Commonwealth of Kentucky v. Bobbie Collinsworth ( 2021 )

RENDERED: AUGUST 26, 2021
TO BE PUBLISHED
Supreme Court of Kentucky
2019-SC-0132-DG
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLANT
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
V. NO. 2016-CA-1936
KENTON CIRCUIT COURT NO. 15-CR-00654
BOBBIE COLLINSWORTH APPELLEE
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE VANMETER
VACATING AND DISMISSING
On discretionary review from the Court of Appeals, the Commonwealth of
Kentucky claims that the Court of Appeals erred by reversing the Kenton
Circuit Court’s order on revocation of probation which ran Appellee Bobbie
Collinsworth’s sentence in her Kenton County case sentence consecutive to,
rather than concurrent with, her sentence in her Campbell County cases.
Specifically, the Commonwealth asserts that the Court of Appeals failed to
apply KRS1 533.060(2), as required by this Court’s decision in Brewer v.
Commonwealth, 922 S.W.2d 380 (Ky. 1996), and which mandates that in these
situations, consecutive sentencing for felonies committed while on probation is
appropriate. However, since Collinsworth has already completed all her
1 Kentucky Revised Statutes.
obligations to both the Kenton and Campbell County courts, we vacate the
Court of Appeals’ decision and dismiss this case as moot.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
In February 2016, Collinsworth pled guilty in Kenton Circuit Court to
criminal possession of a forged instrument, a class D felony.2 Collinsworth was
sentenced in March 2016 to three years of incarceration, probated for five
years, and ordered to serve thirty days in prison. Roughly five weeks after
being released, and while still on probation, Collinsworth committed two
additional felonies in Campbell County, for which she was convicted on July
27, 2016 and in each case was sentenced to serve one year of incarceration, for
a total of two years.3
However, the Kenton County probation and parole officer in charge of
Collinsworth’s case was not notified of the Campbell County offenses
immediately and did not move to revoke Collinsworth’s probation in Kenton
County until October 19, 2016. Collinsworth was paroled on her Campbell
County offenses on November 17, 2016 but remained incarcerated on the
Kenton County sentence. On December 6, 2016 the Kenton Circuit Court held
Collinsworth’s revocation of probation hearing and ultimately revoked her
probation and ordered her incarcerated for three years, with credit for time
spent in custody. The court’s revocation order was silent as to whether her
2 Case No. 15-CR-00654.
3Case Nos. 16-CR-00457 (possession of a controlled substance, heroin) and 16-
CR-00458 (tampering with physical evidence and possession of a controlled
substance, heroin).
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sentence in the Kenton County case was to run concurrent with, or consecutive
to, that in Campbell County.
Collinsworth appealed, arguing that under KRS 533.040(3), the Kenton
County case must be ordered to be served concurrently with the Campbell
County case because her probation was not revoked before she was granted
parole, or within ninety days of her new convictions. The Commonwealth
argued that KRS 533.040(3) does not apply and that under Brewer, KRS
533.060(2) applies. The Commonwealth further argued that because the trial
court’s written judgment was silent as to whether the sentence was to run
concurrent with, or consecutive to, the Campbell County sentence, it must be
interpreted by operation of law as running consecutive per KRS 532.220(2).
The Court of Appeals ultimately agreed with Collinsworth’s position and
reversed the trial court, ordering on remand that her sentences be ordered to
run concurrently. Thereafter, the Commonwealth petitioned this Court for
discretionary review, which we granted. Notably, at this point, Collinsworth
has since completed all her obligations to both Kenton and Campbell Counties.
II. Analysis
We granted discretionary review to address the apparent conflict between
KRS 533.040(3) and KRS 533.060(2), a pure question of law subject to de novo
review. Commonwealth v. Love, 334 S.W.3d 92, 93 (Ky. 2011). However,
because Collinsworth has already served her sentence and owes the
Commonwealth nothing more, any decision rendered by this Court would be
merely advisory. See Philpot v. Patton, 837 S.W.2d 491, 493 (Ky. 1992) (stating
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“[o]ur courts do not function to give advisory opinions, even on important
public issues, unless there is an actual case in controversy[]”). Consequently,
we are constrained to dismiss the matter as moot.
We have long held that a matter is moot when a party “seeks to get a
judgment . . . upon some matter which, when rendered, for any reason, cannot
have any practical legal effect upon a then existing controversy.” Morgan v.
