.O. wanted to get something off his chest. Hayden gave Miranda warnings
to G.O. and G.O. said he understood them. G.O. never invoked his right to stop
questioning or to have a lawyer present. The interview of G.O. lasted around 50 minutes,
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and they did not take any breaks. Hayden was the only officer in the room; he had his
firearm but never drew it. G.O. seemed to understand Hayden's questions and gave
appropriate responses. G.O. did not appear to be under the influence of any drugs or
alcohol.
G.O. called Mother as his only witness at the suppression hearing. She testified
that G.O. was 16 years old when he was interviewed and was less mature than his peers.
He had a mild learning disability but was likely to graduate on time because he was in the
alternate education program then and getting good grades. G.O. had played the violin
from 4th grade through his senior year. She considered him "not college material," and
discounted his college plans. G.O. had never been arrested and had no prior interactions
with police. He had been diagnosed with anxiety, depression, and attention deficit
disorder, and was taking medications for at least one of those disorders when
interviewed.
In his closing argument, G.O. claimed that his mental state, age, intellect, and
background—including his lack of interactions with police and his history of sexual
abuse—affected his ability to make a voluntary confession. G.O. argued that Hayden
gave inadequate Miranda warnings because he did not explain the warnings or ask G.O.
whether he wished to waive his rights and speak to him. And Hayden should have asked
G.O. about his state of mind or medications that day. He also argued that Hayden's
repeated statements that he would not be arrested amounted to an improper promise that
Hayden should have known would induce an involuntary confession from an
inexperienced 16-year-old.
District Court Decision and Interlocutory Appeal
The district court found G.O.'s motion raised "a very close question" but after
considering the evidence, determined that G.O.'s statements were involuntary and thus
7
inadmissible. The district court found that G.O.'s mental condition, lack of experience
with police, and understanding that the interview would be used only to help Stepsister
warranted suppression.
The district court also acknowledged G.O.'s additional request to suppress the
apology notes G.O. had written and that Mother had delivered to Hayden—which G.O.
added to his motion the day of the suppression hearing. But the court did not rule on that
matter to allow the State time to file a response.
The State filed a timely interlocutory appeal from the district court's suppression
order, as allowed under K.S.A. 2021 Supp. 22-3603.
Did the District Court Err in Granting G.O.'s Motion to Suppress His Incriminating
Statements?
When a defendant moves to suppress incriminating statements as involuntary, the
State bears the burden to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the statements
were freely and voluntarily given. We determine the voluntariness of a confession by
looking at the totality of the circumstances. State v. Johnson, 286 Kan. 824, 836, 190
P.3d 207 (2008).
An individual's statement to government agents is involuntary if it is the product
of impermissible coercion negating that person's free will. See State v. Gilliland, 294
Kan. 519, Syl. ¶¶ 3, 4, 276 P.3d 165 (2012); State v. Stone, 291 Kan. 13, 21, 237 P.3d
1229 (2010). Application of the exclusionary rule depends on whether "[t]he line between
proper and permissible police conduct and techniques and methods offensive to due
process" has been crossed. Haynes v. Washington, 373 U.S. 503, 515, 83 S. Ct. 1336, 10
L. Ed. 2d 513 (1963). As the United States Supreme Court clarified in Colorado v.
Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 164, 107 S. Ct. 515, 93 L. Ed. 2d 473 (1986), "police
8
overreaching" is an "integral element" to finding a confession involuntary under the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The
Supreme Court has never repudiated or limited its holding in Connelly, nor is that holding
an outlier. In discussing the test for whether a confession has been coerced in violation of
a suspect's due-process rights, the Court has pointed to "the crucial element of police
coercion." Withrow v. Williams, 507 U.S. 680, 693, 113 S. Ct. 1745, 123 L. Ed. 2d 407(1993).
Our appellate courts have recognized Connelly as controlling precedent and have
found coercion is necessary to find a confession involuntary. See, e.g., State v. Barrett,
309 Kan. 1029, 1044, 442 P.3d 492 (2019); State v. Kirkland, No. 122,971, 2022 WL
68579, at *10 (Kan. App. 2022) (unpublished opinion). "Coercion in obtaining a
confession can be mental or physical." State v. Jackson, 280 Kan. 16, 36, 118 P.3d 1238(2005). A government agent may induce an involuntary statement through improper
threats of harm, promises of benefit, a combination of the two, or other undue influence
over the individual. Hutto v. Ross, 429 U.S. 28, 30, 97 S. Ct. 202, 50 L. Ed. 2d 194(1976); State v. Brown, 286 Kan. 170, 174, 182 P.3d 1205 (2008).
When deciding whether to suppress, trial courts consider the totality of the
circumstances and the following nonexclusive factors: (1) defendant's mental condition;
(2) the interview's manner and duration; (3) defendant's ability to communicate on
request with the outside world; (4) defendant's age, intellect, and background; (5) the
officer's fairness in conducting the interview; and (6) defendant's fluency with the
English language. State v. Vonachen, 312 Kan. 451, 464, 476 P.3d 774 (2020).
In addition, our caselaw "recognizes a heightened sensitivity when the accused is a
juvenile." State v. Gibson, 299 Kan. 207, 215, 322 P.3d 389 (2014). "A juvenile's
inculpatory statement must be voluntary and free from coercion or suggestion and must
not be the product of ignorance of rights or adolescent fantasy, fright, or despair." 299
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Kan. at 215. Courts must therefore exercise "the greatest care" in assessing the validity of
a juvenile's confession or statement to law enforcement officers. See State v. Mays, 277
Kan. 359, 373, 85 P.3d 1208 (2004); State v. R.W., 58 Kan. App. 2d 135, 144, 464 P.3d
27, rev. denied 312 Kan. 899 (2020).
When, as here, the accused is a juvenile, the trial court should consider the
following nonexclusive factors—commonly referred to as the Young factors—in addition
to those considered in the adult context: (1) the juvenile's age; (2) the length of
questioning; (3) the juvenile's education; (4) the juvenile's prior experience with law
enforcement officers; and (5) the juvenile's mental state. R.W., 58 Kan. App. 2d at 145.
See State v. Young, 220 Kan. 541, 546-68, 552 P.2d 905 (1976). These factors largely
highlight certain factors we traditionally examine in the adult context. See Gibson, 299
Kan. at 215 (recognizing an overlap between some of the factors applied in the adult and
juvenile contexts).
When reviewing a district court's decision on a motion to suppress, appellate
courts review the factual underpinnings of the decision for substantial competent
evidence and review the district court's ultimate legal conclusion de novo. This court
does not reweigh evidence, assess witness credibility, or resolve conflicting evidence.
