State v. McCullough ( 2021 )

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION
No. 122,167
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
STATE OF KANSAS,
Appellee,
v.
BRIJIN M. MCCULLOUGH,
Appellant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; JEFFREY SYRIOS, judge. Opinion filed February 19, 2021.
Affirmed.
Michelle A. Davis, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, for appellant.
Lance J. Gillett, assistant district attorney, Marc Bennett, district attorney, and Derek Schmidt,
attorney general, for appellee.
Before MALONE, P.J., HILL and BUSER, JJ.
PER CURIAM: This is a sentencing appeal. Brijin M. McCullough pled guilty to
one count of aggravated burglary and one count of misdemeanor theft. Without objection,
the district court found McCullough's criminal history score was C, sentenced him to a
presumptive sentence, and granted a dispositional departure to probation. Two years later,
the district court revoked McCullough's probation and imposed a modified prison
sentence.
1
On appeal, McCullough does not contest the district court's ruling revoking his
probation. Instead, he claims he was given an illegal sentence. McCullough challenges
the district court's calculation of his criminal history score because of a change in the law
that occurred two years after his sentencing that conceivably could result in a lesser
sentence. McCullough also challenges the district court's determination of a criminal
history score of C because a prior conviction was erroneously scored as a felony. The
State concedes the district court erred in this regard but argues that, despite this error, the
district court properly scored McCullough's criminal history. Finding no reversible error,
we affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On January 10, 2017, McCullough pled guilty to one count of aggravated burglary
in violation of K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5807(b)(1), (c)(2)(A) and one count of
misdemeanor theft in violation of K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5801(a)(1), (b)(4). A
presentence investigation (PSI) report classified McCullough's criminal history as C. Of
relevance to this appeal, McCullough's criminal history included convictions for:
• Criminal threat under K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5415(a)(l)—scored as a person
felony.
• Possession of marijuana after a prior conviction under K.S.A. 2016 Supp.
21-5706(b)(3), (c)(2)(B)—scored as a nonperson felony; and
• Criminal possession of a firearm under K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6304(a)(3)(A)—
scored as a nonperson felony.
McCullough was sentenced on February 22, 2017. At sentencing, McCullough
stated he had "[n]o objections" to his criminal history and the district court determined
that his criminal history score was C. The district court granted a downward dispositional
departure to 36 months' probation and imposed an underlying sentence of 75 months'
2
imprisonment for aggravated burglary with a concurrent 12-month jail sentence for theft.
McCullough did not file a direct appeal of his convictions or sentence.
Over the next two years, McCullough violated his probation four times. As a
result, he received various intermediate jail time sanctions and a 120-day sanction with
the Kansas Department of Corrections.
On October 24, 2019, after McCullough's fifth probation violation, the district
court revoked his probation and ordered him to serve a modified sentence of 60 months'
imprisonment. Relevant to this appeal, one day after the district court revoked
McCullough's probation and imposed the modified sentence, the Kansas Supreme Court
issued State v. Boettger, 310 Kan. 800, Syl. ¶ 3, 450 P.3d 805 (2019), cert. denied 140 S.
Ct. 1956 (2020), which held that "[t]he portion of K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-5415(a)(1)
allowing for a conviction if a threat of violence is made in reckless disregard for causing
fear is unconstitutionally overbroad."
McCullough filed a timely appeal.
LEGALITY OF MCCULLOUGH'S SENTENCE AFTER BOETTGER
McCullough appeals from the district court's judgment revoking his probation and
ordering him to serve a modified sentence. But McCullough does not challenge the
district court's ruling revoking his probation. Instead, he contends that his original
sentence is illegal because his criminal history score may include a prior conviction for
one type of criminal threat the Kansas Supreme Court later held was unconstitutional in
Boettger. Consequently, McCullough asks us to vacate his sentence and to remand for
further findings regarding his criminal history and resentencing.
3
Several facts are important to the resolution of this appeal. After his convictions
on January 10, 2017, a PSI report classified McCullough's criminal history as C. Included
in the criminal history was a conviction for criminal threat, a person felony. The PSI
report did not clarify, however, whether the conviction was for an intentional or reckless
criminal threat. See K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5415(a)(l). On February 22, 2017, at
sentencing, McCullough stated that he had "[n]o objections" to his criminal history as
recorded in the PSI report. This resulted in the district court finding that his criminal
history score was C. McCullough did not file a direct appeal of his convictions or
sentences. After multiple violations of his probation in the ensuing years, on October 24,
2019, the district court revoked his probation and ordered him to serve a modified
sentence. The next day, our Supreme Court issued its opinion in Boettger. McCullough
then appealed his probation revocation.
