Michael Harper v. Commonwealth of Kentucky ( 2020 )

RENDERED: SEPTEMBER 25, 2020; 10:00 A.M.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky
Court of Appeals
NO. 2019-CA-1410-MR
MICHAEL HARPER APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM KENTON CIRCUIT COURT
v. HONORABLE GREGORY M. BARTLETT, JUDGE
ACTION NO. 18-CR-01442
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY APPELLEE
OPINION
AFFIRMING
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BEFORE: GOODWINE, K. THOMPSON, AND L. THOMPSON, JUDGES.
THOMPSON, L., JUDGE: Michael Harper appeals from his conviction of
possession of a handgun by a convicted felon1 and of being a first-degree persistent
felony offender.2 Appellant argues that the trial court erred by allowing irrelevant
1
Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) 527.040.
2
KRS 532.080(3).
and highly prejudicial testimony during trial and that the Commonwealth made
improper statements during the closing argument of the penalty phase. Finding no
error, we affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On October 1, 2018, Appellant went to a business called Kentucky
Tire. Kentucky Tire was owned by Eric Mitchell. Tim Kimbrough was an
employee of Kentucky Tire and was the paramour of Appellant’s ex-girlfriend,
Ryane Johnson. Appellant and Ms. Johnson had a child together. Ms. Johnson,
Mr. Kimbrough, and the minor child were all living together. Appellant went to
Kentucky Tire with a gun and began threatening Mr. Kimbrough and Mr. Mitchell.
Appellant had been having arguments with Ms. Johnson and Mr. Kimbrough over
the raising of the minor child and this is presumably what caused the altercation.
Appellant eventually left the store, and Mr. Mitchell called the police. Appellant
was swiftly located and apprehended; however, no gun was on his person when he
was arrested. A gun was found nearby the location of his arrest and in an area a
witness witnessed him leaving.
Appellant was indicted for being a felon in possession of a firearm
and for being a first-degree persistent felony offender. After a jury trial, Appellant
was found guilty of these charges and sentenced to eighteen years in prison. This
appeal followed.
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ARGUMENTS AND ANALYSIS
Appellant’s first argument on appeal is that the trial court erred in
allowing irrelevant and prejudicial testimony. Specifically, Appellant takes issue
with the following testimony: Mr. Mitchell stated that he was scared that
Appellant would fire the gun Appellant was pointing at him; Mr. Kimbrough
testified that Appellant threatened to shoot him; Mr. Kimbrough testified that his
relationship with Appellant was strained because they disagreed on how to
discipline the minor child; and Ms. Johnson testified that Appellant and Mr.
Kimbrough had disagreements about the child. Appellant claims this evidence was
irrelevant because it did not go to show that he was in possession of a firearm and
was highly prejudicial. Appellant equates this testimony with prior bad acts
evidence prohibited by Kentucky Rules of Evidence (KRE) 404(b).
We disagree with Appellant and conclude that this testimony was
proper. The testimony of Mr. Mitchell and Mr. Kimbrough was a description of
what happened the day in question. Ms. Johnson’s testimony helped explain why
Appellant might have possessed the gun.
One of the accepted bases for the admissibility of
evidence of other crimes arises when such evidence
furnishes part of the context of the crime or is necessary
to a full presentation of the case, or is so intimately
connected with and explanatory of the crime charged
against the defendant and is so much a part of the setting
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of the case and its environment that its proof is
appropriate in order to complete the story of the crime on
trial by proving its immediate context or the res gestae or
the uncharged offense is so linked together in point of
time and circumstances with the crime charged that one
cannot be fully shown without proving the other . . . [and
is thus] part of the res gestae of the crime charged.
Webb v. Commonwealth, 387 S.W.3d 319, 326 (Ky. 2012) (internal quotation
marks and citations omitted).
Here, what occurred at Kentucky Tire and why Appellant was angry
with Mr. Kimbrough were relevant to the circumstances of the crime and were
required to present a full presentation of the case. This testimony was especially
relevant because of Appellant’s defense. At trial, Appellant’s defense was that the
witnesses who stated they saw Appellant in possession of the firearm were lying
because of the issues surrounding the child, and they were trying to frame
Appellant. In addition, during opening argument, Appellant’s counsel mentioned
the disagreements regarding the raising of the child. The reasons why he had the
gun and what he did with the gun were relevant to helping prove that he, in fact,
did have the gun. There was no error in allowing the testimony of Mr. Mitchell,
Mr. Kimbrough, or Ms. Johnson, and this testimony was not overly prejudicial.
Appellant’s second argument is that the prosecution made an
improper statement during the closing argument of the penalty phase. During the
Commonwealth’s closing argument in the penalty phase of the trial, the prosecutor
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stated: “Ladies and gentlemen, I’m going to ask you to send a message to all the
other career criminals . . . .” At this point, the defense objected, and the objection
was sustained. A bench conference ensued where the Commonwealth introduced
the case of Little v. Commonwealth, 553 S.W.3d 220 (Ky. 2018). Little held that a
“send a message” argument during the closing argument of the penalty phase is
permissible so long as it is limited to discussing the deterrence of other criminals.