Vonachen, 312 Kan. at 463-64. "An appellate court accepts as true the evidence and all
inferences drawn therefrom that support the trial court's findings. The key inquiry is
whether the statement is a product of the accused's free and independent will." Jackson,
280 Kan. at 36.
The District Court's Factual Findings
The district court properly enumerated the factors from our caselaw that weigh in
the balance when deciding whether a statement is voluntary. When considering the
evidence in favor of finding G.O.'s statements voluntary, the district court recognized:
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• G.O.'s interview lasted less than an hour;
• G.O. was just three months shy of turning 17 years old;
• G.O. exhibited a good vocabulary throughout the interview, using words
like "manifested" and "triangulation";
• Mother had driven G.O. to the police station, was there during his
interview, and was waiting to take him home; and
• Hayden gave G.O. appropriate Miranda warnings, and he was not required
to ask G.O. whether he wanted to waive those rights.
We agree that substantial competent evidence supports these findings.
We take issue, however, with the district court's factual findings about G.O.'s
education. The district court found that Mother's testimony contradicted G.O.'s statement
to Hayden that he was doing well in school, and it found that Mother said G.O. was not
going to graduate on time. Yet these findings are unsupported by the record.
Mother's relevant testimony follows.
"Q. How would you describe his maturity at that time?
"A. G.O.'s always been a little less mature than his actual peers. Just— it's—he's got
some mild level learning disabilities. I think that attributes to that.
"Q. Okay. What school grade was he in in March of 2017?
"A. He'd been a junior.
"Q. And how was he doing in school?
"A. By that time he was doing a lot better because he had gotten appropriate help and
was moved up to their alternative education program at the high school.
"Q. Okay. So let's talk about that for a second. You said he was doing better. Had he not
been doing well before?
"A. No. He had probably, I would say, C's and D's at the best, except for, like orchestra
where so long as you show up and participate, you get an A.
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"Q. And was he on schedule to graduate?
"A. No. He would not have graduated on time, if at all, had he not been moved up
there."
True, Mother testified that G.O. had some mild level learning disabilities. Before
high school, G.O. had testing accommodations—he would have the questions read to him
so he could comprehend them better. But Mother testified that G.O. was doing "a lot
better" in school at the time he was interviewed because he had gotten appropriate help
and he had been moved to the high school's alternative education program. There, he had
more one on one time and teachers made sure he got his work done. Mother agreed that
G.O. was getting good grades there and that he "would not have graduated on time, if at
all, had he not been moved up there." A fair reading of Mother's testimony, in context, is
that G.O. was doing well in school when he was interviewed, and that he was on schedule
to graduate on time.
The District Court's Legal Conclusions
Our greater concern is with the district court's legal conclusions. The district court
summarized its reasons supporting suppression as: concerns about G.O.'s education,
G.O.'s mental issues, G.O.'s lack of experience with law enforcement, and G.O.'s belief
that the purpose of the interview was to help his stepsister. In making its decision, the
district court found the case of R.W. "strikingly similar."
G.O.'s Education
We have noted above the district court's erroneous factual findings about G.O.'s
education. Contrary to the district court's findings, G.O. was doing well in his alternative
educational program and was on track to graduate on time. More importantly, the record
shows no link between G.O.'s mild learning disability and his oral comprehension or his
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ability to respond during the interview. G.O.'s educational accommodation before high
school was to have questions read aloud. And in his alternative high school program, he
had more one on one time with teachers who made sure he got his work done. The record
shows no more. The record of G.O.'s mild disability and his accommodations suggests no
reason G.O. would not have understood his situation, Hayden's questions, or how to
respond to them.
As the videotape of the interview shows, G.O.'s responses to Hayden, who asked
oral questions one on one during the interview, were swift, responsive, and showed no
confusion or lack of understanding. The record thus fails to show that G.O.'s mild
learning disability made him more susceptible to coercion. See Connelly, 479 U.S. at
163-67 (low intellect no basis for finding a statement involuntary absent coercion).
G.O.'s Mental Issues
We have the same concern as to G.O.'s mental state. Although G.O. had
experienced anxiety, depression, and attention deficit disorder, he was taking medication
for one or more of those conditions, he was getting counseling, and he does not show that
he either experienced or exhibited any symptoms of those conditions during his
interview. Hayden was made aware of those facts during the interview yet made no
attempt to exploit G.O.'s mental condition.
That a defendant has such a diagnosis is not determinative. See State v. Swanigan,
279 Kan. 18, 38, 106 P.3d 39 (2005) (mental condition is only one factor). In Swanigan,
however, suppression was "heavily influenced by evidence of the defendant's low
intellectual functioning and his susceptibility to being overcome by anxiety." State v.
Harris, 284 Kan. 560, 580, 162 P.3d 28 (2007). But in Swanigan, unlike here, the
defendant's doctor confirmed at the hearing that the defendant had difficulty in managing
anxiety in custodial settings to the extent he was susceptible to being overcome by it. 279
13
Kan. at 31. And the Kansas Supreme Court's review of the record "disclose[d] that
Swanigan's relatively low IQ and his susceptibility to being overcome by anxiety played
a part in his alternating denials and confessions (which themselves varied considerably)."
279 Kan. at 39.
In contrast, our record fails to show that any of G.O.'s mental conditions affected
his free will at the time he was interviewed. G.O. did not testify at the hearing, so we lack
his subjective view of that matter. So any conclusions about what G.O. believed, thought,
or understood are unfounded. Nor did any doctor testify to G.O.'s susceptibility to being
overcome by anxiety or another of his mental conditions. And the record fails to show
that he experienced or showed any symptoms of anxiety or his other mental conditions
during his interview. To the contrary, the videotape of the interview shows that G.O.'s
statements were consistent throughout the interview, were responsive to the questions
asked, and many of his statements were lengthy and unsolicited. The determinative
question is not whether G.O. had a mild learning disability, or a diagnosis of a mental
condition, but whether law enforcement officers exploited his mental state or otherwise
coerced his confession. See State v. Johnson, 286 Kan. 824, 837, 190 P.3d 207 (2008)
(citing cases.); Kirkland, 2022 WL 68579, at *10 (rejecting defendant's appellate claim
that mental illness rendered his incriminating statements involuntary in part based on
defendant's failure to make necessary connection between his mental state and his
susceptibility to coercion). The record shows no exploitation here.
Hayden's Misleading Statements and Promises
The district court explained that the thing that "tipp[ed] the balance" in its decision
was Hayden's misleading G.O. to believe that the purpose of the interview was to help
Stepsister—Hayden had told G.O. "that they were there to talk about what would help his
stepsister . . . and that nobody was in trouble." The district court cited R.W. as support for
this finding. In R.W., the district court stated that "the crucial factor" in finding the 17-
14
year-old defendant's confession involuntary was "'the fairness of the officers conducting
the interrogation.'" 58 Kan. App. 2d at 148.
But reliance on R.W., which the district court found to be "strikingly similar" is
misplaced. In R.W., the circumstances were much more egregious than here. Two officers
interviewed R.W. That interview lasted around four hours. 58 Kan. App. 2d at 148. And
officers had reassured defendant with misleading statements that the stakes were low for
70 minutes before he made his incriminating statements. 58 Kan. App. 2d at 141.