In Boettger, our Supreme Court held that "[t]he portion of K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-
5415(a)(1) allowing for a conviction if a threat of violence is made in reckless disregard
for causing fear is unconstitutionally overbroad because it punishes conduct that may be
constitutionally protected under some circumstances." 310 Kan. 800, Syl. ¶ 3. In his
appeal, McCullough argues that "the record does not indicate whether the 2012 criminal
threat [conviction] was for the unconstitutional 'reckless disregard.' When the record does
not contain substantial competent evidence to support a criminal history classification,
remand is required to determine the appropriate classification." McCullough's argument
is based on the revised Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act (KSGA), which provides that a
defendant's sentence depends on the crime of conviction and the defendant's criminal
history score. K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6804(d). For relief, McCullough "requests that this
Court vacate his sentence and remand this matter to the district court with directions to
recalculate the criminal history score and resentence Mr. McCullough."
At the outset, it is necessary to state our standard of review. Whether a sentence is
illegal within the meaning of K.S.A. 22-3504 is a question of law over which an appellate
4
court has unlimited review. State v. Sartin, 310 Kan. 367, 369, 446 P.3d 1068 (2019).
Our court also exercises unlimited review over the classification of a prior conviction for
criminal history purposes. State v. Ewing, 310 Kan. 348, 351, 446 P.3d 463 (2019) ("The
classification of prior offenses for criminal history purposes involves interpretation of the
revised [KSGA]. . . . Statutory interpretation is a question of law subject to unlimited
review.").
McCullough correctly argues that he can raise an illegal sentence claim for the
first time in an appeal from a probation revocation hearing. See State v. Dickey, 305 Kan.
217, 221-22, 380 P.3d 230 (2016); K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-3504(a) (stating the court may
correct an illegal sentence at any time while the defendant is serving such sentence). But
is McCullough's sentence illegal after the Supreme Court's issuance of the Boettger
opinion?
An illegal sentence is a sentence "[i]mposed by a court without jurisdiction; that
does not conform to the applicable statutory provision, either in character or punishment;
or that is ambiguous with respect to the time and manner in which it is to be served at the
time it is pronounced." K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-3504(c)(1). A sentence does not become
illegal, however, because of a change in law after the sentence is pronounced. K.S.A.
2020 Supp. 22-3504(c)(1); see State v. Bradford, 311 Kan. 747, 750-52, 466 P.3d 930(2020) (the legality of a sentence is fixed when it is pronounced and a defendant's
sentence is not rendered illegal by a subsequent change in the law). A "change in law" is
"a statutory change or an opinion by an appellate court of the state of Kansas, unless the
opinion is issued while the sentence is pending an appeal from the judgment of
conviction." K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-3504(c)(2).
As just noted, the only exception to the rule that subsequent changes in the law do
not transform a legal sentence into an illegal sentence is if the change in the law occurs
5
while a direct appeal is pending. This is because a sentence is not final until the direct
appeal is completed. State v. Murdock, 309 Kan. 585, 591, 439 P.3d 307 (2019).
In the present case, the district court sentenced McCullough on February 22, 2017.
McCullough did not timely appeal his sentence, so by law his sentence became final 14
days after it was pronounced from the bench. See K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-3608(c). The
issuance of the Boettger opinion on October 25, 2019—almost three years after
McCullough's sentence was final is not a change in the law that retroactively applies to
McCullough. That is because in Murdock, our Supreme Court held the legality of a
sentence "is controlled by the law in effect at the time the sentence was pronounced," and
determined that "subsequent changes in the law" cannot transform a legal sentence into
an illegal sentence. 309 Kan. at 591.
McCullough reasons that he should be "entitled to the benefit of Boettger" because
Boettger was decided one day after the district court modified his sentence and this is his
"direct appeal from the order to serve a modified sentence." But McCullough's appeal is
not a direct appeal of his conviction and sentence. The statutory "change in law"
exception only applies when "the opinion is issued while the sentence is pending an
appeal from the judgment of conviction." (Emphasis added.) K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-
3504(c)(2). McCullough's appeal is a collateral attack on his previously imposed final
sentence, not a direct appeal from the judgment of conviction and sentencing.
Our court recently addressed this issue in State v. Miller, No. 121,792, 2020 WL
6533257, at *4 (Kan. App. 2020) (unpublished opinion), petition for rev. filed December
3, 2020. In Miller, the defendant did not appeal his conviction or sentence that predated
Boettger. But upon the subsequent revocation of his probation and imposition of
sentence, Miller appealed. About two months later, while Miller's appeal was pending,
the Boettger opinion was issued. Miller claimed that because his sentence was calculated
6
on a criminal history that included prior convictions for criminal threat, his sentence was
illegal based on Boettger.
Our court in Miller determined that Boettger did not apply because, although it
was a change in law, it was issued after Miller's sentence was final, and Miller's appeal of
his probation revocation was not a direct appeal of his conviction and sentence. In short,
our court found Miller's sentence was not illegal because defendants are "'stuck with the
law in effect at the time the sentence was pronounced.'" Miller, 2020 WL 6533257, at *4
(quoting Murdock, 309 Kan. at 592).
