State of Louisiana v. Avery Julien ( 2017 )

Supreme Court of Louisiana
FOR IMMEDIATE NEWS RELEASE NEWS RELEASE #050
FROM: CLERK OF SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA
The Opinions handed down on the 18th day of October, 2017, are as follows:
BY JOHNSON, C.J.:
2017-KK-0557 STATE OF LOUISIANA v. AVERY JULIEN (Parish of Orleans)
Having found the search in this case did not comply with the
requirements of Article 895(A)(13)(a), we further hold the search
constituted an unreasonable search and invasion of Mr. Julien’s
privacy under Article I, §5 of the Louisiana Constitution for the
same reasons assigned this day in State v. Brignac, 17-448 (La. -
-/--/17), -- So. 3d. --. Thus, the evidence is properly excluded,
and the district court correctly granted defendant’s motion to
suppress the evidence. See La. C.Cr. P. art. 703(C).
AFFIRMED AND REMANDED TO THE DISTRICT COURT FOR FURTHER
PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION.
GUIDRY, J., concurs in the result.
CRICHTON, J., concurs and assigns reasons.
10/18/17
SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA
No. 2017-KK-0557
STATE OF LOUISIANA
VERSUS
AVERY JULIEN
ON SUPERVISORY WRITS TO THE CRIMINAL DISTRICT
COURT FOR THE PARISH OF ORLEANS
JOHNSON, Chief Justice
The underlying issue in this case concerns the reasonableness of a warrantless
search of a probationer’s residence conducted by a multi-agency law enforcement
task force. Specifically, we are called upon to determine whether the search violated
Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure Article 895(A)(13)(a), which provides as a
condition of probation that the defendant agree “to searches of … his place of
residence … at any time, by the probation officer … assigned to him, with or without
a warrant … when the probation officer … has reasonable suspicion to believe that the
person who is on probation is engaged in or has been engaged in criminal activity.”
After review of the law and record, and considering the arguments of the
parties, we hold that the warrantless search of defendant’s residence violated the
provisions of Article 895(A)(13)(a) because the search was not conducted by the
probation officer assigned to him. We further find that violation of this statute
constituted an unconstitutional search under Louisiana Constitution Article I, §5,
requiring exclusion of the evidence pursuant to Louisiana Code of Criminal
Procedure Article 703(C). Thus, we affirm the ruling of the district court which
granted defendant’s motion to suppress the evidence.
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FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The charges against defendant, Avery Julien, stem from a warrantless search
of his residence on March 8, 2016. On that date, two officers from the New Orleans
District of the Louisiana Department of Probation and Parole, James Bertrand and
Jason Hardy, conducted a “compliance check” at defendant’s home at 6:00 a.m.
Officers Bertrand and Hardy were accompanied by officers from the New Orleans
Police Department and the United States Marshals Gulf Coast Criminal Fugitive Task
Force. Officer Bertrand testified that the compliance check was conducted in
conjunction with the U.S. Marshals violence reduction operation, “Operation VR12.”
After knocking on the door of Mr. Julien’s residence for a period of time,
someone opened the front door and the officers entered, secured the residence and
were directed to Mr. Julien’s bedroom, where Officers Bertrand and Hardy found Mr.
Julien in bed with a female companion. The officers handcuffed Mr. Julien and the
female and escorted them from the room. Then, while conducting a “protective sweep
to make sure that there were no other individuals in the room,” Officer Bertrand saw
a live nine-millimeter round of ammunition on the windowsill. Upon locating the
ammunition, the officers deemed they possessed “enough reasonable suspicion to
conduct a search.” Officer Hardy discovered a firearm in the drawer of the nightstand
next to where Mr. Julien was sleeping. The search of the remainder of the residence
yielded a second firearm and accompanying ammunition. Both weapons were
determined to be stolen. Officers Bertrand and Hardy reported their discovery of the
contraband to a U.S. Marshal on the scene, who then took over the investigation.
According to Officer Bertrand’s testimony, neither he nor Officer Hardy were
Mr. Julien’s assigned probation officer. They were conducting compliance checks
throughout the city as part of the Marshals task force and Mr. Julien was put on their
2
list by the probation department.
On April 5, 2016, the State filed a bill of information charging defendant with
possession of a firearm by a convicted felon and illegal possession of a stolen firearm.
Defendant filed various motions, including a motion to suppress the evidence. The
district court held a hearing on November 3, 2016, and granted the motion to
suppress. The district court found the officers who conducted the search did not have
the ability to conduct a warrantless search under Article 895(A)(13)(a), noting the
probation officers involved were not assigned to Mr. Julien’s case.