In contrast, only one officer interviewed G.O. His interview lasted only 53
minutes. Officers initiated R.W.'s interview, but G.O. attended the interview at his
Mother's request, not Hayden's. Rather than a steady barrage of reassurances for 70
minutes before R.W. made his incriminating statements, Hayden's statements about not
being in trouble or being there to help Stepsister were scattered. And rather than give
short, curt responses to questions by the examiner, G.O. readily volunteered at length that
he had sexually abused Stepsister, and without any question by Hayden.
Hayden's statement to G.O. that he was "not under arrest won't be under arrest
when we're done" was true. Far from a promise that G.O. would never be arrested for his
crimes, those statements merely convey that G.O. would not be taken into custody at the
end of the interview. And G.O. was not taken into custody when the interview ended or
for years afterward.
G.O. asserts on appeal that "false promises, and statements that provide a
defendant a false sense of security from prosecution, may render a confession
involuntary." But in support, G.O. cites only cases from other states.
Under Kansas precedent, none of Hayden's statements can reasonably be
objectively viewed as a promise that G.O. would not be criminally punished for his
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actions. To render a defendant's statement involuntary, an officer must promise some
specific action by a public official. State v. Garcia, 297 Kan. 182, 196, 301 P.3d 658(2013); Harris, 284 Kan. at 579-80. For a statement to be involuntary as a product of a
promise of leniency, the promise must concern action to be taken by a public official,
must be likely to cause the accused to make a false statement to obtain the promised
benefit, and must be made by a person the accused reasonably believes has the power or
authority to execute it. 297 Kan. at 196.
No promise of specific action by Hayden was made here. Rather, Hayden's general
statements about G.O. helping Stepsister or helping himself were like others that the
Kansas Supreme Court has concluded were not so definite or coercive as to render a
confession involuntary. See Harris, 284 Kan. at 579-80 (citing cases) (finding confession
voluntary when defendant was given his Miranda warning, appeared to be intelligent and
alert, had an 11th grade education and understood English, his responses were
appropriate for the questions asked, and the interrogation was not particularly long).
G.O. did not testify that he was confused by any circumstances of his interview, or
that he thought Hayden's statements assured him perpetual immunity for his criminal
acts. So unlike the contrary conclusion in In re M.E., No. 2010-G-2996, 2011 WL
3558111 (Ohio App. 2011) (unpublished opinion), which G.O. cites, we have no
subjective assessment by the defendant of how the officer's statements made him feel.
And the record, including the video of the interview, shows no confusion.
The record shows Hayden made no threats of harm or promises of benefit. Nor
does it show Hayden's undue influence over G.O. False statements by law enforcement
officers do not automatically render a suspect's confession involuntary. See Swanigan,
279 Kan. 18, Syl. ¶ 3. But unfair tactics led to a confession in Swanigan. There, law
enforcement agents used false information, repeatedly insisted despite their knowledge to
the contrary that they had found defendant's fingerprint at the scene of the crime, and
16
mistakenly told him that he was in pictures from the crime scene. Swanigan, 279 Kan. at
29, 32. The officers' false statements, coupled with evidence from Swanigan's doctor that
the defendant had difficulty managing anxiety in custodial settings and was susceptible to
being overcome by it, led to suppression. 279 Kan. at 31. Still, nothing like that happened
here.
To be sure, "'certain interrogation techniques, either in isolation, or as applied to
the unique characteristics of a particular suspect, are so offensive to a civilized system of
justice that they must be condemned under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment.'" Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 687, 106 S. Ct. 2142, 90 L. Ed. 2d 636(1986). But the record shows none of those egregious techniques here. None of Hayden's
statements, including those about helping Stepsister or not being in trouble, viewed under
the totality of the circumstances, are egregious enough to render G.O.'s statements
involuntary. See State v. Ackward, 281 Kan. 2, 16, 128 P.3d 382 (2006), abrogated on
other grounds by State v. Milo, 315 Kan. 434, 510 P.3d 1 (2022) (finding officer's
"mistakes in fact and law were not egregious, and in some cases they were more an
exaggeration rather than false").
G.O.'s Lack of Experience with Law Enforcement
One other important factor distinguishes our case from R.W.'s. R.W., unlike G.O.,
trusted the officers who interviewed him and was vulnerable because the school resource
officer who had introduced him to the officers had befriended R.W. during his father's
death. R.W.'s experience with law enforcement officers was "based on emotional support,
vulnerability, and trust":
"The record reflects that R.W. and the SRO bonded during a vulnerable period of
mutual grief after the death of R.W.'s father and the death of the SRO's son. Prior to the
interrogation, R.W.'s only experience with law enforcement was with the SRO, with
17
whom he had a 'mentor' relationship. Nothing in the record suggests that R.W. had ever
had an adversarial interaction with a law enforcement officer or had previously been
involved in a criminal investigation. As the district court appropriately noted, R.W.'s
experience with law enforcement officers was based on emotional support, vulnerability,
and trust." 58 Kan. App. 2d at 147.
The R.W. panel correctly found that under all the circumstances, the officers' promises,
benefits, and reassurances overcame his will. See Yarborough v. Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652,
667-78, 124 S. Ct. 2140, 158 L. Ed. 2d 938 (2004) (A confession is coerced—and
inadmissible at trial—when a defendant's "will was overborne.").
Not so here. Unlike R.W., G.O. had no prior trust or other relationship with
Hayden or other officers—his experience with law enforcement officers was not based on
emotional support, vulnerability, or trust. G.O. agrees that the interview was cordial. He
alleges no express or implied threats. Nor does the record show any promise by Hayden.
Hayden identified himself as a detective, conducted G.O.'s interview in an interview
room inside a police station, and gave G.O. proper Miranda warnings before asking any
questions. As Mother had told Hayden, G.O. wanted to clear the air and get something
off his chest. G.O. was compelled to confess not by any officer's overreaching acts, but
by his own guilty conscience.
The State met its burden to show that more likely than not G.O.'s statements were
the product of his free and independent will. Thus, the statements should not have been
suppressed as involuntary.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings.
***
18
HURST, J., dissenting: The State's interlocutory appeal requires this court to
determine whether G.O.'s statements to Detective Hayden were voluntarily given, making
them admissible against him. Although the facts are not in dispute, the majority reweighs
the substantial credible evidence relied upon by the district court to reverse its sound
legal decision supported by ample facts.
When reviewing a district court's decision on a motion to suppress, appellate
courts examine the factual underpinnings of the decision for substantial competent
evidence and review the district court's ultimate legal conclusion de novo. This court
should not reweigh evidence, assess witness credibility, or resolve conflicting evidence.
State v. Garcia, 297 Kan. 182, 186, 301 P.3d 658 (2013). I believe—as did the district
court—that the totality of the circumstances under the applicable due process analysis
weighs in favor of finding G.O.'s statements involuntary. Accordingly, I respectfully
dissent.
