In re Care and Treatment of Davis ( 2020 )

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION
No. 121,947
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
In the Matter of the Care and Treatment of ROBERT DAVIS JR.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; ROBB W. RUMSEY, judge. Opinion filed September 18,
2020. Affirmed.
Kristen B. Patty, of Wichita, for appellant.
Michael J. Duenes, assistant solicitor general, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.
Before SCHROEDER, P.J., GREEN and BUSER, JJ.
PER CURIAM: Following a jury trial, the trial court committed Davis to the custody
of the Kansas Department for Aging and Disability Services (KDADS) for treatment
within KDADS's sexual predator treatment program. Davis now appeals his commitment,
arguing that the State's attorney made a prejudicial comment during his trial. And, thus,
he argues that he is entitled to a new trial. We disagree. We conclude that Davis'
argument is unpersuasive. As a result, we affirm his commitment to KDADS.
Background
In March 2009, Davis texted a 15-year-old girl that "he was looking for single
girls for sex." When Davis sent this text, he was 29 years old. Also, when Davis sent this
text, he was serving parole for his prior aggravated sexual battery conviction. Based on
the preceding, the State charged Davis with electronic solicitation, a severity level 3
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person felony in violation of K.S.A. 21-3523(a)(1) (now K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-5509).
Eventually, Davis pleaded guilty to this charge, and the trial court sentenced Davis to 89
months' imprisonment followed by 36 months' postrelease supervision.
In December 2015, the State petitioned the trial court to commit Davis to
KDADS's custody on the approaching of his pending release from prison. The Kansas
Sexual Violent Predator Act (KSVPA) provided that the State may petition the trial court
to commit a "sexually violent predator" to KDADS's custody upon that person's prison
release for treatment within KDADS's sexually violent predator program. See K.S.A.
2019 Supp. 59-29a04. The KSVPA defines a "sexually violent predator" as "any person
who has been convicted of or charged with a sexually violent offense and who suffers
from a mental abnormality or personality disorder which makes the person likely to
engage in repeat acts of sexual violence and who has serious difficulty in controlling such
person's dangerous behavior." K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 59-29a02(a). The State requested that
the trial court commit Davis to KDADS's custody for treatment because he met the
statutory definition of a "sexually violent predator" under the KSVPA.
Davis asked the trial court to deny the State's petition. In doing so, Davis agreed
that he had previously committed sexually violent offenses. And he agreed that he
continued to suffer from a mental abnormality. Nevertheless, Davis challenged the State's
assertion that he would likely engage in repeat acts of sexual violence in the future based
on his ongoing mental abnormalities.
In November 2016, the trial court held a probable cause hearing on the State's
petition. Because it found probable cause to believe that Davis constituted a sexually
violent predator under the KSVPA, the trial court set Davis' case for a final determination
before a jury.
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At his December 2018 jury trial, two psychologists who had conducted forensic
evaluations of Davis testified on the State's behalf. Both Dr. Mitchell Flesher and Dr.
Derek Grimmell testified about Davis' Static-99R test results. The Static-99R test
evaluated the likelihood that a person who has previously committed a sexually violent
offense will engage in future acts of sexual violence. Both doctors agreed that Davis
scored a six on the Static-99R test, which meant that Davis was four times more likely
than the average sex offender to reoffend.
Also, Dr. Flesher opined (1) that Davis suffered from Bipolar II disorder and (2)
that his Bipolar II disorder coupled with his sexually violent predisposition made him a
danger to the public. Dr. Grimmell agreed that Davis suffered from Bipolar disorder, but
he concluded that Davis suffered from Bipolar I disorder; this was a type of bipolar
disorder involving more psychotic episodes than Bipolar II disorder. Dr. Grimmell also
testified that based on Davis' previous admission of sexual attraction to females age 8 to
18, Davis suffered from pedophilic disorder.