The court of appeal denied the state’s writ application with reasons. State v.
Julien, 16-1223 (La. App. 4 Cir. 3/15/17), -- So. 3d --. The court explained that while
any probation officer could presumably conduct a compliance check pursuant to La.
C.Cr. P. art. 895(A)(4),1 the agents’ conduct in this case surpassed that contemplated
by law when they entered Mr. Julien’s bedroom and handcuffed both him and his
female companion and escorted them out of the room before viewing the ammunition
on the windowsill. Id. at p. 3. The court noted the state presented no evidence
suggesting reasonable suspicion prior to assembling the law enforcement team to
conduct the compliance check. Id. The court found that given the totality of the
circumstances, the compliance check was unreasonably pretextual. The court
reasoned:
Agents Bertrand and Hardy should not have been in Mr. Julien’s
bedroom and thereby able to view the ammunition in plain sight. The
legality of the search conducted thereafter was vitiated by the fact that
neither Agent Bertrand, nor Hardy was assigned as Mr. Julien’s
probation officer, which triggered La. C.Cr.P. Art. 895(13)(a). Once
implicated, La. C.Cr.P. Art. 895(13)(a) requires that the warrantless
search be conducted by the probation officer assigned to Mr. Julien. It
1
La. C.Cr. P. art. 895(A)(4) provides: “When the court places a defendant on probation, it
shall require the defendant to refrain from criminal conduct and to pay a supervision fee to defray
the costs of probation supervision, and it may impose any specific conditions reasonably related to
his rehabilitation, including any of the following. That the defendant shall: (4) Permit the probation
officer to visit him at his home or elsewhere.”
3
is undisputed that the probation officer assigned to Mr. Julien was not
present.
Id. at p. 4. The court of appeal found the district court did not abuse its discretion in
granting the motion to suppress. Id. at p. 5. Judges Ledet and Dysart concurred in the
writ denial, finding the probation officers’ compliance check crossed the line to a
warrantless probation violations search. As such, the state was required to establish
there was a reasonable suspicion that criminal activity was occurring, but failed to do
so.
On the state’s application, we granted supervisory review and consolidated this
case for argument with State v. Brignac, 17-0448 (La. 5/12/17), 219 So. 3d 1107,
decided in a separate opinion issued contemporaneously with this matter. State v.
Julien, 17-0557 (La. 5/12/17), 219 So. 3d 1107.
DISCUSSION
For the reasons assigned this day in State v. Brignac, 17-448 (La. 10/18/17), --
So. 3d. --, we hold La. C.Cr. P. art. 895(A)(13)(a) requires a warrantless search of a
probationer be conducted by the particular probation officer who is generally and
regularly assigned to a particular probationer. We further hold this is a factual
determination to be made by the district court.
Here, the district court made a finding that the search was not conducted by the
probation officer assigned to Mr. Julien as required by Article 895(A)(13)(a). After
review of the record, we find no error in that ruling. As a general rule, this court
reviews district court rulings under a deferential standard with regard to factual and
other trial determinations, while legal findings are subject to a de novo standard of
review. State v. Hunt, 09-1589 (La. 12/1/09), 25 So. 3d 746, 751. When a district
court makes findings of fact based on the weight of the testimony and the credibility
of the witnesses, a reviewing court owes those findings great deference, and may not
4
overturn those findings unless there is no evidence to support those findings. Id.The only evidence relative to this issue was presented via the testimony of
Officer Bertrand:
Q (State): Agent Bertrand, will you please introduce yourself
for the record, sir?
A (Bertrand): James Bertrand, Louisiana Department of Probation
and Parole, New Orleans District.
***
Q: Agent Bertrand, March the 8th of 2016, were you
working by yourself or with any other probation and
parole officers?
A: I was working with one other probation and parole
officer, Jason Hardy.
Q: Okay. And, what was your assignment on that date?
A: We were with the Marshals, or Operation VR12,
Violence Reduction … We were just doing
compliance checks throughout the city.
Q: Okay. And, an Avery Julien was registered with
Probation and Parole in Orleans Parish?
A: Yes.
***
Q: Were you the assigned officer, or was Hardy?
A: Neither one of us was. He was just put on our list by
the Department.
Officer Bertrand was also questioned directly by the court regarding this issue:
Q (Court): And, this has come up before, and I have to ask. You
quoted 895(A)(13), where you said that someone on
probation and parole subjects himself to a search of
his residence … when the officer has reasonable
suspicion.
A (Bertrand): Yes, sir.
Q: You also testified that you weren’t the probation
officer assigned to the case, nor was your partner?
A: Correct.
