State v. Reyes , 2018 Ohio 1426 ( 2018 )

[Cite as State v. Reyes, 2018-Ohio-1426.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
CLARK COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO :
:
Plaintiff-Appellee : Appellate Case No. 2017-CA-34
:
v. : Trial Court Case No. 13-CR-575A
:
PEDRO A. REYES : (Criminal Appeal from
: Common Pleas Court)
Defendant-Appellant :
:
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OPINION
Rendered on the 13th day of April, 2018.
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ANDREW P. PICKERING, Atty. Reg. No. 0068770, Clark County Prosecutor’s Office,
Appellate Division, 50 E. Columbia Street, 4th Floor, Springfield, Ohio 45501
Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
WILLIAM O. CASS, Atty. Reg. No. 0034517, 135 W. Dorothy Lane, Suite 117, Dayton,
Ohio 45429
Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
PEDRO A. REYES, #696-507, Madison Correctional Institution, P.O. Box 740, London,
Ohio 43140
Defendant-Appellant, Pro Se
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FROELICH, J.
{¶ 1} Pedro A. Reyes 1 appeals from a judgment of the Clark County Court of
Common Pleas, which denied, without a hearing, his post-sentence motion to withdraw
his guilty plea. For the following reasons, the trial court’s judgment will be affirmed.
I. Procedural History
{¶ 2} In August 2013, Reyes and two co-defendants were charged in a twenty-
count indictment with engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity with a firearm specification,
conspiracy to commit engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity with a firearm specification,
and numerous counts of money laundering, trafficking in cocaine, and possession of
cocaine; eleven of the twenty counts alleged unlawful conduct by Reyes. The indictment
also included a forfeiture specification; with respect to Reyes, the specification sought
forfeiture of United States currency, three vehicles, and various weapons.
{¶ 3} On December 17, 2013, Reyes pled guilty to trafficking in cocaine in an
amount greater than or equal to 100 grams (Count Three), a first-degree felony, and
money laundering (Count Five), a third-degree felony. In exchange for the plea, the
State agreed to dismiss, with prejudice, the counts of engaging in a pattern of corrupt
activity with a firearm specification (Count 1), conspiracy to commit engaging in a pattern
of corrupt activity with a firearm specification (Count 2), possession of cocaine (Counts 4
and 8), money laundering (Count 6), and trafficking in cocaine (Count 7). The State also
1
The indictment referred to Reyes as Pedro Arriaga aka Pedro Arriaga-Reyes, and the
trial court record includes several variations of Reyes’s name. However, Reyes’s pro se
motion to withdraw his guilty plea was captioned with Pedro A. Reyes, Reyes referred to
himself in his supporting affidavit as Pedro Reyes, and he signed his affidavit as Pedro
Arriaga Reyes. Reyes’s pro se notice of appeal is also captioned as “State of Ohio v.
Pedro A. Reyes.” We will refer to Reyes consistent with his pro se filings and the caption
of this appellate case.
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agreed to dismiss, without prejudice, two additional counts of trafficking in cocaine
(Counts 14 and 15) and one additional count of possession of cocaine (Count 16). The
parties agreed that Reyes would serve a mandatory sentence of eleven years in prison
on Count Three and two years in prison on Count Five, to be served consecutively. In
addition, Reyes agreed to forfeit all of the items listed in the forfeiture specification, with
the exception of a 2003 Silverado (item B).
{¶ 4} On the same date (December 17, 2013), the trial court sentenced Reyes as
agreed by the parties. The court filed its judgment entry the following day. Reyes did
not appeal his conviction.
{¶ 5} On February 23, 2017, Reyes filed a motion to withdraw his plea, pursuant
to Crim.R. 32.1. Reyes argued that his plea to trafficking in cocaine was not knowing,
intelligent, and voluntary, because he did not understand the nature of the offense or the
maximum sentence involved. Specifically, Reyes asserted that he was not told that the
offense level was based on the amount of cocaine, without fillers, that he had possessed,
and he claimed that the State could not establish the amount of cocaine without fillers.