The State bears the burden of demonstrating, by a preponderance of the evidence,
that G.O. gave the statements freely and voluntarily. In determining the voluntariness of
G.O.'s statements, this court considers the totality of the circumstances, and "recognizes a
heightened sensitivity when the accused is a juvenile." State v. Gibson, 299 Kan. 207,
215, 322 P.3d 389 (2014). Courts consider the totality of the circumstances by analyzing
nonexclusive factors such as:
(1) defendant's mental condition;
(2) the interview's manner and duration;
(3) defendant's ability to communicate on request with the outside world;
(4) defendant's age, intellect, and background;
(5) the officer's fairness in conducting the interview; and
(6) defendant's fluency with the English language.
State v. Stone, 291 Kan. 13, 21, 237 P.3d 1229 (2010).
19
Because G.O. was a juvenile at the time of his questioning, this court also considers what
are commonly referred to as the Young factors: (1) the juvenile's age; (2) the length of
questioning; (3) the juvenile's education; (4) the juvenile's prior experience with law
enforcement officers; and (5) the juvenile's mental state. See State v. Young, 220 Kan.
541, Syl. ¶ 2, 552 P.2d 905 (1976); see also Gibson, 299 Kan. at 215 (recognizing an
overlap exists between some of the factors applied in the adult and juvenile contexts).
This court's ultimate inquiry is whether the juvenile's statements to police were a
product of his "free and independent will" or if his will was overborne through the State's
coercive conduct. See, e.g., State v. Swanigan, 279 Kan. 18, Syl. ¶ 2, 106 P.3d 39 (2005).
I. THE DISTRICT COURT'S FACTUAL CONCLUSIONS
The district court made some factual findings that supported its conclusion that
G.O.'s statements were involuntary. However, the district court's factual findings were
not as clear when it came to what, if any, factors weighed in favor of finding G.O.'s
statements were involuntary, and it did not make findings as to every potential factor. The
majority states that the district court identified the following factors: (1) The interview
length; (2) G.O.'s age; (3) G.O.'s mother was at the police station and knew he was with
the police; (4) G.O.'s vocabulary; and (5) G.O.'s receipt of Miranda warnings—even
without being asked if he agreed to waive them—as factors tending toward voluntariness.
While it does appear the district court considered some of these factors, I disagree that the
court considered G.O.'s age—16 at the time of questioning—or that his vocabulary
demonstrated voluntariness.
Rather than finding these factors demonstrated voluntariness, the district court
merely noted distinctions between State v. R.W., 58 Kan. App. 2d 135, 144, 464 P.3d
27, rev. denied 312 Kan. 899 (2020), and the present case, and that G.O. was in fact
younger, but close in age, to the juvenile in R.W.—a case in which a panel of this court
20
upheld the district court's decision to suppress the juvenile's statements. The district court
similarly noted that G.O. exhibited a good vocabulary by his use of two specific words,
but made no finding about that. The court ultimately juxtaposed those vocabulary words
against G.O.'s need for education accommodations, that he failed classes, and that he was
not on track to graduate when placed in a traditional educational environment.
This distinction is likely immaterial to the analysis because the district court did
not rely on G.O.'s youth in finding the statements involuntary. Rather, the court made no
factual finding regarding whether G.O.'s age, among several other factors—including his
ability to communicate with the outside world—impacted the voluntariness of his
statements. As such, this court may also independently consider those factors. See State
v. Harris, 293 Kan. 798, 808-09, 269 P.3d 820 (2012) (proceeding directly to the legal
conclusions "attendant to each claim without addressing whether the factual findings
were supported by substantial competent evidence" when the district court "did not make
specific factual findings related to the motion to suppress").
The district court determined that under the totality of the circumstances, G.O.'s
statements were the involuntary result of coercion based on the following factual
findings:
• G.O.'s education;
• G.O.'s mental state and issues;
• G.O.'s lack of experience with law enforcement; and
• G.O.'s misunderstanding about the purpose of the interview as a result of
unfair interview tactics.
The State concedes that substantial competent evidence supported each of these findings,
and merely seeks review of their legal application. Yet the majority decided to reweigh
the education factor.
21
Additionally, the State claims, without any legal support, that because the district
court relied on only the four identified factors, it therefore found that no other factors
supported its legal conclusion. Not only does the State's argument lack legal support, it
also lacks logical and practical support. The district court's identified factors merely
demonstrate that those factors provide sufficient support for its conclusion. See e.g.,
Gibson, 299 Kan. at 216-17 (noting that the Kansas Supreme Court has not required
district courts to consider each Young factor on the record). In fact, sometimes the district
court makes no factual findings as to the applicable factors and merely provides a legal
conclusion. See, e.g., Harris, 293 Kan. at 808. Similarly, if the district court had found
G.O.'s statements did not require suppression and only cited to two factual findings
supporting that conclusion—would the State still contend that no other factors could be
weighed in favor of the district court's conclusion?
G.O.'s Education
The district court relied on substantial competent evidence to find that G.O.'s
education weighed in favor of making his statements involuntary—but the majority
reweighed the evidence to negate the education factor. The district court clearly discussed
how it viewed G.O.'s statements about his education, his performance during the
interview with law enforcement officers, and his mother's testimony about his education.
The court considered all of these factors and explained that G.O. only demonstrated
educational success when "he was in an alternative school, which is typically for kids that
have failed or have a great deal of difficulty in regular classes in high school." Rather
than rely on the district court's assessment of the competing evidence regarding G.O.'s
education—the majority reweighs it and heavily relies on G.O.'s postalternative high
school academic achievements to assess his education rather than the totality as the
district court did.
22
The record reflects that G.O. has a mild learning disability, that he was less mature
than his peers, that he has previously required an education accommodation of having
questions read aloud to him, and that he failed multiple classes and was not going to
graduate on time if he remained in a traditional educational environment. G.O.'s mother
testified that he had failed high school classes and was working to get back on track
through the alternative education program. She explained that through the alternative
education program, G.O. was given one-on-one attention and extra help to enable him to
graduate—and had he remained in a traditional educational environment he would not
have graduated. These are all criteria that demonstrate G.O. was not an average learner,
or capable of succeeding in the traditional educational environment for Kansas high
school students.
In 2020, according to the Kansas Department of Education, just over 88 percent of
Kansas students graduated from high school. Kansas Reflector,
https://kansasreflector.com/2021/09/04/kansas-education-officials-celebrate-graduation-
rates-but-say-work-is-far-from-over/ (September 4, 2021). According to the majority's
reweighing of this evidence, being on track to graduate from high school at the time of
questioning—even if that requires significant accommodations—means the juvenile has
the requisite education and intellect to withstand deceptive police interview techniques.
The education accommodations afforded students with mental, physical, and emotional
disabilities to enable them to graduate from high school should not be mistaken for an
indication that all Kansas high school graduates meet the same educational standards.
The district court relied on substantial competent evidence to find that G.O.'s
education played a factor in making his statements to Detective Hayden involuntary, and
I disagree with reweighing that factual finding to undermine the district court's reliance
on that evidence—particularly when the State concedes the district court's factual
findings. G.O. demonstrated immaturity, confusion, and misunderstanding. He had a mild
learning disability, required education accommodations, failed multiple classes, and was
23
not on track to graduate prior to the significant intervention of being enrolled in an
alternative education program. Nonetheless—even if this factor is not considered in the
totality of the circumstances—G.O.'s statements were involuntary based on the unfair and
deceptive practices employed in G.O.'s interview.