Getter, 441 S.W.3d 94, 98-99 (Ky. 2014) (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted). The general rule being, that when “an event occurs which makes a
determination of the question unnecessary or which would render the
judgment that might be pronounced ineffectual, the appeal should be
dismissed.” Id. at 99 (citations omitted).
However, as with nearly all other principles, mootness is not absolute.
Instead, Kentucky courts have recognized that in instances when issues are
“capable of repetition, yet evading review” or when there exists a strong “public
interest” in the substantive resolution of a matter that we may decide the
merits of the case despite a party’s lack of standing. Neither exception applies
to this case.
As this Court noted in Philpot v. Patton, cases are not simply “capable of
repetition, yet evading review” because they involve “an important public
question that is difficult to review.” 837 S.W.2d at 493. Instead, application of
the exception requires the satisfaction of two elements: “whether (1) the
‘challenged action is too short in duration to be fully litigated prior to its
cessation or expiration and [2] there is a reasonable expectation that the same
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complaining party would be subject to the same action again.’” Id. (quoting In
re Commerce Oil Co., 847 F.2d 291, 293 (6th Cir. 1988)); see also Bolton v. Irvin,
373 S.W.3d 432, 435 (Ky. 2012)).
In Morgan v. Getter, we discussed the contours of the “capable of
repetition, yet evading review” exception in the context of a case involving the
proper role of a guardian ad litem in custody matters. 441 S.W.3d at 96-97.
However, the question became moot while on appeal because the child at the
heart of the dispute turned eighteen years old. Id. at 97. This Court decided
against applying the exception on “capable of repetition” grounds because
although the child’s case “expired before it could be fully litigated, there [was]
every reason to expect that other cases raising the same questions . . . be fully
litigated.” Id. at 100–01.4
In reaching its conclusion, the Morgan court distinguished the plaintiffs
in Lexington Herald-Leader Co., Inc. v. Meigs, in which this Court applied the
“capable of repetition” exception. 660 S.W.2d 658 (Ky. 1983). Meigs involved a
circuit court’s decision to deny the press access during voir dire of a high
profile criminal case. Id. Although several newspapers brought suit
challenging the court order, the issue quickly became moot because voir dire
predictably completed well before a reviewing court was able to rule on the
issue. Id. at 660. The Meigs court reasoned that invoking the “capable of
repetition” exception was appropriate because voir dire typically concluded in a
4 The Court ultimately invoked the “public interest” exception to mootness.
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matter of days and a reasonable certainty exists that the circumstance would
occur again because the press is often interested in judicial proceedings and
has a constitutionally-recognized “right of access” to be in attendance during a
criminal trial. Id. at 661.
We are persuaded here, as we were in Morgan, that a meaningful
difference exists between issues whose shelf life may be measured in days and
those which are most often measured in months and years. Given that KRS
533.060(2) concerns felonies, which often carry stiff penalties and significant
periods of incarceration, we can reasonably expect that future litigants will
have an opportunity to bring this matter to the Court’s attention in a live
controversy. Consequently, this case does not satisfy our “capable of
repetition, yet evading review” standard.
To apply the “public interest” exception to mootness the reviewing court
must find three elements present: (1) a question involving a public nature; (2) a
need for an authoritative determination for the future guidance of public
officers; and (3) a likelihood of future reoccurrence of the question. Morgan,
441 S.W.3d at 102 (citing In re Alfred H.H., 910 N.E.2d 74, 80 (Ill. 2009)); see
also Jones v. Bailey, 576 S.W.3d 128, 135 (Ky. 2019). We are satisfied that the
first and third elements are met in this case because KRS 533.040(3) and KRS
533.060(2) concern loss of freedom, often for significant period of time, and
directly implicate the Commonwealth’s relationship to its citizens. See, e.g.,
Jones, 576 S.W.3d at 135 (determining that “procedural due process pertaining
to the revocation of conditional freedom” was a matter of public interest);
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Muhammad v. Kentucky Parole Bd., 468 S.W.3d 331, 338-39 (Ky. 2015)
(deciding that guilty pleas and plea bargains are matters of “utmost public
importance[]” and likely to recur).