Reyes relied on State v. Gonzales, 150 Ohio St. 3d 261, 2016-Ohio-8319, 81 N.E.3d 405
(Gonzales I), which held that in prosecutions for possession of cocaine, the offense level
is determined by the weight of only the actual cocaine, not by the total weight of the
cocaine plus any filler.2
{¶ 6} Reyes supported his motion with an affidavit that stated, in part:
2
The supreme court’s analysis of whether the offense level is determined by the weight
of only the actual cocaine or by the total weight of the cocaine plus any fillers is equally
applicable to possession of cocaine and trafficking in cocaine. Compare R.C.
2925.03(C)(4) and R.C. 2925.11(C)(4).
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3. That at no time did the court, prosecuting attorney or my defense attorney
explain to me that the nature of the drug charge was that the weight of the
drug had to be proven beyond a reasonable doubt if the case went to trial
by bench or jury.
4. That as a result I did not understand the nature of the drug charge I pled
to nor did I understand the maximum penalty that could have been imposed
pursuant to Ohio Criminal Rule 11(C), and or the Constitution of Ohio and
the United States.
5. That as a result my guilty plea was not entered knowingly, intelligently,
and voluntarily.
6. That I believe that I am actually innocent of the drug charge as a first
degree felony and major drug offender and that a manifest miscarriage of
justice has resulted * * *.
{¶ 7} The State opposed the motion, arguing that the Ohio Supreme Court had
reconsidered Gonzales I and reversed its position. See State v. Gonzales, 150 Ohio
St.3d 276, 2017-Ohio-777, 81 N.E.3d 419 (Gonzales II). The trial court denied Reyes’s
motion.
{¶ 8} Reyes appeals from the denial of his motion to withdraw his guilty plea.
{¶ 9} Reyes’s appellate counsel has filed a brief pursuant to Anders v. California,
386 U.S. 738, 87 S. Ct. 1396, 18 L. Ed. 2d 493 (1967), indicating that he found “no
meritorious issue for appeal.” Counsel stated, as a potential assignment of error, that
Reyes’s plea was not knowing, intelligent and voluntary. We informed Reyes that his
attorney had filed an Anders brief on his behalf and granted him 60 days from that date
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to file a pro se brief. On October 16, 2017, Reyes filed a pro se brief, raising four
potential assignments of error.
II. Anders Review Standard
{¶ 10} In general, the constitutional right to counsel does not apply to post-
conviction matters. See Pennsylvania v. Finley, 481 U.S. 551, 555, 107 S. Ct. 1990, 95
L. Ed. 2d 539 (1987) (a criminal defendant’s constitutional right to the appointment of
counsel “extends to the first appeal of right, and no further.”). Consequently, a criminal
defendant generally is not entitled to counsel for a post-sentence motion to withdraw a
plea. Contrast State v. Strickland, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25673, 2014-Ohio-5451, ¶
15 (criminal defendant is entitled to counsel at a hearing on a pre-sentence motion to
withdraw a plea). Although not required, this court has elected, in its discretion, to
appoint counsel for Reyes in this appeal. Having done so, Reyes has the concordant
right to have his appellate counsel advocate on his behalf, provided that his appeal is not
frivolous. Accordingly, even though Reyes has filed a pro se brief, we review this appeal
in accordance with Anders and consider whether Reyes’s and his appellate counsel’s
potential assignments of error are frivolous. See State v. Harris, 2d Dist. Montgomery
No. 27179, 2017-Ohio-9052, ¶ 5.
{¶ 11} In addition, we continue to have the obligation to review the record for any
non-frivolous issues. Id.; Penson v. Ohio, 488 U.S. 75, 109 S. Ct. 346, 102 L. Ed. 2d 300
(1988). In this case, this obligation does not require us to review the record as if the
matter were a direct appeal of Reyes’s conviction. Rather, we must consider the record
to determine whether there are any non-frivolous issues related to the judgment on
appeal, i.e., the denial of Reyes’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea.