II. DISCUSSION
After finding the district court relied on substantial competent evidence for its
factual findings—the appellate court then determines whether the district court accurately
applied the law to those factual findings. This court reviews the applicable law de novo—
meaning it looks at the law anew—without deference to the district court's legal analysis.
State v. Johnson, 286 Kan. 824, 835, 190 P.3d 207 (2008) ("In reviewing a trial court's
decision regarding suppression, this court reviews . . . the ultimate legal conclusion by a
de novo standard, applying independent judgment." [Emphasis added.]). After accepting
"as true the evidence and all inferences drawn therefrom that support the trial court's
findings," it must then determine "whether the statement is a product of the accused's free
and independent will." State v. Jackson, 280 Kan. 16, 36, 118 P.3d 1238 (2005).
In particular, "[a] juvenile's inculpatory statement must be voluntary and free from
coercion or suggestion and must not be the product of ignorance of rights or adolescent
fantasy, fright, or despair." Gibson, 299 Kan. at 215. Courts must therefore exercise "the
greatest care" in assessing the validity of a juvenile's confession or statement to law
enforcement officers. See State v. Mays, 277 Kan. 359, 373, 85 P.3d 1208 (2004); R.W.,
58 Kan. App. 2d at 144.
The district court determined that Detective Hayden's misleading conduct tipped
the scale in favor of finding G.O.'s statements involuntary. Although the interview itself
may appear noncombative, that is not dispositive of voluntariness—particularly when
dealing with a juvenile with no prior experience with law enforcement. See, e.g.,
24
Swanigan, 279 Kan. at 20, 39 (finding a statement involuntary even when the defendant
had been read Miranda warnings, and interviewers were not combative); R.W., 58 Kan.
App. 2d at 151 (finding juvenile statements involuntary even if Miranda warnings were
proper and when police were not combative).
Detective Hayden misled G.O. about the purpose and potential consequences of the
interview.
Detective Hayden's misleading and inaccurate statements, which can be
categorized as unfair interview tactics, weigh heavily in favor of finding G.O.'s
statements involuntary, even without consideration of G.O.'s education, mental condition,
and inexperience with law enforcement. See, e.g., State v. Morton, 286 Kan. 632, 650,
186 P.3d 785 (2008).
Morton was a college-educated adult who the Ottawa Police Department and
Government Service Administration (GSA) suspected of violating the law regarding the
purchase of government surplus supplies. Morton retained an attorney to represent her in
the investigation and was interviewed by a police officer with her attorney present.
Thereafter, the police department closed its investigation of Morton—but several months
later, Morton's attorney notified her that the GSA investigator requested an interview.
Morton contacted the investigator and agreed to meet at the police station for an
interview but did not bring her attorney. Morton asked the investigator if she needed an
attorney, and the investigator responded that it was not "that kind" of interview—so
Morton proceeded without her attorney present.
The Kansas Supreme Court found that Morton was not required to receive
Miranda warnings because it was a noncustodial interview, but that Morton's question
was an attempt to determine the nature of the interview. The dual civil/criminal
investigatory powers of the GSA made the true nature of the interview unclear and the
25
court found the investigator's statement was "an affirmative misrepresentation about the
true nature of the interview." Under the totality of the circumstances, the court found that
the interviewing agent's misrepresentation about the true nature of the interview to a
college-educated adult, with no disclosed mental health conditions, who had prior
experience with law enforcement in the very same action—rendered her statements
involuntary. Morton, 286 Kan. at 654.
Detective Hayden repeatedly lied to G.O. about the purpose and intent of the
interview, made false promises of benefit, misled G.O.'s mother about the true purpose of
the interview, and used G.O.'s mother to buttress his credibility and authority, all in an
attempt to elicit incriminating statements from a 16-year-old with a mild learning
disability, mental health issues, and who had no prior experience with law enforcement—
in order to conceal the true purpose and potential consequences of the interview, and thus
deprive G.O. of his free and independent will to voluntarily speak to the detective.
1. Detective Hayden's False Statements About the Interview Purpose
Detective Hayden began by lying to G.O. about the actual purpose of the
interview. Of course, police may lie to suspects during the course of an interrogation—
but Detective Hayden's deceptive conduct is a factor when considering the fairness of the
interview and the totality of the circumstances demonstrating whether the interview was
coerced. See, e.g., Morton, 286 Kan. at 632, Syl. ¶ 8. Unlike the facts of this case, the
majority relies on cases where the defendants all knew they were being interviewed for
the purpose of investigating a crime. See Garcia, 297 Kan. at 196; State v. Harris, 284
Kan. 560, 579-80, 162 P.3d 28 (2007). G.O. was repeatedly told that his conversation
with Detective Hayden was not for the purpose of getting anyone into trouble—but
expressly to "help" his sister deal with her mental health issues.
26
While the detective did introduce himself as "Detective Hayden" and then
explained that he had "been a police officer for 15 some odd years now" and had "been a
detective for 8 or 9 of those," he made it seem as though his current job differed from his
prior job. He first explained that he previously worked on things "all the way down to
you know, theft and shoplifting stuff kinda down here at the low end; I've worked a lot of
homicides like these guys are working today. And that's kinda the big deal, right, when
people die." The detective then explained how his job had changed, and said "[n]ow, I
work a lot with kids. Usually young, young kids, ok. The past few weeks I've been kinda
talking to your sister—helping—trying to help her out." G.O. responded, "I want her to
get better," referring to his sister, and Detective Hayden said "[y]ep. Me too."
Detective Hayden described his current job of working with young kids in contrast
to his prior job—and never disclosed that his job was to investigate crimes against
children. Detective Hayden never told G.O. that he was investigating him, or that he was
investigating crimes against G.O.'s sister, or even that his job was to investigate crimes
against children. He said that he works with kids and repeatedly said he was just trying to
"help" G.O.'s sister—and in fact help G.O.
The detective told G.O. the interview was to "help [his sister] out" and "so we can
help to understand it." After telling G.O. he was not currently under arrest and would not
later be arrested, the detective said the purpose of the interview was to "get some stuff
cleared up" and "clear some things up for you and your sister." At least six different times
during the course of the one-hour interview, Detective Hayden referred to the purpose of
the interview as being to help G.O.'s sister with her feelings, to help her out, or to clear
things up.
Detective Hayden's expressed desire to help G.O.'s sister do better prompted G.O.
to talk about his sister's mental health issues, and how she had been sent to a mental
health facility. G.O. said he wanted to "make sure she does better." G.O. then began to
27
discuss his own experience of being sexually abused and Detective Hayden explained
that:
"[s]o you know, the research kind of bears out—and my experience bears out—that
when these things happen, it's not just because they've happened out of the blue, alright?
A lot of times these things happen because things have happened to people in the past,
right? And those things start to kind of manifest themselves . . . and people become
curious, right? And things start to happen, and it kind of gets out of our hands before we
kind of really know what's going on, right?"
