Garry Baker Jr v. Commonwealth of Kentucky ( 2021 )


Menu:
  •                      RENDERED: AUGUST 20, 2021; 10:00 A.M.
    NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
    Commonwealth of Kentucky
    Court of Appeals
    NO. 2020-CA-0618-MR
    GARRY BAKER, JR.                                                  APPELLANT
    APPEAL FROM BELL CIRCUIT COURT
    v.                 HONORABLE ROBERT V. COSTANZO, JUDGE
    ACTION NO. 14-CR-00066
    COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                            APPELLEE
    OPINION
    AFFIRMING
    ** ** ** ** **
    BEFORE: COMBS, JONES, AND McNEILL, JUDGES.
    JONES, JUDGE: Garry Baker, Jr., appeals from the Bell Circuit Court’s order
    denying his motion to vacate his sentence pursuant to RCr1 11.42. After a
    thorough review of the record, we affirm.
    1
    Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure.
    I. BACKGROUND
    On the evening of February 13, 2014, Baker was playing cards at his
    home with his adult sons Joshua Baker (Joshua) and Garry Baker, III (Garry III),
    as well as Garry III’s son, Allen. Sandra Davis, a longtime girlfriend of Baker’s,
    was also present. Eventually, Garry III and Allen left for their home, which was
    next door to Baker’s residence. After the two left, Baker and Joshua began an
    argument which escalated to a physical confrontation. The conflict concluded
    when Baker stabbed Joshua in the chest with a kitchen knife. At some point during
    the altercation, Sandra ran to Garry III’s home to get help. When police arrived at
    the scene, they found Joshua’s body on the floor of the living room and Garry III
    frantically trying to aid his brother. Police also saw Baker sitting in his armchair,
    with the kitchen knife on the floor at his feet. Emergency medical personnel
    determined that Joshua was dead at the scene, and Baker was arrested and charged
    with murder.
    During Baker’s trial, the Commonwealth presented testimony from
    the investigating officers, first responders, the coroner, the medical examiner,
    Garry III, Garry III’s wife, and Allen. The Commonwealth also presented
    testimony from Sandra Davis, the only person other than Baker and Joshua present
    at the time of the incident. Sandra has some speech difficulty and an unspecified
    learning disability. In her testimony, Sandra said she heard the two engage in an
    -2-
    argument in which Joshua told Baker he was a “bad daddy.” She testified she then
    saw Baker pick up and begin “swinging” the knife. She stated she did not actually
    witness Baker stab Joshua because she ran to get help. When she came back,
    Joshua was on the floor. During both direct questioning and on cross-examination,
    Sandra admitted to giving two different accounts of the incident to police during
    their investigation. In essence, Sandra’s first statement inculpated Baker, while her
    second statement recanted the first. She further admitted that she lied in portions
    of both previous accounts to police, and she was instructed to do so by Baker’s
    mother, who was deceased at the time of the trial.
    Baker testified in his own defense, admitting that he stabbed Joshua
    but insisting he did so as a matter of self-protection. Baker claimed Joshua shoved
    him to the ground and threatened to kill him with his bare hands. Baker’s
    attorneys also performed a physical demonstration of how the struggle occurred,
    while Baker described how Joshua had been choking him. However, police
    investigators testified there was no evidence of a struggle at Baker’s home other
    than the single stab wound on the victim, and Baker did not show signs of having
    been beaten or choked after the incident.
    The jury found Baker guilty of wanton murder2 and fixed his sentence
    at twenty-four-years’ imprisonment. On August 21, 2015, the trial court entered its
    2
    Kentucky Revised Statute (KRS) 507.020(1)(b).
    -3-
    final judgment and sentence in accord with the jury’s recommendation. Baker
    filed a notice of appeal to the Kentucky Supreme Court from the conviction, but he
    moved to dismiss his direct appeal for reasons not disclosed by the record. The
    Kentucky Supreme Court granted Baker’s motion to dismiss.3 Then, in February
    2017, Baker filed a pro se motion to vacate his sentence pursuant to RCr 11.42.
    The trial court denied the motion on grounds that Baker had failed to verify the
    memorandum containing his arguments.
    Baker subsequently refiled his RCr 11.42 motion, this time with the
    proper verification, in which he asserted several claims of ineffective assistance of
    counsel. On February 11, 2020, the trial court once again denied the motion
    without a hearing. In its order, the trial court found that counsel’s purported errors
    did not prejudice Baker and determined “the Defendant raises some arguable
    points as to counsel’s performance, but none rise [sic] to the level of affording the
    Defendant the extraordinary relief of which [sic] he asks.” (Record (R.) at 239.)
    This appeal followed.
    I. ANALYSIS
    A successful petition for relief under RCr 11.42 based on ineffective
    assistance of counsel must survive the twin prongs of “performance” and
    “prejudice” provided in Strickland v. Washington, 
    466 U.S. 668
    , 
    104 S. Ct. 2052
    ,
    3
    The Kentucky Supreme Court’s order granting dismissal in Baker v. Commonwealth, No.
    2015-SC-000503-MR (Ky. Feb. 12, 2016), may be found on page 83 of the record on appeal.
    -4-
    