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III. Reyes’s and his Counsel’s Potential Assignments of Error
{¶ 12} Under Crim.R. 32.1, a trial court may permit a defendant to withdraw a plea
after imposition of sentence only to correct a manifest injustice. Crim.R. 32.1; State v.
Wilson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26354, 2015-Ohio-1584, ¶ 16. “A ‘manifest injustice’
comprehends a fundamental flaw in the path of justice so extraordinary that the defendant
could not have sought redress from the resulting prejudice through another form of
application reasonably available to him or her.” State v. Brooks, 2d Dist. Montgomery
No. 23385, 2010-Ohio-1682, ¶ 8, citing State v. Hartzell, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 17499,
1999 WL 957746 (Aug. 20, 1999).
{¶ 13} Withdrawal of a plea after sentencing is permitted only in the most
extraordinary cases. State v. Jefferson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26022, 2014-Ohio-
2555, ¶ 17, citing State v. Smith, 49 Ohio St. 2d 261, 264, 361 N.E.2d 1324 (1977). “The
defendant bears the burden of establishing the existence of a manifest injustice, and
whether that burden has been met is an issue within the sound discretion of the trial court.”
Wilson at ¶ 18.
{¶ 14} In February 2017, more than three years after his guilty plea, Reyes sought
to withdraw his plea based on the Ohio Supreme Court’s opinion in Gonzales I, which
was rendered on December 23, 2016. However, in Gonzales II, decided on March 6,
2017, the Ohio Supreme Court held on reconsideration that “the entire ‘compound,
mixture, preparation, or substance,’ including any fillers that are part of the usable
drug, must be considered for the purpose of determining the appropriate penalty for
cocaine possession under R.C. 2925.11(C)(4).” Gonzales II, 150 Ohio St. 3d 276,
2017-Ohio-777, 81 N.E.3d 419, at ¶ 3.
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{¶ 15} In his Anders brief, appellate counsel states that Reyes has no meritorious
argument based on Gonzales I, because Gonzales II “removed the basis of [Reyes’s]
motion.” We agree with appellate counsel’s assessment. Appellate counsel’s potential
assignment of error that Reyes’s plea was not knowing, intelligent, and voluntary based
on Gonzales I is frivolous.
{¶ 16} Reyes’s first and second potential assignments of error state:
The trial court erred to the prejudice of the [A]ppellant where the court
granted the Appellee-State of Ohio a summary judgment on the pleadings
alone in violation of Appellant’s absolute right to procedural due process of
law as guaranteed by the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution
and Article I, Section 16, Ohio Constitution.
The trial court committed reversible error in violation of the Appellant’s
absolute right to procedural due process of law in not ordering and
conducting an evidentiary hearing and making and filing findings of fact and
conclusions of law.
{¶ 17} In these potential assignments of error, Reyes argues that the trial court
erred in denying his motion to withdraw his plea based on Gonzales II, as a matter of law,
without an evidentiary hearing and without making factual findings. Reyes emphasizes
that he provided an affidavit in support of his motion, whereas the State presented no
evidence in opposition to the motion. Reyes contends that the trial court erroneously
granted summary judgment to the State.
{¶ 18} We find no arguably meritorious claim that the trial court erred in failing to
hold an evidentiary hearing and in ruling on Reyes’s motion as a matter of law. Reyes’s
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motion was based on his assertion that he was not notified that, for his trafficking in
cocaine offense, the offense level is based on the amount of cocaine without fillers.
Reyes claimed that he was actually innocent, because the State could not prove that he
trafficked 100 grams or more of actual cocaine. These claims were based on the holding
of Gonzales I.
{¶ 19} In light of Gonzales II, however, the offense level for trafficking in cocaine
is based on the entire compound, including any fillers. Accordingly, even accepting the
allegations in Reyes’s motion and the statements in his affidavit, Reyes’s allegations and
statements did not create an arguable claim that he was incorrectly informed about the
nature of his trafficking in cocaine offense or that a manifest injustice occurred. No
evidentiary hearing was needed. The trial court could, and properly did, determine the
motion as a matter of law and without a hearing.