Detective Hayden said that G.O.'s mom had told him about G.O. being abused,
and then asked G.O. to provide more details about his own abuse. When G.O. expressed
reluctance to give details, saying "I don't like doing details," Detective Hayden reassured
him that some of what they were going to discuss would be "uncomfortable" and
"probably a little bit embarrassing," but that he had "been doing this for quite a while and
I can guarantee you almost 98 and a half percent that anything that you're going to tell
me . . . I've already heard. And it's not going to shock me." Detective Hayden went on to
reassure G.O. that "from the things that [your sister] and I talked about, alright, this is not
anything that's uh—well, how should I say this—it's more common than people think."
And that "[s]o it's just something that you and I are going to talk about so that we can
move past it to help [your sister] out."
Early in the interview, Detective Hayden explained the purpose of the meeting by
saying, "I think you know that your sister's kinda hurting right now . . . [s]o if we can get
some of this stuff cleared up and kinda aired out, I think that's going to help out
everybody. Ok?" Later in the interview he expands on how G.O.'s sister's feelings, "I
think she is confused. And you know, she's a teenager. . . . She's female, which you
know, there's hormones at play there too. Just like with you and I when we were
teenagers—you still are, so you know how that goes. I don't think kids are real nice to her
at school, so she's got a lot she's trying to figure out." He goes on to state that the reason
28
he is talking to G.O. is to help his sister work out her feelings about G.O. "I know she
swing[s] back and forth on how she feels about you. . . . Uhm, but that's kind of why—
why we're trying to get through this today."
Detective Hayden was interviewing G.O. about his sexual assault of his stepsister,
which appears to have started when G.O. was about 12 years old. The detective never
disclosed that he was investigating a crime, that he was investigating G.O., that G.O.'s
conduct was criminal, the potential for criminal charges against G.O. for that prior
conduct, or any potential "trouble." In fact, Detective Hayden repeatedly and consistently
told G.O. that he would not be arrested and that he was not in trouble, and the purpose of
the discussion was therapeutic—to help G.O.'s sister, to help G.O. and his sister move
past this, to clear things up, and to help G.O.'s relationship with his sister. G.O. echoed
that language back to Detective Hayden as his purpose and intent as well. These were not
communicated as a tangential result of a criminal investigation—but was the only stated
purpose to G.O. for the interview.
The majority seeks to distinguish R.W. by noting that G.O.'s interview was shorter,
and there was only one detective present—but those factors do not negate that same
coercive technique employed here, when the detective intentionally described his role as
that of a pseudo-therapist, and never disclosed that G.O. was the subject of a criminal
investigation. Having only one detective present made the interview more similar to
therapy than an interrogation, and the interview was short in part because G.O. had an
orthodontist appointment and Detective Hayden had already employed this coercive
technique with G.O.'s mother. Unlike in R.W., G.O. was aware of the topics to be
discussed with the detective—but just like in R.W.—the detective concealed and, in fact,
lied about the purpose of the interview and also lied about any potential consequences—
repeatedly promising there would be none.
29
Detective Hayden hid the true purpose of the interview by telling G.O.—a
juvenile—that it was therapeutic in nature and designed to help him and his sister, who
had ongoing mental health struggles. Under the facts of this case, this technique was
coercive and factors into the totality of the circumstances to make G.O.'s interview
statements involuntary.
2. Detective Hayden's False Promises of Benefit
Not only did Detective Hayden describe the interview in terms of therapeutic
purposes—he made specific promises of benefit to further mislead G.O. about the
purpose and potential consequences of the interview. G.O. claims on appeal, as he did in
the motion to suppress hearing, that the detective's false statements and promises
rendered his statements involuntary. I agree with the majority that the Kansas Supreme
Court has held that only a "promise [of] some specific action by a public official" can
render a defendant's statement involuntary. See Garcia, 297 Kan. at 196. Detective
Hayden repeatedly promised G.O. he would not be arrested or be in any trouble if he
fully disclosed the requested information.
The majority cites to Detective Hayden's recitation of G.O.'s Miranda warnings to
demonstrate that his statements were voluntary—but Miranda warnings alone do not
render otherwise coercive techniques permissible. See, e.g., State v. Swindler, 296 Kan.
670, 683-84, 294 P.3d 308 (2013) (finding statements involuntary even when defendant
had been read Miranda warnings); State v. Stone, 291 Kan. 13, 15, 32-33, 237 P.3d 1229(2010) (finding statements involuntary even when defendant was read and waived
Miranda rights). Particularly when those Miranda warnings are repeatedly negated by
contrary statements and promises of benefit should the defendant not invoke their rights
under Miranda. Just before reading G.O. his Miranda rights, the detective said, "Like I
said, you're not under arrest, you're not going to be under arrest." The detective further
minimized G.O.'s Miranda rights when he explained them by saying—after promising no
30
repercussions from the discussion—"[b]ut we're kinda sitting in this room, right. So I'm
going to read you your Miranda rights. Just so you—you can make sure that you
understand, ok?" After reading the Miranda warnings the detective asked G.O. if he
understood "those rights" and G.O. said he did. Although not required, it is notable—
considering the methods Detective Hayden employed to conceal the nature of the
interview—that he did not ask if G.O. wished to waive those rights. Thereafter, in
contradiction to the Miranda rights previously read to G.O., the detective said that if G.O.
did not tell the detective the complete truth "that's when things start to get out of control,
right." The obvious implication was that Detective Hayden's promises of benefit required
G.O. to make full and complete disclosures, and to not invoke his right to silence.
Here the State asks this court to presume that G.O. understood and believed the
Miranda warnings read to him by Detective Hayden such that he could invoke them
anytime, and also that G.O. should have known Detective Hayden was repeatedly lying to
him about the purpose and consequences of the interview. Receiving Miranda warnings
is just one factor comprising the totality of the circumstances in determining if the
detective's deceptive interview techniques violated G.O.'s due process rights. Courts have
consistently found police interrogations mentally coercive even when Miranda warnings
are read to adults. See, e.g., Garcia, 297 Kan. at 197; Stone, 291 Kan. at 32-33;
Swanigan, 279 Kan. at 40; State v. Howard, 825 N.W.2d 32 (Iowa 2012); Cole v. State,
923 P.2d 820 (Alaska Ct. App. 1996).
Although the factors supporting the totality of the circumstances warranting
suppression of G.O.'s statements differ from those in R.W.—this particular factor is quite
similar. Not only did the detective's strategy of presenting himself as a pseudo-therapist
seek to overcome G.O.'s free and independent will—the detective also affirmatively
promised G.O. benefits for his statements which contributed to him being overborne. The
detective also undermined the cursory Miranda warning by stating there would be no
"trouble" from G.O.'s statements and also implying negative consequences from not
31
giving full, complete disclosure. See, e.g., Stone, 291 Kan. at 22-24, 32-33 (where the
court found the statements involuntary where the police officer inferred that confession
would positively affect the defendant's jail sentence).
