Ronald C. Fairchild v. Commonwealth of Kentucky ( 2020 )

RENDERED: AUGUST 14, 2020; 10:00 A.M.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky
Court of Appeals
NO. 2018-CA-000932-MR
RONALD C. FAIRCHILD APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM ROWAN CIRCUIT COURT
v. HONORABLE WILLIAM E. LANE, JUDGE
ACTION NO. 12-CR-00238
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
OPINION
AFFIRMING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE; ACREE AND TAYLOR, JUDGES.
ACREE, JUDGE: Ronald Fairchild appeals the Rowan Circuit Court’s February
13, 2018 order denying his RCr1 11.42 motion for post-conviction relief alleging
ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel. Finding no error, we affirm.
1
Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure.
BACKGROUND
Donald Walker and his girlfriend, Marlene Mauk, were killed during a
robbery at Walker’s trailer in Fleming County, Kentucky. Six years after the
bodies were discovered, investigators charged and arrested two individuals in
Ohio. Those two suspects, Jason Jackson and Rodney Dodson, quickly gave
statements implicating Fairchild, who was then arrested and charged.
During the investigation, police discovered Walker was not liked by
these three individuals. Jackson, Dodson, and Fairchild discovered Walker was
working as a Kentucky State Police informant and had allegations of sexual assault
and attempted baby buying – all of which did not sit well with Fairchild. Jackson,
Dodson, and Fairchild discussed robbing Walker. Ultimately, all three men went
to Walker’s home, wanting him to accompany them to Ohio to purchase more
marijuana because they were low on cash. Walker declined. At this point,
Fairchild allegedly shot Walker and Mauk, then stole an envelope full of cash.2
After hearing the evidence, the jury found Fairchild guilty of two
counts of complicity to commit murder, one count of robbery, and one count of
burglary. He was sentenced to twenty-seven and one-half years for each murder,
fifteen years for robbery, and fifteen years for burglary – all to run concurrently.
The Kentucky Supreme Court affirmed his conviction. See Fairchild v.
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The various defendants told differing stories as to who was the actual gunman.
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Commonwealth, No. 2013-SC-000024-MR, 2015 WL 4967150 (Ky. Aug. 20,
2015).
After the Kentucky Supreme Court rendered its decision, Fairchild,
pro se, filed an RCr 11.42 motion to vacate for ineffective assistance of counsel.
The trial court denied the motion and his request for a hearing. This appeal
followed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Every defendant is entitled to reasonably effective, but not necessarily
errorless, counsel. Fegley v. Commonwealth, 337 S.W.3d 657, 659 (Ky. App.
2011). In evaluating a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, we apply the
familiar “deficient-performance plus prejudice” standard first articulated in
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 689, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2065, 80 L. Ed. 2d
674 (1984).
Under this standard, the movant must first prove his counsel’s
performance was deficient. Id. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064. To establish deficient
performance, the movant must show that counsel’s representation “fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness” such that “counsel was not functioning as the
‘counsel’ guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment[.]” Commonwealth v. Tamme, 83
S.W.3d 465, 469 (Ky. 2002); Commonwealth v. Elza, 284 S.W.3d 118, 120-21
(Ky. 2009).
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Second, the movant must prove that counsel’s “deficient performance
prejudiced the defense.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064. To
establish prejudice, the movant must demonstrate “there is a reasonable probability
that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would
have been different.” Id. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068.
As a general matter, we recognize “that counsel is strongly presumed
to have rendered adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the
exercise of reasonable professional judgment.” Id. at 690, 104 S. Ct. at 2066. For
that reason, “[j]udicial scrutiny of counsel’s performance [is] highly deferential.”
Id. at 689, 104 S. Ct. at 2065. We must make every effort “to eliminate the
distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s
challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel’s perspective at the
time.” Id.
ANALYSIS
Fairchild suggests multiple instances of ineffective assistance of
counsel in both the trial and appellate courts. He also argues the trial court erred
when it denied his motion without first conducting an evidentiary hearing.
