Horace Sheffield III v. Detroit City Clerk ( 2021 )

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
HORACE SHEFFIELD III and RODRICK FOR PUBLICATION
HARBIN, June 3, 2021
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v No. 357298
Wayne Circuit Court
DETROIT CITY CLERK and DETROIT LC No. 21-006043-AW
ELECTION COMMISSION,
Defendants,
and
DETROIT CHARTER REVISION COMMISSION,
Intervening Defendant-Appellant.
ALLEN A. LEWIS and INGRID D. WHITE,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v No. 357299
Wayne Circuit Court
DETROIT CITY CLERK and DETROIT LC No. 21-006040-AW
ELECTION COMMISSION,
Defendants,
and
DETROIT CHARTER REVISION COMMISSION,
Intervening Defendant-Appellant.
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Before: CAMERON, P.J., and FORT HOOD and LETICA, JJ.
FORT HOOD, J (dissenting).
I take no issue with sections IV through VI of the majority’s opinion. However, because I
believe the Detroit Charter Revision Commission (DCRC) has the authority to place Proposal P
on the ballots—and voters have the right to consider it—I respectfully dissent.
I first note that our Constitution grants considerable authority to cities to frame and amend
their operative charters:
Under general laws the electors of each city and village shall have the power
and authority to frame, adopt and amend its charter, and to amend an existing
charter of the city or village heretofore granted or enacted by the legislature for the
government of the city or village. Each such city and village shall have power to
adopt resolutions and ordinances relating to its municipal concerns, property and
government, subject to the constitution and law. No enumeration of powers granted
to cities and villages in this constitution shall limit or restrict the general grant of
authority conferred by this section. [Const 1963, art 7, § 22.]
Our constitution further provides:
The provisions of this constitution and law concerning counties, townships,
cities and villages shall be liberally construed in their favor. Powers granted to
counties and townships by this constitution and by law shall include those fairly
implied and not prohibited by this constitution. [Const 1963, art 7, § 34.]
Pursuant to the plain language of the text, cities have “broad powers over ‘municipal concerns,
property and government’ whether those powers are enumerated or not.” Associated Builders &
Contractors v Lansing, 499 Mich 177; 880 NW2d 765 (2016).
I take no issue with the majority’s interpretation of the “general laws” and “subject to the
constitution and law” provisions of § 22. These provisions clearly indicate that the authority of a
city to revise or amend its charter may be constrained to some extent by statute, including statutes
such as the Home Rule City Act (HRCA), MCL 117.1a et seq. However, I do not read DCRC’s
argument as suggesting otherwise; rather, DCRC argues that although a city’s authority may be
constrained, the HRCA does not constrain it in the manner plaintiffs have suggested in this case.
I agree with that position.
The HRCA provides that a city may initiate the process of revising its charter either by a
3/5 vote of its legislative body or by an initiatory petition. MCL 117.18. I note that Detroit voters
approved a general charter revision and elected members to DCRC in 2018. MCL 117.21 provides
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a similar process where cities seek to amend their active charter.1 Primarily at issue in this case is
MCL 117.22, entitled “Charter amendments; transmittal to governor; approval or disapproval,
reconsideration by legislative body,” which provides:
Every amendment to a city charter whether passed pursuant to the
provisions of this act or heretofore granted or passed by the state legislature for the
government of such city, before its submission to the electors, and every charter
before the final adjournment of the commission, shall be transmitted to the governor
of the state. If he shall approve it, he shall sign it; if not, he shall return the charter
to the commission and the amendment to the legislative body of the city, with his
objections thereto, which shall be spread at large on the journal of the body
receiving them, and if it be an amendment proposed by the legislative body, such
body shall re-consider it, and if 2/3 of the members-elect agree to pass it, it shall be
submitted to the electors. If it be an amendment proposed by initiatory petition, it
shall be submitted to the electors notwithstanding such objections.
Notably absent from this statute is any reference to charter revisions other than the fact that charters
should be transmitted to the Governor “before the final adjournment of the commission.” MCL
117.22.2 There is no statute in the HRCA indicating what effect or subsequent process may be
initiated where the Governor declines to approve a charter revision rather than an amendment.