Davis, who represented himself at trial, presented the testimony of Dr. Marc
Quillen. Dr. Quillen, who was a behavioral psychologist, opined that Davis suffered from
Bipolar II disorder, paranoid personality disorder, and opioid use disorder. He concluded
that Davis' past behavior problems stemmed from those disorders, not pedophilic
disorder. Dr. Quillen explained that because he believed that Davis did not suffer from
pedophilic disorder, Davis was not a "sexually violent predator" under the KSVPA.
Yet, the jury disagreed with Dr. Quillen's testimony, finding that Davis was "a
sexually violent predator subject to involuntary commitment." In turn, the trial court
committed Davis to KDADS's custody for treatment within KDADS's sexually violent
treatment program.
Davis has timely appealed the jury's finding.
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Analysis
Davis' sole argument on appeal involves the State's attorney's use of the term
"golden standard" when cross-examining Dr. Quillen about the Static-99R test. The
disputed exchange between the State's attorney and Dr. Quillen consisted of the
following:
"[State's Attorney]: And you agree with them that the Static-99R is the golden standard in
evaluating risk of individuals for evaluation of whether or not they're at risk for sexually
offending in a sexually violent predator case? That was a mouthful. I'm going to reword
it.
"[Dr. Quillen]: Okay.
"[State's Attorney]: You'd agree with me that the Static 99-R is the golden standard when
assessing risk in a sexually violent predator evaluation to start with?
"[Dr. Quillen]: It is a strong contributor, not just to sexually violent predators, but to
sexual offending in general. It was not developed to look at sexually violent predators.
That's my only hesitation in your answer. It was really developed to look at sexual
offending behavior in general, but it is the gold standard for assessing sexual offending
behavior."
Davis contends that the State's attorney's reference to the Static-99R test as the
"golden standard" for evaluating sex offender recidivism probability rates is comparable
to a prosecutor's prejudicial comment in State v. Akins, 298 Kan. 592, 600-01, 315 P.3d
868 (2014). There, our Supreme Court determined that the prosecutor's reference to the
"Finding Words" protocol for interviewing children in cases of suspected child abuse as
the "gold standard" was held to be reversible error. 298 Kan. 592, Syl. ¶ 9.
But Davis concedes that he did not object to the State's attorney's reference to the
Static-99R test as the "golden standard" during his trial. And he notes that K.S.A. 60-404
required him to lodge a specific and contemporaneous objection to any evidentiary error.
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Even so, citing two exceptions to the general rule that a new legal theory may not
be asserted for the first time on appeal, Davis argues that his "failure to raise this issue
before the trial court need not be fatal." First, Davis invokes the exception allowing
appellate courts to consider an argument for the first time on appeal because the new
argument involves only a question of law arising on proved or admitted facts that are
finally determinative of the case. Second, Davis invokes the exception allowing appellate
courts to consider an argument for the first time on appeal because consideration is
necessary to serve the ends of justice and prevent the denial of fundamental rights. See In
re Estate of Broderick, 286 Kan. 1071, 1082, 191 P.3d 284 (2008).
The State counters that Davis' failure to lodge a specific and contemporaneous
objection to the State's attorney's reference to the Static-99R test as the "golden standard"
is fatal. In making this argument, the State contends that our Supreme Court's decisions
in State v. Solis, 305 Kan. 55, 62-63, 378 P.3d 532 (2016), and State v. Richmond, 289
Kan. 419, 428, 212 P.3d 165 (2009), establish that parties must lodge specific and
contemporaneous objections to any alleged evidentiary errors to preserve arguments
regarding those alleged evidentiary errors for appeal.
In Solis, our Supreme Court held that a party cannot circumvent K.S.A. 60-404's
plain language―requiring a specific and contemporaneous objection to evidentiary
errors―by relying on the caselaw exception that appellate courts may consider an
argument for the first time on appeal when consideration of such argument is necessary to
serve the ends of justice. 305 Kan. at 63. In Richmond, our Supreme Court held that a
party cannot circumvent K.S.A. 60-404's plain language requiring a specific and
contemporaneous objection to evidentiary errors by relying on the exception that
appellate courts may consider an argument raised for the first time on appeal―when the
new argument involves only a question of law arising on proved or admitted facts―that
is finally determinative of the case. Our Supreme Court reached this holding because
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"[a]t a minimum, the magnitude of any evidentiary error would still have to be
determined by reviewing all other evidence under either the state standard [or] the federal
standard [on harmless error]." 289 Kan. at 429.