Not every claim of ineffective assistance merits an evidentiary
hearing. Nor is an RCr 11.42 movant automatically entitled to one. See Stanford
v. Commonwealth, 854 S.W.2d 742, 743 (Ky. 1993). The trial court need only
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conduct an evidentiary hearing “if there is a material issue of fact that cannot be
conclusively resolved, i.e., conclusively proved or disproved, by an examination of
the record.” Fraser v. Commonwealth, 59 S.W.3d 448, 452 (Ky. 2001) (citations
omitted); RCr 11.42(5). An evidentiary hearing is unnecessary when the record
refutes the claims of error or when the allegations, even if true, would not be
sufficient to invalidate the conviction. Harper v. Commonwealth, 978 S.W.2d 311,
314 (Ky. 1998). If an evidentiary hearing is mandated, then the trial court shall
appoint counsel to represent an indigent defendant. RCr 11.42(5).
In this case, as explained below, the claims raised by Fairchild are
either refuted by the record or are insufficient to justify relief under Strickland. An
evidentiary hearing was not warranted.
Trial Counsel Ineffectiveness
First, Fairchild contends trial counsel was ineffective for referencing
his polygraph in counsel’s opening statement, which led to the introduction of his
“negative” (failing) results. During opening statements, Fairchild’s counsel chose
to refer to the polygraph examination as a sham to bulldoze Fairchild into
admitting a role in the murders. This defense is permissible. Rogers v.
Commonwealth, 86 S.W.3d 29, 38 (Ky. 2002).
Because trial counsel used the polygraph in opening statements, the
trial judge allowed the recording of the polygraph to be heard, in its entirety,
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during the hearing. This opened the door for trial counsel to attack the
examination as a sham used to coerce a confession. Trial counsel elicited
testimony from three different experts about the risks of obtaining a false
confession, the proper conduct of a polygraph examination, and the unreliableness
of recognized methods. This was a trial strategy, and Fairchild fails to offer a
sounder strategy to combat his own statements to police.
Nonetheless, the polygraph, in and of itself, did not harm Fairchild.
He continuously made contradicting statements to police. Eventually, his
statements put him in the trailer, alongside Jackson and Dodson, with knowledge
of impending criminal acts. He also received cash from the crime. Given the
evidence – including his own statements – the jury’s verdict of complicity to
murder was the best possible outcome for him. He fails to satisfy the Strickland
elements. He did not demonstrate how his counsel was “deficient” or how he was
“prejudiced” by this deficiency.
Second, Fairchild argues that trial counsel’s failure to preserve a juror
selection issue is ineffective assistance of counsel. Fairchild wished to strike five
jurors for cause and counsel used peremptory strikes to remove them. However,
counsel tendered to the court additional jurors Fairchild wanted to strike, but only
after jury selection. He claims his trial counsel did not preserve the issue
appropriately under Gabbard v. Commonwealth, 297 S.W.3d 844 (Ky. 2009).
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Gabbard requires that “the defendant must identify on his strike sheet any
additional jurors he would have struck” to preserve an error alleging deprivation of
a peremptory challenge through the trial court’s erroneous failure to strike a juror
for cause. Id. at 854. This is true; yet, it does not apply to the post-conviction
relief Fairchild seeks. Fairchild must identify how he was prejudiced by this
erroneous preservation. Specifically, he must show how the presence of the jurors
he wished to dismiss impaired the fairness of his proceedings. Without this
specificity, we cannot conclude Fairchild’s trial counsel was ineffective.
Third, Fairchild argues his trial counsel failed to object to
introductions of statements that had a prejudicial/inflammatory effect. On his
direct appeal to the Kentucky Supreme Court, the Court found all statements
relevant, in that “[i]t is plain to see that Fairchild’s incriminating statement makes
a fact of consequence – he being the gunman in the murders of Walker and Mauk –
more probable than it is without that evidence.” Fairchild, 2015 WL 4967150, at
*12. It held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding the statements
reliable, and even if they were inadmissible, the error was harmless because the
jury only found he was complicit. Id.