    80 L. Ed. 2d 674
     (1984), accord Gall v. Commonwealth, 
    702 S.W.2d 37
     (Ky.
    1985). The “performance” prong of Strickland requires as follows:
    Appellant must show that counsel’s performance was
    deficient. This is done by showing that counsel made
    errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the
    “counsel” guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth
    Amendment, or that counsel’s representation fell below
    an objective standard of reasonableness.
    Parrish v. Commonwealth, 
    272 S.W.3d 161
    , 168 (Ky. 2008) (internal quotation
    marks and citations omitted). The “prejudice” prong requires a showing that
    “counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial
    whose result is reliable.” Commonwealth v. McGorman, 
    489 S.W.3d 731
    , 736
    (Ky. 2016) (quoting Strickland, 
    466 U.S. at 687,
     
    104 S. Ct. at 2064
    ).
    Both Strickland prongs must be met before relief pursuant to RCr
    11.42 may be granted. “Unless a defendant makes both showings, it cannot be said
    that the conviction . . . resulted from a breakdown in the adversary process that
    renders the result unreliable.” Strickland, 
    466 U.S. at 687,
     
    104 S. Ct. at 2064
    .
    This is a very difficult standard to meet. “Surmounting Strickland’s high bar is
    never an easy task.” Padilla v. Kentucky, 
    559 U.S. 356
    , 371, 
    130 S. Ct. 1473
    ,
    1485, 
    176 L. Ed. 2d 284
     (2010). We review counsel’s performance under
    Strickland de novo. McGorman, 489 S.W.3d at 736.
    Baker abandons most of his asserted arguments before the trial court
    and now presents two arguments on appeal. First, he argues his trial counsel was
    -5-
    ineffective for failing to challenge Sandra Davis’s competency as a witness. He
    argues Sandra’s “limitations were apparent during her testimony,” and the
    Commonwealth “pointed out to the court that [she] had mental limitations” when it
    asked for leeway to ask leading questions. (Appellant’s Brief at 6.) Baker also
    asserts Sandra’s testimony was highly prejudicial because she was the only witness
    to the incident and, without her testimony, there was a reasonable probability that
    the jury would have accepted his self-protection defense.
    As a general rule, KRE4 601(a) provides that “[e]very person is
    competent to be a witness except as otherwise provided in these rules or by
    statute.” A witness lacking competency is one who “(1) lacks the capacity to
    accurately perceive the matters about which he proposes to testify; (2) lacks the
    capacity to recall facts; (3) lacks the capacity to express himself so as to be
    understood; and (4) lacks the capacity to understand the obligation to tell the
    truth.” Huddleston v. Commonwealth, 
    542 S.W.3d 237
    , 244 (Ky. 2018) (citing
    KRE 601(b)(1)-(4); J.E. v. Commonwealth, 
    521 S.W.3d 210
    , 214 (Ky. App.
    2017)). “The determination of a witness’s competence to testify falls within the
    discretion of the trial court[,]” and “the burden of rebutting the presumption of
    competency is on the party seeking exclusion of the witness’[s] testimony.”
    Huddleston, 542 S.W.3d at 244 (citations omitted). Finally, “[a]n appellate court
    4
    Kentucky Rules of Evidence.
    -6-
    may consider a trial court’s competency determination from a review of the entire
    record, including the evidence subsequently introduced at trial.” B.B. v.
    Commonwealth, 
    226 S.W.3d 47
    , 49 (Ky. 2007) (citation omitted).
    After reviewing the record, we agree with Baker that Sandra appeared
    to have some intellectual disability. However, we are not convinced that her
    limitations would have led to the trial court’s finding her incompetent to testify,
    even if trial counsel had made the appropriate motion. The requirements for
    witness competency are minimal. In Huddleston, for example, our Supreme Court
    affirmed the trial court when it found a six-year-old child competent to testify
    regarding events he witnessed when he was three years old. 542 S.W.3d at 243-44.
    As succinctly put by Professor Lawson, “findings of incompetence are sure to be
    rare.” ROBERT G. LAWSON, THE KENTUCKY EVIDENCE LAW HANDBOOK § 3.05[1]
    (2003); see also FEDERAL RULES OF EVIDENCE 601, Advisory Committee’s Note
    (“A witness wholly without capacity is difficult to imagine.”).5
    Although Sandra required assistance to testify, in the form of some
    leading questioning by the Commonwealth, there is no indication that she was
    unable to perceive and recollect facts, and there was no indication she did not
    5
    For discussions relating to these principles, see Kelly v. Commonwealth, No. 2004-SC-000786-
    MR, 
    2006 WL 3386636
     (Ky. Nov. 22, 2006); Cardenas v. Commonwealth, No. 2017-CA-