{¶ 20} Reyes’s first and second proposed assignments of error are frivolous.
{¶ 21} Reyes’s third and fourth proposed assignments of error state:
The trial court’s final determination that Gonzalez [sic] II overruled Gonzalez
[sic] I is void as depriving Appellant of his absolute right to procedural due
process of law as guaranteed under the 14th Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution as well as Article I, Section 16, Ohio Constitution.
The trial court’s final judgment is void because it and Gonzalez [sic] II is
violative of the Ex Post Facto Clause of the Federal and State Constitution.
{¶ 22} In his third proposed assignment of error, Reyes contends that Gonzales II
“cannot be controlling authority,” because the Ohio Supreme Court’s reconsideration of
Gonzales I contravened S.Ct.Prac.R. 18.02(B). S.Ct.Prac.R. 18.02(B) states, in part,
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that a “motion for reconsideration shall not constitute a reargument of the case.” Reyes’s
fourth assignment of error contends that Gonzales II “retrospectively reduce[d] the
quantum of evidence required to convict Appellant under Gonzale[s] I.”
{¶ 23} As an intermediate court of appeals, we cannot review whether the Ohio
Supreme Court properly granted the State’s motion for reconsideration of Gonzales I.
And, we are bound to follow the law as set forth by the Ohio Supreme Court; we cannot
make a determination that conflicts with a decision of the Ohio Supreme Court that has
not been reversed or overruled. State v. Stewart, 2d Dist. Miami No. 2016-CA-13, 2017-
Ohio-2785, ¶ 12. Reyes’s third proposed assignment of error is frivolous.
{¶ 24} Finally, Reyes’s ex post facto argument has no arguable merit. At the time
of Reyes’s conviction in 2013, this court had rejected the argument that the State was
required to segregate the cocaine from other ingredients when determining the weight of
the controlled substance. E.g., State v. Smith, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2010-CA-36, 2011-
Ohio-2568, ¶ 12 (“Case law does not support Smith’s claim that the State was required
to segregate the cocaine from the other ingredients in the substance.”); State v. Bailey,
2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21123, 2005-Ohio-6669, ¶ 8 (rejecting an argument “that the
filler should not be included in determining the weight of the controlled substance”); State
v. Combs, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 11949, 1991 WL 214208 (Sept. 10, 1991) (“any
amount of cocaine is sufficient to subject a defendant to criminal liability under R.C.
2925.03(A)(6) when found in a compound, mixture, preparation or substance that satisfies
the required statutory weight or dosage”).
{¶ 25} Gonzales I addressed the conflict between our judgment in Smith and the
Sixth District’s determination in State v. Gonzales, 6th Dist. Wood No. WD-13-086, 2015-
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Ohio-461, that the State must prove that the weight of actual cocaine meets the statutory
threshold. Gonzales I agreed with the Sixth Circuit’s interpretation that the offense level
was determined by the weight of actual cocaine, not by the total weight of the cocaine
plus any filler. On reconsideration, Gonzales II held, consistent with Smith, that the
weight of the entire compound, mixture, preparation, or substance was to be considered
in determining the offense level.
{¶ 26} Stated simply, Gonzales II did not reduce the “quantum of evidence”
required to convict Reyes. Rather, Gonzales II is consistent with the law in effect at the
time of his plea.
{¶ 27} In summary, each of the proposed assignments of error by Reyes and his
appellate counsel is frivolous. And upon an independent review of the record, we find
no non-frivolous issues related to Reyes’s appeal from the denial of his motion to withdraw
his plea.
IV. Conclusion
{¶ 28} The trial court’s judgment will be affirmed.
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HALL, J. and TUCKER, J., concur.
Copies mailed to:
Andrew P. Pickering
William O. Cass
Pedro A. Reyes
Hon. Douglas M. Rastatter