The majority relies on Harris for the proposition that "none of Hayden's
statements can reasonably be objectively viewed as a promise that G.O. would not be
criminally punished for his actions." Slip op. at 16. First, the majority inflammatorily
misstates G.O.'s argument. He is not arguing that Detective Hayden promised he would
not be prosecuted for his actions—nor am I contending he should not be prosecuted for
his actions because of Detective Hayden's promises. Rather, he argues that Detective
Hayden's promises made his statements involuntary and thus his statements to Detective
Hayden cannot be used in his prosecution. Rendering the statements inadmissible does
not prevent the State from prosecuting G.O. using all other admissible evidence at its
disposal. The implication that enforcement of a defendant's fundamental due process
rights somehow prevents the State from prosecuting criminal conduct contradicts the
fundamental principles of our legal system.
Unlike Harris, who knew he was facing murder charges when he spoke to police,
here, the police never told G.O. or his family that Detective Hayden wanted to question
him in connection with potential criminal charges. Contrarily, Harris, had already been
charged, and his photo widely publicized as a person being sought in connection with
murder charges. Harris knew his photo was shown on the news and he willingly
contacted police and presented himself for questioning in connection with murder
charges. Unlike G.O., Harris was never told the interview was not "about getting people
in trouble," that Harris was "not under arrest," or that he was "not going to be under
arrest." Therefore, any minimal promises of leniency by the police in that case are clearly
distinguishable from what occurred to G.O. in this case.
32
Even assuming that G.O. somehow understood there was a possibility of his
interview being used for his legal prosecution—despite Detective Hayden's repeated
promises to the contrary—he engaged in a promise of benefit in exchange for G.O.'s
statements. A promise of leniency may result in a defendant's statement being involuntary
when that promise:
(1) concerns action to be taken by a public official;
(2) is likely to cause the accused to make a false statement to obtain the promised
benefit; and
(3) is made by a person the accused reasonably believes has the power or authority
to execute it.
Garcia, 297 Kan. at 196-97.
Here, as in Garcia, the person making the promise was a police detective—a public
official—which meets the first criterion.
Next, the promises must be of the type to make someone willing to make a false
statement—in other words, the promise must be sufficiently beneficial. Here, the
promises were that G.O. was "not going to be under arrest," which was said twice in the
hour-long interview and that the interview "isn't about getting people into trouble," but
was "about trying to fix some things" and to "help" G.O.'s sister. It is difficult to imagine
a more beneficial promise to a juvenile who was having trouble at home and had told the
detective "I've had many upon many anxiety and panic attacks" and that "for weeks upon
weeks just constant anxiety attacks" than not getting into "trouble," not getting arrested,
and helping his sister, who was also suffering with mental health issues.
Finally, the promises were made by Detective Hayden, and it was reasonable for
G.O. to believe that the detective had the power or authority to execute on at least the
legal promises. Assuming that Detective Hayden's promises to help G.O.'s sister and to
"swing" her feelings back toward fondness for G.O. are not the type of benefit
33
contemplated by this standard—the promise that G.O. would not get into trouble or be
arrested—are clearly promises G.O. would believe Detective Hayden could uphold. The
majority claims that Detective Hayden's promise that G.O. would not be arrested is
somehow not false because two years had passed from when Detective Hayden made the
promise and when the State charged G.O. That contention is not only contrary to the
common definition of a lie, but it is also irrelevant to this analysis. The point is that
Detective Hayden promised G.O. a benefit, whether true or not, in exchange for his
interview. Of course had the benefit been true—this case would not be before this court.
Detective Hayden told G.O.—a juvenile—multiple times that he would not be
arrested or be in any trouble if he completely disclosed the details of his sexual abuse of
his sister that occurred several years prior to the interview when G.O. was 12 to 14 years
old. It was reasonable for G.O. to rely on those promised benefits made by a public
official. Detective Hayden also said the interview would "help" G.O.'s sister and could
benefit G.O.'s relationship with his sister, but this court need not determine whether G.O.
should have reasonably believed Detective Hayden could execute those promises.
3. Detective Hayden's Use of G.O.'s Mother
Not only did Detective Hayden rely on his own authority to deliver the promised
benefit and mislead G.O. about the interview purpose, but he invoked and relied on
G.O.'s mother as an authority. Right from the beginning of the interview, Detective
Hayden referenced his discussions with G.O.'s mother to bolster his misstatements that
the interview would be used therapeutically to help G.O. and his sister, and would not be
used to get G.O. into any "trouble." Detective Hayden said, "Your mom probably told
you but I'm going to tell you again, alright. You are not under arrest," and after G.O.
acknowledged that he understood, Detective Hayden immediately said "[y]ou're not
going to be under arrest when we're done." He further explained that his purpose was to
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"clear some things up for you and your sister" because G.O.'s "sister's kinda hurting right
now."
Detective Hayden referenced his personal conversations with G.O.'s mom on
multiple occasions, but specifically to reinforce that G.O. would face no legal
repercussions or "trouble" resulting from his full disclosure. Shortly after G.O. expressed
reluctance to provide details—"I don't like doing details"—Detective Hayden told G.O.
that anything less than full disclosure is when "things start to get out of my control."
Detective Hayden told G.O.:
"I also told your mom, right, that—that, you know, things—things start to get out of my
control. Like if we talk here for—for 45 minutes and you tell me what happened and, uh,
I go and I find out that some of those things aren't true, or some of the things that you tell
me wasn't everything—that's when things start to get out of control, right. And I'm not
saying that you're going to do that. I don't think you're going to even try to do that. I
know you want to get these things off your chest. That's what your mom told me and
that's what it seems like so far, right. But I just want to warn you, right. That I don't want
to go down that road and neither do you and neither does [your sister]."
Detective Hayden told G.O. that he made the same beneficial promises to G.O.'s mom—
relying on G.O.'s mother as a trusted authority to bolster these promises.
G.O.'s mother mistakenly believed she was required to have her entire family,
including G.O., submit to police interviews with Detective Hayden—and Detective
Hayden never assuaged her of that belief. He never told her that G.O. had the right to
remain silent, have an attorney present, or that she could refuse to make him available
unless she was present. G.O.'s mother actually asked to be present during the interview
but, in front of G.O., Detective Hayden said that she could not be present—preemptively
cutting off G.O.'s ability to communicate with the outside world. It is true that Detective
Hayden was not required to relieve G.O.'s mom of her misunderstandings—but he then
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relied on those misunderstandings to buttress his promises to G.O. See Garcia, 297 Kan.
at 194-98.
Garcia, an adult defendant with prior experience with law enforcement who was
well aware police were interrogating him related to criminal charges, accused police of
eliciting an involuntary confession by promising him leniency. Unlike here, the police
were careful not to outright promise Garcia anything, but instead used his girlfriend to
convey that if he confessed to robbery the police would not charge him with a more
serious crime. The police officer had Garcia's girlfriend stand in the doorway and asked
her to talk to her boyfriend:
"'[Police Officer:] She is going to stand in that door and she is going to tell you
that I talked to her and she told the truth.