In a related case, State v. Louis, 59 Kan. App. 2d 14, 476 P.3d 837 (2020) petition
for rev. filed November 23, 2020, Louis appealed from a postsentence motion to
withdraw plea that was filed over four years after the mandate was issued. For the first
time on appeal, the defendant also claimed his sentence was illegal based on the change
in law in Boettger. Relying on Murdock, our court held that because Boettger was a
change in law that occurred after the conclusion of Louis' direct appeal, he was not
entitled to the benefits of Boettger. We held: "Louis is stuck with the law at the time of
his sentence. . . . Therefore, it does not matter whether Louis' prior conviction was
reckless or intentional criminal threat; the inclusion of either one in his criminal history
was proper." Louis, 59 Kan. App. 2d at 27.
In summary, the Kansas Supreme Court decided Boettger over two years after
McCullough's sentence became final. Because the legality of a sentence is controlled by
the law in effect when it was pronounced, McCullough may not receive the benefit of
Boettger. See K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-3504(c)(1); Murdock, 309 Kan. at 591 ("[T]he
legality of a sentence under K.S.A. 22-3504 is controlled by the law in effect at the time
the sentence was pronounced. . . . [N]either party can avail itself of subsequent changes
in the law.").
7
McCullough posits an additional argument. He cites K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-
6810(d)(9) for the proposition that prior convictions of a crime defined by a statute later
found to be unconstitutional will not be used for criminal history scoring purposes. Yet,
at the time McCullough's criminal history was scored and he was sentenced, a portion of
the criminal threat statute was not unconstitutional, and no prior crime later found to be
unconstitutional was considered by the sentencing court. As a result, K.S.A. 2020 Supp.
21-6810(d)(9) is not applicable. As we stated in Miller, "that provision does not grant
defendants perpetual relief from a sentence that was legal when it was pronounced." 2020
WL 6533257, at *4.
In conclusion, when McCullough was sentenced, both reckless and intentional
criminal threat were constitutional and appropriately scored as part of his criminal
history. McCullough's current appeal is not a direct appeal of his conviction and final
sentencing that occurred prior to Boettger. As a result, McCullough's sentence is not
illegal.
LEGALITY OF MCCULLOUGH'S SENTENCE DUE TO CRIMINAL HISTORY SCORING ERROR
For his second issue, McCullough contends the district court imposed an illegal
sentence when it erred in classifying his 2014 conviction for possession of marijuana as a
felony. McCullough argues that at the time he was sentenced, possession of marijuana
should have been classified as a misdemeanor. The State candidly concedes
McCullough's argument, but contends that, regardless of the error, his criminal history
score is correct because a criminal history score of C requires "only a single non-person
felony along with that prior person felony."
As noted earlier, McCullough did not object to the classification of his prior
convictions. That said, our court may consider this claim because we may "correct an
8
illegal sentence at any time" under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-3504(a). See State v. Dickey,
301 Kan. 1018, 1034, 350 P.3d 1054 (2015).
Whether a prior conviction should be classified as a person or nonperson offense
involves interpretation of the KSGA and interpretation of a statute is a question of law
over which this court has unlimited review. Ewing, 310 Kan. at 351; see also State v.
Keel, 302 Kan. 560, 571-72, 357 P.3d 251 (2015) (whether a sentence is illegal within the
meaning of K.S.A. 22-3504[1] is a question of law over which this court has unlimited
review).
The State properly concedes this error. Under Keel, "the classification of a prior
conviction . . . for criminal history purposes under the KSGA must be based on the
classification in effect for the comparable offense when the current crime of conviction
was committed." 302 Kan. 560, Syl. ¶ 9. When McCullough's current crime of conviction
was committed, December 2016, possession of marijuana as a second offense was
classified as a misdemeanor. See K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5706(c)(3)(B). Consequently, the
district court erred in classifying this prior misdemeanor conviction as a felony. Its proper
classification should have been a nonperson misdemeanor. See K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-
5706(b)(3), (c)(3)(B).
That said, at the time of McCullough's conviction for the current crime, a criminal
history score of C included "one adult conviction or juvenile adjudication for a person
felony, and one or more adult conviction or juvenile adjudication for a nonperson
felony." K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6804(a); K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6809(C). The State
contends that "even without the marijuana felony, defendant will remain criminal history
category 'C'" because his criminal history contains at least one nonperson and one person
felony. The State's argument is persuasive.
9
As we have just determined, McCullough's prior conviction for criminal threat was
properly scored as a person felony. See K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-5415; Keel, 302 Kan. at
588. The PSI also confirms that McCullough was convicted of criminal possession of a
firearm on January 29, 2014—the same date that he was convicted of possession of
marijuana as a second offense. The PSI categorizes this conviction as a nonperson felony
at the time McCullough's current conviction was committed. McCullough did not file a
reply brief contesting the State's argument that this nonperson felony was properly
classified in the criminal history. We conclude this was the proper classification for
McCullough's criminal possession of a firearm conviction. See K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-
6304(b).
All things considered, despite the district court's error, at the time McCullough
was sentenced, his criminal history properly included one prior person felony (criminal
threat) and one prior nonperson felony (criminal possession of a firearm) which correctly
resulted in a criminal history score of C. See K.S.A. 2016 Supp. 21-6804; K.S.A. 2016
Supp. 21-6809(C). As a result, the district court did not impose an illegal sentence due to
a criminal history scoring error.
Affirmed.
10