However, as we made clear in Morgan, the public interest exception must
not only involve public questions and be capable of repetition. We must be
vigilant and use our discretion only when a demonstrated need justifies a
ruling from this Court. Otherwise, the public interest “exception ‘would be so
broad as to virtually eliminate the notion of mootness.’” 441 S.W.3d at 102
(quoting In re Alfred, 910 N.E.2d at 81). Consequently, we have carefully
cabined our review for instance to matters of first impression, such as
Lehmann v. Gibson, wherein this Court invoked the “public interest” exception
to answer the entirely novel question of staying civil discovery until related
criminal prosecutions are concluded. 482 S.W.3d 375, 382 (Ky. 2016); see also
Shinkle v. Turner, 496 S.W.3d 418, 420 (Ky. 2016) (reviewing century old case
law regarding landlord-tenant forcible entry and detainer which was “ill-suited”
to modern realities).
No dearth of precedent fails to address the interplay between KRS
533.040(3) and KRS 533.060(2) which would require the invocation of our
“public interest” exception. In fact, Brewer v. Commonwealth involved identical
factual circumstances and is clearly binding on our Court of Appeals. 922
S.W.2d 380 (Ky. 1996). In 1992, Brewer pled guilty to felony theft charges in
Warren County, for which he was sentenced to one-year’s incarceration and
five years of probation. Id. During his probationary period, Brewer committed
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an additional felony in Barren County. Id. at 381. On January 15, 1993,
Brewer’s probation officer notified the Commonwealth’s Attorney of the Barren
County offense. On May 3, 1993 Brewer pled guilty to the Barren County
felony. Id. The Commonwealth did not move to revoke Brewer’s probation for
his Warren County conviction until May 17, 1993, more than 90 days after
receiving notice of Brewer’s Barren County offense. Id. Subsequently, Brewer’s
counsel asserted that KRS 533.040(3) required that his Warren and Barren
County sentences be run concurrently. This Court disagreed, holding that KRS
533.040(3) and KRS 533.060(2) directly conflicted and that the provision in
KRS 533.060(2) which forbade concurrent sentences for subsequent felonies
controlled. Id. at 381-82.
This Court confirmed Brewer’s central holding in Love v. Commonwealth,
in which we stated,
When a Kentucky state court probationer incurs a new Kentucky
state court felony sentence while on probation, parole, shock
probation or conditional discharge from a Kentucky state court, the
ninety-day window of KRS 533.040(3) does not apply. Instead, in
those situations, KRS 533.060, which mandates consecutive
sentencing for felonies committed while on probation, applies.
334 S.W.3d at 95, n.11.
Moreover, since the Brewer decision, our Court of Appeals has applied
Brewer time and again without incident or confusion. See, e.g., Commonwealth
v. Hines, 2012-CA-002212-MR, 2014 WL 631689, at *2 (Ky. App. Feb. 14,
2014) (stating “[i]n accordance with [Brewer] and [Love], we believe the law is
clear that when a defendant receives a probated sentence in state court and is
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subsequently convicted of another felony, KRS 533.060 is applicable and
mandates consecutive sentences[]”); Pitney v. Commonwealth, 2012-CA-
002043-MR, 2013 WL 6046073 (Ky. App. Nov. 15, 2013) (reiterating Brewer’s
holding that KRS 533.060(2) required consecutive sentences in similar factual
circumstances to the case before us); Dorris v. Kentucky Dep’t of Corrs., 2019-
CA-1223-MR, 2021 WL 840332 (Ky. App. Mar. 5, 2021) (echoing that Brewer
controls when individuals commit a subsequent felony while on parole or
probation).
Finally, we note that in 2011 the General Assembly directly addressed
KRS Chapter 533 in House Bill 463 but did not change the operative language
at issue in this case. 2011 Ky. Acts ch. 4. As we stated in Rye v. Weasel, “a
strong implication [exists] that the legislature agrees with a prior court
interpretation of its statute when it does not amend the statute interpreted.”
934 S.W.2d 257, 262 (Ky. 1996) (citation omitted). The consistent application
of Brewer by the lower courts and the legislature’s inaction with regards to KRS
533.040(3) and KRS 533.060(2) clearly indicate that no additional guidance
from this Court is needed at this time. Because the “public interest” exception
is likewise inapplicable to this case, we must dismiss the matter as moot.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the Court of Appeals opinion, and
hereby order this matter is dismissed as moot.
All sitting. Minton, C.J.; Conley, Keller, Lambert, and Nickell, JJ.,
concur. Hughes, J., concurs in result only.
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COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:
Daniel J. Cameron
Attorney General of Kentucky
James Daryl Havey
Assistant Attorney General
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
Steven Nathan Goens
Assistant Public Advocate
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