Under our Supreme Court's holdings in Solis and Richmond, we cannot review
Davis' argument to the extent it involves an evidentiary error. Still, the State's
preservation argument ignores that in his brief, Davis has framed his appellate argument
as both an evidentiary error and an attorney comment error. Significantly, in Richmond,
our Supreme Court held that it would "continue to review, without trial objection, non-
evidentiary-based claims of prosecutorial misconduct, for example, comments to a jury
during voir dire. [Citation omitted.]" 289 Kan. at 429. In sum, because (1) Davis alleged
attorney comment error in his brief and (2) our Supreme Court's holding in Richmond
directs us to consider alleged attorney comment errors when raised for the first time on
appeal, we will review Davis' argument to the extent it involves attorney comment error.
It is a well-known rule that attorneys are granted great latitude when making
arguments at trial. Our Supreme Court has "consistently followed the general rule against
imposing narrow and unreasonable limitations upon argument of counsel made to the
jury." Castleberry v. DeBrot, 308 Kan. 791, 807, 424 P.3d 495 (2018). Nevertheless, "if
counsel injects error into the trial by exceeding that latitude, a court must determine
whether that error prejudiced a party's right to a fair trial." 308 Kan. at 807. When an
attorney commits error, we must reverse if there is a reasonable probability that the error
affected the outcome of the trial in the light of the entire record. 308 Kan. at 807.
Once again, Davis compares his case to the Akins case. In Akins, while cross-
examining a defense expert, the prosecutor asked the expert whether she was aware that
the Finding Words protocol was the "gold standard" for interviewing children in cases of
suspected child abuse. When the defense expert answered that she was not aware of this,
the prosecutor cited an appellate opinion as evidence that the Finding Words protocol
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was the gold standard for interviewing suspected child abuse victims. 298 Kan. at 600-01.
After the jury convicted him of child sex crimes, Akins appealed to our Supreme Court;
Akins argued that the prosecutor's "gold standard" comment constituted reversible
prosecutorial error. 298 Kan. at 601.
Our Supreme Court agreed. It first held that the prosecutor committed error by
making the "gold standard" comment for the following reasons: (1) the prosecutor had
commented on facts not in evidence because nobody had testified that the Finding Words
protocol was the "gold standard"; (2) the prosecutor indicated to the jury that the Finding
Words protocol was the judicially approved "gold standard" by citing to an appellate
opinion; (3) the prosecutor indicated to the jury that she was an expert on Finding Words
protocol by citing to an appellate opinion; and (4) the prosecutor relied on language from
the appellate opinion's concurrence, meaning no majority appellate court had held that the
Finding Words protocol was the "gold standard." 298 Kan. at 601-02. Our Supreme Court
then held that the prosecutor's comment constituted reversible error because it bolstered
the complaining witness' testimony while undermining the defense expert's testimony.
298 Kan. at 613.
Here, Davis contends that "Akins drew a bright line rule indicating that an attorney
commits reversible error by referring to a particular protocol or method as the 'gold
standard.'" Also, he contends that the State's attorney's comment that the Static-99R test
constituted the "golden standard" had a similar effect on the jury as the prosecutor's "gold
standard" comment in Akins. Specifically, he asserts that the State's attorney "referred to
facts that were never in evidence, implied that the Static-99R [was] conclusively
unassailable, and suggested that, unlike defense expert Quillen, she [was] an authority on
the Static-99R and capable of diagnosing [him] as a sexually violent predator."