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Q: All right. My problem and concern … is that the
statute says … that a probationer agrees to a search
of his person, his property, his place of residence,
his vehicle or his personal effects, or any and all of
them at any time by the probation officer …
assigned to him with [or] without [a] warrant when
the probation officer … has reasonable suspicion to
believe that the person who is on probation … is
engaged or has been engaged in criminal activity.
This is obviously a way around a warrant
requirement, and the statute seems to understand that
and so limits this only to the probation officer
assigned to him.
What legal authority do you, as an agent who is not
assigned to the case but for to go out with U.S.
Marshals, have to conduct a warrantless search?
A: The opinion of the Department as it has always been
explained is that the language had never been
changed but is that they don’t technically belong to
any one officer. They are, you know, they are all
charges of the Department of Corrections, and that’s
the way that it has always been.
***
In granting the motion to suppress, the district court stated:
I’m saying that as I read the statute that they cannot enter the house and
conduct a warrantless search, be it walk into the house in the first place,
unless … the agent that is assigned to the case is there with reasonable
suspicion to believe that a crime is committed, or is being committed, or
has been committed.
***
If you read the case law that exists … it is because they are obviously
making an attempt to make sure that this isn’t used [as] a reach around
or an end around to the warrant requirement. I mean, what the officer
said is, “I am not assigned to this case.” The agent that he was with
wasn’t assigned to this case. He said he was with the U.S. Marshals,
which means that they are conducting something above and beyond an
actual status check, that wouldn’t be with an outside law enforcement
agency if they didn’t have ulterior reasons. And, then, they are just
basically doing an end [around the] warrant requirement by having a
probation officer, regardless of who it is and regardless of whether or
not they are assigned to the case as a means to get into that house
without a warrant.
Based on our review of the record in this case, we find no error in the district court’s
ruling. Given Officer Bertrand’s unequivocal testimony, there is no question neither
6
he nor Officer Hardy was assigned to Mr. Julien within the meaning of Article
895(A)(13)(a). It is clear these probation officers were assigned to conduct
“compliance checks” of probationers as part of a U.S. Marshals task force, and Mr.
Julien was a probationer who happened to be placed on their list. Officer Bertrand’s
testimony also reflects the probation department’s inherent misunderstanding that the
law allows any probation officer to conduct these searches.2
We also reject the state’s contention that this was not a “search,” but merely a
“walk through” inspection during a home visit to confirm defendant’s residence. It
is clear based on the record that the probation officers went to defendant’s residence
as part of a federal violence reduction task force consisting of multiple law
enforcement agencies. The presence of such a task force alone belies any suggestion
that the officers did not intend to conduct a search of Mr. Julien’s residence. The
officers’ actions went far beyond a routine check or inspection to confirm residence
normally conducted by the probation department. Notably, the visit did not end when
the officers located defendant in his residence. Rather, officers handcuffed the
defendant immediately, removed him from the room and then conducted a protective
sweep. Under the facts presented, we find the district court correctly viewed the
officers’ actions as a search governed by La. C.Cr. P. art. 895(A)(13)(a).
Having found the search in this case did not comply with the requirements of
Article 895(A)(13)(a), we further hold the search constituted an unreasonable search
and invasion of Mr. Julien’s privacy under Article I, §5 of the Louisiana Constitution
for the same reasons assigned this day in State v. Brignac, 17-448 (La. 10/18/17), --
So. 3d. --. Thus, the evidence is properly excluded, and the district court correctly
2
Because we have determined the search of Mr. Julien’s residence violated La. C.Cr. P. art.
895(A)(13)(a) on the basis it was not conducted by the probation officer assigned to him, we need
not reach the issue of whether “reasonable suspicion” existed for the search.
7
granted defendant’s motion to suppress the evidence. See La. C.Cr. P. art. 703(C).
DECREE
AFFIRMED AND REMANDED TO THE DISTRICT COURT FOR
FURTHER PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION.
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10/18/17
SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA
No. 2017-KK-0557
STATE OF LOUISIANA
VERSUS
AVERY JULIEN
ON SUPERVISORY WRITS TO THE CRIMINAL DISTRICT
COURT FOR THE PARISH OF ORLEANS
GUIDRY, J., concurs in the result.
10/18/2017
SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA
No. 2017-KK-0557
STATE OF LOUISIANA
VERSUS
AVERY JULIEN
ON SUPERVISORY WRITS TO THE CRIMINAL DISTRICT
COURT FOR THE PARISH OF ORLEANS
CRICHTON, J., concurs and assigns reasons
I concur in majority opinion’s finding in this case for the reasons stated in my
concurrence in State v. Kayla Brignac, 17-0448 (La. 10/18/17), __ So.3d __.