Little also cited to Cantrell v. Commonwealth, 288 S.W.3d 291 (Ky. 2009), which
held similarly.
After reading Little, the trial judge changed his mind and allowed the
Commonwealth to make its “send a message” argument. The prosecutor went on
to say: “Send a message to the career criminals to stay out of Kenton County and
quit committing crimes.” At the end of the Commonwealth’s closing argument,
defense counsel moved for a mistrial, but that motion was denied.
We conclude that the Commonwealth did not err in making the “send
a message” statements. Little and Cantrell are on point. The Commonwealth’s
“send a message” argument occurred in the penalty phase and focused on
deterrence; therefore, there was no error.3
3
Little and Cantrell reiterated that the “send a message” argument could not be made during the
guilt phase, only during the penalty phase.
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CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, we find no error and affirm the judgment of
the trial court.
GOODWINE, JUDGE, CONCURS.
THOMPSON, K., JUDGE, CONCURS IN PART, DISSENTS IN
PART, AND FILES SEPARATE OPINION.
THOMPSON, K., JUDGE, CONCURRING IN PART AND
DISSENTING IN PART: I respectfully concur in part and dissent in part. I agree
with the majority opinion that it was appropriate for the trial court to allow
testimony from witnesses about Michael Harper threatening them with his gun. In
the context of the guilt phase this was not prejudicial. However, I disagree about
the majority opinion’s resolution on the “send a message” issue.
Harper argues that considered in light of the evidence permitted
during the guilt phase, the prosecution’s “send a message” argument was not
focused on deterrence but rather on getting the jury to punish Harper for
threatening to shoot one witness and scaring another that he might be shot, thus
putting community pressure on the jury’s decision. I agree with Harper that given
this testimony, the trial court erred in permitting the particular “send a message”
argument offered, where Harper made a contemporaneous objection.
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The majority opinion devotes very little space to exploring Harper’s
argument, primarily relying upon Little v. Commonwealth, 553 S.W.3d 220 (Ky.
2018), which is not on point but was the basis for the trial court’s ruling. Little was
examining an unpreserved “send a message” closing argument. As the standard for
establishing palpable error is far different from reviewing a preserved error, Little
should not be relied upon to justify the outcome here.
Although the majority opinion does cite to Cantrell v.
Commonwealth, 288 S.W.3d 291 (Ky. 2009), which involved a preserved error, it
does not examine this precedent. In Cantrell, the Kentucky Supreme Court
departed from its earlier view as expressed in Brewer v. Commonwealth, 206
S.W.3d 343, 351 (Ky. 2006), that a prosecutor’s “exhortation to [the] jury to ‘send
a message’ to the community [is] improper.” It clarified that “comment on the
deterrent effect of a sentence has been held proper[]” and that “[d]eterrence is
clearly not intended for [the] defendant alone, but rather his sentence sends the
message to all others so inclined that their crimes will be punished, and that a jury
made up of local citizens will not tolerate such offenses.” Cantrell, 288 S.W.3d at
298-99.
However, the Cantrell decision did not give prosecutors free reign to
urge juries to “send a message” in any penalty phase in any manner desired,
explaining that such comments are not prejudicial only “so long as the jury is well
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aware that it is sentencing the particular defendant before it—with his or her good
points and bad—on the crime for which he or she has been convicted,” and “[a]ny
effort by the prosecutor in his closing argument to shame jurors or attempt to put
community pressure on jurors’ decisions is strictly prohibited.” Id. at 299.
Each case needs to be considered on its own merits. We must
consider “the overall trial and the context in which the comments in question were
made[.]” Brewer, 206 S.W.3d at 351.
In Cantrell, the prosecutor’s argument homed in on the case being the
first prosecution for manufacture of methamphetamine in the county, and the focus
was on deterring that particular crime from that county with a harsher sentence.
Here, in contrast, Harper committed the more ordinary crime of being a felon in
possession of a handgun, and the jury was exhorted generally to send a message to
“career criminals” to “quit committing crimes.”
The leeway permitted to the prosecution in establishing Harper’s guilt
merited a stricter observation of the proper bounds of a “send a message” argument
during the penalty phase. Because the jury received information that Harper
committed additional uncharged crimes,4 the prosecutor’s exhortation pressured
the jury to punish Harper not just for his specific crime, but for his additional
4
The additional charge against Harper for terroristic threatening was severed for a separate trial.
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uncharged crimes. This cannot be tolerated and merits reversal of his sentence for
a new penalty phase.
Accordingly, I concur in part and dissent in part.
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT: BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
Julia K. Pearson Daniel Cameron
Frankfort, Kentucky Attorney General of Kentucky
Lauren Lewis
Assistant Attorney General
Frankfort, Kentucky
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