The State counters that Davis' case is distinguishable from Akins. The State
contends that its attorney did not commit comment error by referring to the Static-99R
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test as the "golden standard" for evaluating sex offender recidivism probability rates
because the trial evidence already established this fact. Also, the State counters that even
if its attorney committed comment error, this error was harmless because ample trial
evidence supported that Davis constituted a "sexually violent offender" under the
KSVPA.
The State's arguments are persuasive. In short, Davis has mischaracterized the
State's attorney's reference to the Static-99R test as the "golden standard." A review of
the State's attorney's reference shows that such reference was not comparable to the
prosecutor's reference to the Finding Words protocol as the "gold standard" in Akins.
To begin with, despite Davis' contention to the contrary, Akins did not create a
bright-line rule against attorneys calling a particular protocol or method a "gold
standard." Simply put, our Supreme Court determined that the prosecutor's comment was
error based on the particular facts of the Akins case. 298 Kan. at 613. Thus, the Akins case
does not conclusively establish that the State's attorney's disputed comment was error.
Next, the State's attorney did not refer to facts not in evidence when asking Dr.
Quillen whether he was aware that the Static-99R test was the "golden standard" for
evaluating sex offender recidivism probability rates. To review, the State's attorney
initially asked Dr. Quillen whether he "agree[d] with them that the Static-99R is the
golden standard . . ." (Emphasis added.) She then rephrased her question, asking Dr.
Quillen whether he would "agree with [her] that the Static 99-R is the golden
standard . . . ." Although the State's attorney rephrased her question, the original wording
of the State's attorney's original question shows that someone else, that is, "them," had
previously testified about the Static-99R test's reliability.
Indeed, both Dr. Flesher and Dr. Grimmell testified about the Static-99R test's
reliability at length. Dr. Flesher testified that the Static-99R test was an actuarial tool. He
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explained that the test was scientifically reliable in assessing recidivism probability rates
of sexual offenders because the Static-99R test had undergone peer review testing within
the scientific community. Dr. Flesher further testified that the Static-99R test was the
most widely used tool in assessing the recidivism probability rates of sexually violent
individuals. Dr. Grimmell agreed with Dr. Flesher, testifying that the Static-99R test had
"been put through more than 100 trials" and "has a known reliability." In fact, Dr.
Grimmell explained that the Static-99R test was "widely accepted and generally accepted
by the healthcare community in evaluating whether an individual meets the criteria of a
sexually violent predator."
Our Supreme Court has consistently held that attorneys may draw reasonable
inferences from the evidence when making arguments before a jury. See State v. Thurber,
308 Kan. 140, 162, 420 P.3d 389 (2018). Here, it is readily apparent that when the State's
attorney questioned Dr. Quillen about whether he was aware the Static-99R test was the
"golden standard," the State's attorney made an inference that the Static-99R test was the
"golden standard" based on Dr. Flesher's and Dr. Grimmell's testimony. Although neither
Dr. Flesher nor Dr. Grimmell explicitly referred the Static-99R test as the "golden
standard" for sexual offender recidivism probability rates, they implied it was the gold
standard based on their testimony.
So the State's attorney made a reasonable inference from the expert testimonial
evidence that the Static-99R test was the "golden standard" for evaluating sexual offender
recidivism. This expert testimonial evidence clearly distinguishes Davis' case from the
Akins case. And it undermines Davis' assertion that the State's attorney referred to facts
not in evidence.
Also, the State's attorney never suggested that she was an expert on Static-99R
tests in the same way that the prosecutor in Akins asserted that she was an expert on
Finding Words protocol. Again, our Supreme Court's primary complaint about the
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prosecutor's comment in Akins was that the prosecutor suggested that an appellate
opinion supported her proposition that the Finding Words protocol was the "gold
standard." Our Supreme Court determined that it was the prosecutor's citation to the
appellate opinion to support her "gold standard" comment that made the prosecutor seem
as an authority on the Finding Words protocol. According to our Supreme Court, it was
the prosecutor's false authority that undermined the defense expert's testimony. 298 Kan.
at 602.