    001904-MR, 
    2019 WL 2323746
     (Ky. App. May 31, 2019). We do not cite these unpublished
    cases as authority but only for consideration pursuant to Kentucky Rule of Civil Procedure (CR)
    76.28(4)(c).
    -7-
    understand her obligation to tell the truth. Indeed, she expressed regret for stating
    her previous falsehoods to the police. Based on these factors, it is highly unlikely a
    motion to disqualify Sandra’s testimony on the basis of competence would have
    succeeded. Accordingly, pursuant to the first prong of Strickland, we do not
    consider trial counsel’s failure to move to disqualify Sandra’s testimony
    constituted defective performance.
    In addition, Sandra’s testimony did not prejudice Baker under
    Strickland’s second prong. Sandra’s testimony on the stand was that she did not
    actually see Baker stab his son. When confronted about her previous statements,
    Sandra admitted to lying to police on multiple occasions prior to trial. Despite
    Baker’s assertions regarding its prejudicial effect, we deem Sandra’s testimony to
    have been equivocal at best. Her admitted tendency to prevaricate in her previous
    sworn statements effectively limited the impact of her testimony on the jury.
    “[C]ounsel is constitutionally ineffective only if performance below professional
    standards caused the defendant to lose what he otherwise would probably have
    won.” Brown v. Commonwealth, 
    253 S.W.3d 490
    , 499 (Ky. 2008) (citations
    omitted). We discern no grounds for ineffective assistance of trial counsel under
    either prong of Strickland.
    In his second argument on appeal, Baker contends he suffered
    ineffective assistance of appellate counsel (IAAC) when he moved to dismiss
    -8-
    Baker’s matter-of-right appeal to the Kentucky Supreme Court. For an IAAC
    claim to succeed,
    the defendant must establish that counsel’s performance
    was deficient, overcoming a strong presumption that
    appellate counsel’s choice of issues to present to the
    appellate court was a reasonable exercise of appellate
    strategy. . . . [T]he defendant must also establish that he
    or she was prejudiced by the deficient performance,
    which, as noted, requires a showing that absent counsel’s
    deficient performance there is a reasonable probability
    that the appeal would have succeeded.
    Hollon v. Commonwealth, 
    334 S.W.3d 431
    , 436-37 (Ky. 2010).
    Baker’s IAAC claim cannot succeed for multiple reasons. In his brief,
    Baker contends Sandra’s competence to testify as a witness is an issue which
    appellate counsel should have raised on direct appeal. However, in his pro se RCr
    11.42 motion to the trial court, Baker did not make this argument. Instead, he
    asserted his trial counsel was so ineffective, and suffered so many failures of
    memory, that appellate counsel should have been able to identify appropriate
    grounds for error. (R. at 210.) This vague assertion violated RCr 11.42, which
    requires the movant to “state specifically the grounds on which the sentence is
    being challenged and the facts on which the movant relies in support of such
    grounds.” Roach v. Commonwealth, 
    384 S.W.3d 131
    , 140 (Ky. 2012) (quoting
    RCr 11.42(2)). Failure to do so “warrant[s] a summary dismissal of the motion.”
    
    Id.
    -9-
    Furthermore, the disparity between the IAAC claim raised before the
    trial court and the claim raised before us on appeal means this claim is not properly
    preserved for our review. “Our jurisprudence will not permit an appellant to feed
    one kettle of fish to the trial judge and another to the appellate court.” Owens v.
    Commonwealth, 
    512 S.W.3d 1
    , 15 (Ky. App. 2017) (footnote omitted). We may
    not review grounds raised for the first time on appeal. “The Court of Appeals is
    without authority to review issues not raised in or decided by the trial court.”
    Regional Jail Authority v. Tackett, 
    770 S.W.2d 225
    , 228 (Ky. 1989). Even if we
    could review the IAAC issue as raised in Baker’s brief, however, we deem the
    issue contesting Sandra’s competency to testify would not have succeeded on
    direct appeal for the aforementioned reasons.
    II. CONCLUSION
    For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Bell Circuit Court’s order
    denying relief under RCr 11.42.
    ALL CONCUR.
    BRIEF FOR APPELLANT:                      BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
    Andrea Reed                               Daniel Cameron
    Frankfort, Kentucky                       Attorney General of Kentucky
    Ken W. Riggs
    Assistant Attorney General
    Frankfort, Kentucky
    -10-
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 2020 CA 000618

Filed Date: 8/19/2021

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 8/27/2021