"'[Garcia:] Okay.
"'(Sergeant leaves room and then returns with unidentified female)
....
"'[Girlfriend:] Do you want to go in for murder or robbery?
"'[Garcia:] I'm fuckin' pretty sure (Inaudible). You know that.
"'[Girlfriend:] Baby, at least don't go down for murder.
"'[Garcia:] But I didn't even do shit.. . . .
"'[Police Officer:] Go ahead, explain to him. Help me help him.
"'[Girlfriend:] They are going to take you down for murder if you don't—if you
don't say about the—
"'[Garcia:] I know they are going to take me down for murder, (Inaudible) for
fuckin' robbery, all of this, because they are going to book both on me later on
when I get to the fuckin' station.
"'[Girlfriend:] They're not going to book you for murder.
"'[Garcia:] All right, man, I did, I did try to rob that guy.
"'[Girlfriend:] But he didn't—he really did, he really tried to stop him. He tried to
stop him from shooting the guy. He really did.'" (Emphasis added.) 297 Kan. at
195.
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The court found that the exchange with Garcia's girlfriend "did not stop short of
promising a benefit to Garcia in return for his confession to robbery." 297 Kan. at 196.
Although the police officer did not convey the promise, it was nonetheless referring to
police conduct, and the promise "fits within the parameters of those promises that may be
deemed to have rendered a confession involuntary." 297 Kan. at 196-97. Like the officers
in Garcia, here, Detective Hayden met with someone G.O. trusted—his mother—and
according to his own statement to G.O.—told her that G.O.'s statements during the
interview would not be used to arrest him. He then relied on G.O.'s mom to convey that
information to G.O.—not only that—he told G.O. that he had, in fact, made those
promises to his mother.
Detective Hayden repeatedly telling G.O. the purpose of the interview was to help
his sister who was suffering, promising G.O. there would be no legal consequences
resulting from his interview if he provided a full confession, and telling G.O.'s mom the
same while also relying on her as an authority of G.O., all combined to create an unfair
interview such that G.O.'s statements were not the product of his free and independent
will. See, e.g., Stone, 291 Kan. at 32-33 (finding a combination of interrogation
techniques coercive as to an adult).
G.O.'s Mental State
It is undisputed that G.O. suffered from anxiety, depression, and ADD at the time
of his interview with Detective Hayden. His mother testified that he was on medication
for ADD and anxiety, but that "[She did not] remember which" anxiety medication
because "[i]t's changed so much now." During the interview, G.O. told Detective Hayden
that "I've had many upon many anxiety and panic attacks," and "I have medicine to deal
with anxiety issues. And just for weeks upon weeks just constant anxiety attacks." He
further explained that his anxiety was "random anxiety attacks about nothing," and were
not caused by a particular event, "it's just sometimes it's out of the blue" and "[t]hat's one
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of the main issues that the medicine tries to deal with." G.O. summarized by saying,
"And it sucks."
G.O. did not testify at the suppression hearing about his mental state during the
interview, and there is no requirement that he do so. This court must analyze the facts
presented to determine if Detective Hayden's conduct was sufficiently coercive so as to
overcome G.O.'s free and independent will under the totality of the circumstances.
Additionally, Detective Hayden's decision to remain ignorant of G.O.'s mental condition,
education, and maturity level prior to conducting the interview does not alleviate him of
the consequences of coercion on someone in G.O.'s position.
It is true that the defendant's mental condition alone, without any alleged coercive
interview techniques, does not necessarily make a witness statement involuntary without
a showing of how that condition impacted the witness. See Johnson, 286 Kan. at 837.
But, when there are other factors making the interview coercive, the defendant's mental
condition can be considered a factor in analyzing the totality of the circumstances.
Swanigan, 279 Kan. at 37. Where there is no evidence contradicting the defendant's
mental condition, as is the case here, this court should not seek to reweigh or eliminate
this factor based on evidence the defendant could have provided to strengthen its
contention.
Here, unlike the facts in Johnson and State v. Kirkland, No. 122,971, 2002 WL
68579 (Kan. App. 2022) (unpublished opinion), G.O.'s mental condition is not the only
factor being asserted to demonstrate his statements were involuntary. See Johnson, 286
Kan. at 836 (When the defense focuses only on the accused mental condition, "the
absence of other factors is an important consideration" when determining whether low
intellect or other mental condition alone made the defendant's waiver involuntary.);
Kirkland, 2002 WL 68579, at *10.
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G.O.'s Lack of Experience with Law Enforcement
It is undisputed that G.O. had never been arrested or interviewed by law
enforcement prior to his interview with Detective Hayden. He had no experience with
law enforcement in an adversarial manner. Rather than credit his lack of experience as a
factor weighing toward coercion, the majority focuses on the unique facts of R.W.—
where the defendant had a prior, friendly relationship with an interrogating officer—to
conclude that G.O.'s interview was not coercive. The unique facts of R.W. should not be
used to reframe this factor.
The relevant analysis is whether G.O.'s complete lack of experience with law
enforcement techniques is a factor tending to demonstrate involuntariness in his
statements. See, e.g., Young, 220 Kan. at 547 (describing how lack of any experience
with "police practices" can be considered in rendering a juvenile confession involuntary).
As previously explained, G.O. would have had to know and understand that police lie to
juveniles about the purpose and consequences of interviews in order to have understood
the implications of the Miranda warnings. G.O., having no prior experience with police
techniques, was less likely than adults or more experienced juveniles to realize that
Detective Hayden was lying to him in order to elicit a confession that could be used to
criminally prosecute G.O.
This is just one factor to consider when analyzing the totality of the circumstances.
It alone is not dispositive—but G.O. need not show that he had a prior relationship with
Detective Hayden that contributed to his misunderstanding of his rights. He merely needs
to assert that he had no prior experience, which he has done.
The Totality of the Circumstances
The totality of the circumstances here demonstrate that G.O. did not voluntarily
and knowingly waive his Miranda rights and confess to criminal conduct. Detective
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Hayden repeatedly told G.O. that his interview was for therapeutic-type purposes to help
his sister overcome her mental health struggles. Detective Hayden also promised G.O.
that his full disclosure during the interview would ensure that he would not get into
trouble and would not be arrested. That promised benefit strengthened Detective
Hayden's claims regarding the purpose of the interview. These unfair interview
techniques, coupled with G.O.'s education, mental health issues, inexperience with law
enforcement, and his youth all created a coercive interview rendering G.O.'s statements
involuntary. A juvenile's "inculpatory statement[s] must be voluntary and free from
coercion or suggestion and must not be the product of ignorance of rights or adolescent
fantasy, fright, or despair." Gibson, 299 Kan. at 215. See Mays, 277 Kan. at 373; R.W., 58
Kan. App. 2d at 144. G.O.'s statements were clearly the product of ignorance resulting
from the detective's deceptive techniques under the circumstances.
This court must use great care when assessing the validity of juvenile
confessions—particularly when the determination is such a "close call" as agreed by the
majority.
As such, I respectfully dissent.
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