In Davis' case, however, the State's attorney never cited any caselaw to support her
reference to the Static-99R test as the "golden standard." Instead, as addressed in the
preceding paragraphs, she made a reasonable inference that the Static-99R test
constituted the "golden standard" for evaluating sex offender recidivism probability rates
based on Dr. Flesher's and Dr. Grimmell's testimony.
This distinction entirely undermines Davis' contention that the State's attorney
acted as an authority on Static-99R tests. Furthermore, it undermines Davis' contention
that the State's attorney somehow implied that she knew more about the Static-99R test
than Dr. Quillen. Besides, at Davis' trial, Dr. Quillen explained that he believed that
Static-99R test results should be considered when determining whether someone
constitutes a "sexually violent predator." He merely qualified that he was hesitant to say
that a person's Static-99R test definitely established whether a person is a "sexually
violent offender" under the KSVPA because the test was "developed to look at sexually
offending behavior in general." And perhaps most importantly, Dr. Quillen agreed that
the Static-99R test was "the gold standard for assessing sexual offending behavior."
(Emphasis added.)
As for Davis' argument that the State's attorney implied that the Static-99R test
was capable of diagnosing him as a "sexually violent predator," Davis' argument ignores
that the only fact issue at his trial was whether he would likely commit repeat acts of
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sexual violence in the future based on his mental abnormality. Once again, under the
KSVPA, a "sexually violent predator" is "any person who has been convicted of or
charged with a sexually violent offense and who suffers from a mental abnormality or
personality disorder which makes the person likely to engage in repeat acts of sexual
violence and who has serious difficulty in controlling such person's dangerous behavior."
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 59-29a02(a). And once again, before the trial court, Davis never
contested his criminal history or his ongoing mental abnormalities. Instead, he merely
argued that his mental abnormalities did not render him likely to commit repeat acts of
sexual violence in the future. So the only fact issue in dispute at Davis' trial was whether
his ongoing mental abnormality made him likely to reoffend in the future.
Dr. Flesher and Dr. Grimmell explicitly testified that the Static-99R test evaluated
a sexual offender's likelihood to commit repeat acts of sexual violence in the future. So in
Davis' case, where the only fact issue concerned his likelihood to reoffend, the Static-99R
test was a significant diagnostic tool in determining whether Davis constituted a
"sexually violent predator" as meant under the KSVPA.
In summary, Davis has mischaracterized the State's attorney's reference to the
Static-99R test as the "golden standard." Akins does not create a bright-line rule against
calling any diagnostic tool the "gold standard" or the "golden standard." Also, the State's
attorney's "golden standard" comment in this case was not comparable to the highly
prejudicial comment made by the prosecutor in Akins. Instead, the State's attorney's
comment that the Static-99R test was the "golden standard" for testing sex offender
recidivism probability rates was based on Dr. Flesher's and Dr. Grimmell's testimony. For
those reasons, we hold that the State's attorney did not commit attorney comment error,
and we affirm Davis' commitment to KDADS's custody for treatment within the sexual
predator treatment program.
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Finally, we note that the evidence supporting Davis' "sexual violent predator"
status was overwhelming. Davis' criminal history includes committing electronic
solicitation of a minor while on parole for aggravated sexual battery. Also, Davis'
handwritten therapy notes, which the State admitted at trial, established the following:
(1) that Davis engaged in sexual contact with multiple minors when not in prison, (2) that
Davis recognized he struggled with "manag[ing his] attraction to females aged 10-17,"
and (3) that about a year before his trial, Davis admitted he constituted a sexually violent
predator." Based on the preceding evidence, as well as the fact that the trial court
instructed the jury that attorney comments were not evidence, we conclude that even if
the State's attorney committed comment error with her "golden standard" reference, the
comment error was harmless because there is no reasonable probability that the comment
affected the jury's finding that Davis constituted a "sexually violent predator" under the
KSVPA.
Affirmed.
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