Additionally, although this testimony was objectionable, trial counsel
may well have refrained from objecting as a matter of trial strategy, to avoid
bringing additional attention to the statement. Furthermore, even if counsel simply
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erred in not objecting to this testimony, we cannot say that this one deficiency
negated what was otherwise competent representation, or that there would be any
likelihood that the outcome of the trial would have been any different had he
objected. “The critical issue is not whether counsel made errors but whether
counsel was so thoroughly ineffective that defeat was snatched from the hands of
probable victory.” Haight v. Commonwealth, 41 S.W.3d 436, 441 (Ky. 2001),
overruled on other grounds by Leonard v. Commonwealth, 279 S.W.3d 151 (Ky.
2009). Every defendant is entitled to reasonably effective, but not necessarily
errorless, counsel. Fegley, 337 S.W.3d at 659.
Fairchild also blames trial counsel for not putting on sufficient
evidence to warrant a jury instruction on facilitation. A person is guilty of criminal
facilitation when, by “acting with knowledge that another person is committing or
intends to commit a crime, he engages in conduct which knowingly provides such
person with means or opportunity for the commission of the crime and which in
fact aids such person to commit the crime.” KRS3 506.080. According to the
Kentucky Supreme Court’s opinion on Fairchild’s direct appeal, he failed to
provide evidence he provided the “means and opportunity” to commit the crime.
Fairchild, 2015 WL 4967150, at *13 (“Fairchild has not met this burden,
particularly concerning the ‘means or opportunity’ element.”).
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Kentucky Revised Statutes.
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On this appeal, Fairchild still does not provide evidence to satisfy this
element of criminal facilitation. Fairchild offers no evidence his trial counsel was
ineffective as that standard is set out in Strickland.
Appellate Counsel Ineffectiveness
Next, Fairchild argues he received ineffective assistance of appellate
counsel because counsel, on direct appeal, failed to raise a claim that his conviction
was based on his coerced statement to police. See id. at *3-*5. In Hollon v.
Commonwealth, 334 S.W.3d 431, 436 (Ky. 2010), our Supreme Court recognized
that criminal defendants are entitled to effective assistance of appellate counsel.
Should appellate counsel wholly fail in this endeavor in the appellate court,
criminal defendants may pursue a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate
counsel.
We evaluate the effectiveness of appellate counsel’s representation
under Strickland’s performance and prejudice standard. Id. Appellate counsel’s
failure to raise a particular issue on direct appeal may constitute deficient
performance, but petitioners who allege their appellate counsel’s deficiency must
overcome the “strong presumption that [their counsel’s] choice of issues to present
[on appeal] was a reasonable exercise of appellate strategy.” Id. To overcome this
strong presumption, Fairchild must show that the omitted issue was a “clearly
stronger” issue than those presented. Id. Prejudice must derive from counsel’s
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omission, and so we ask whether “absent counsel’s [omission,] there is a
reasonable probability that the appeal would have succeeded.” Id. at 437.
Fairchild is unable to overcome these hurdles.
Fairchild’s counsel did not fail to raise this issue. The Supreme Court
fully addressed it in the opinion it rendered in his direct appeal. Fairchild, 2015
WL 4967150, at *3-*5. Rather, Fairchild argues his appellate counsel was
ineffective in the manner in which he argued the case on appeal because he failed
to reference specific claims of coercion during his police interrogation. This
argument fails first because the Supreme Court made it clear that “IAAC claims
will not be premised on inartful arguments or missed case citations; rather counsel
must have omitted completely an issue that should have been presented on direct
appeal.” Hollon, 334 S.W.3d at 437. Furthermore, the argument fails because, as
the Supreme Court said in his direct appeal, the record contains nothing of this
alleged coercion except “Fairchild’s bare allegations . . . .” Fairchild, 2015 WL
4967150, at *5. Both are reasons for denying his RCr 11.42 motion.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the Rowan Circuit Court’s February 13, 2018 order
denying Fairchild’s RCr 11.42 motion for post-conviction relief alleging
ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel.
ALL CONCUR.
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BRIEF FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
Ronald C. Fairchild, pro se Andy Beshear
LaGrange, Kentucky Attorney General of Kentucky
James Havey
Assistant Attorney General
Frankfort, Kentucky
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