With that in mind, I am inclined to agree with DCRC that nothing in the HRCA purports
to say that approval by the Governor is prerequisite to voters having the opportunity to approve or
disapprove of a charter revision.3 See Associated Builders, 499 Mich at 189 n 29 (indicating that
home rule cities enjoy powers specifically granted to them and “may also exercise all powers not
expressly denied”) (quotation marks and citation omitted). See also Warren City Council v Buffa,
___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2020) (Docket No. 354663); slip op at 4-5 (noting that
“MCL 117.22 concerns only a narrow category, proposed amendments to city charters,” and “[t]his
Court cannot impose additional requirements in . . . MCL 117.22 . . . that were not placed there by
the Legislature”); Esurance Prop & Cas Ins Co v Michigan Assigned Claims Plan, 330 Mich App
584, 591; 950 NW2d 528 (2019) (indicating where things are expressed by statute as members of
an associated group, courts should infer that things otherwise excluded from the group were
excluded by deliberate choice rather than inadvertence). Because the HRCA is silent as to the
effect and operation of the Governor’s failure to approve a charter revision, I do not think it
1
The differences between revising and amending a charter are undisputed in this case. And,
although the majority opines about the result of this case were the issue to be considered a charter
amendment, I think it safe to say that all parties agree that this case involves a charter revision.
2
In Warren City Council v Buffa, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___ NW2d ___ (2020) (Docket
No. 354663); slip op at 4, we noted that “MCL 117.22 relates solely to the procedure for amending
a city charter, and more specifically, to a particular procedure that is one part of the process.”)
(emphasis added).
3
As DCRC notes, although the Governor declined to take a position on the matter in her letters to
DCRC, this was also the conclusion of the Attorney General after reviewing DCRC’s proposed
charter.
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appropriate that we read MCL 117.22 as creating a veto power in the Governor that is not more
explicitly prescribed. See Lakeshore Group v Dep’t of Environmental Quality, ___ Mich ___,
___; ___ NW2d ___ (Docket Nos. 159524 and 159525); slip op at 12 ("Courts can't add
requirements to the text of the statute."); Mich Ambulatory Surgical Ctr v Farm Bureau Gen Ins
Co of Mich, __ Mich __, ___; __ NW2d __ (2020) (Docket No. 349706); slip op at 5 (indicating
that the casus omissus pro omisso habendus est canon of construction provides that “nothing is to
be added to what the text states or reasonably implies,” “which prohibits courts from supplying
provisions omitted by the Legislature”); Pike v Northern Mich Univ, 327 Mich App 683; 696-978;
935 NW2d 86 (2019) ("A court must not judicially legislate by adding into a statute provisions
that the Legislature did not include.") (quotation marks and citation omitted); Detroit City Council
v Detroit Mayor, 283 Mich App 442, 451; 770 NW2d 117 (2009) (refusing to interpret the
Legislature’s silence as creating a mayoral veto power over the city council's resolution).
I understand that it is the majority’s position that it is DCRC and not plaintiffs who would
have us read words into the HRCA that are not there. The majority notes that “[t]he Legislature
has made no provision for the revised charter to be submitted to the voters over the Governor’s
express rejection, and this Court will not create such a provision where it cannot reasonably be
inferred from the statutory language.” However, I would put forth that the Legislature has made
no provision suggesting that the Governor’s rejection of a revision may impact whether the
revision may be placed on a ballot in the first instance. MCL 117.22, which undoubtedly focuses
on amendments, says only the following about the process after a revision or amendment is
transmitted to the Governor:
If he shall approve it, he shall sign it; if not, he shall return the charter to the
commission and the amendment to the legislative body of the city, with his
objections thereto, which shall be spread at large on the journal of the body
receiving them, and if it be an amendment proposed by the legislative body, such
body shall re-consider it, and if 2/3 of the members-elect agree to pass it, it shall be
submitted to the electors. [Emphasis added.]
There is simply nothing in the HRCA indicating that the commission must reconsider and decline
to submit charter revisions to electors that the Governor has not approved.4
I further note that the majority and trial court indicate that DCRC’s interpretation of MCL
117.22 would render transmission of proposed revisions to the Governor an “empty and useless
gesture.” I agree with DCRC that portions of the statute are not rendered nugatory by our
application of the plain language. There remains value in working with the Governor on charter
revisions, but more importantly, while we strive to give affect to all statutory language and we
4
As an aside, it is worth noting that amendments initiated by petition need not be approved by the
Governor to be submitted to electors. MCL 117.22. Applying plaintiffs’ logic that what expressly
applies to amendments from MCL 117.22 also implicitly applies to revisions, any revision initiated
by petition clearly would not be subject to preapproval by the Governor prior to submission to
electors. Here, however, I note that the 2018 ballot question was posed by operation of the current
charter and neither a legislative action nor an initiatory petition. Detroit Charter tit IX, ch IV, § 9-
403.
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presume that the Legislature did not intend to do a useless thing, People v Cunningham, 496 Mich
145, 157; 852 NW2d 118 (2014), we also simply cannot read words into a statute that are not there,
Lakeshore Group, ___ Mich at ___; slip op at 12. See also Byker v Mannes, 465 Mich 637, 646-
647; 641 NW2d 210 (2002) (“It is a well-established rule of statutory construction that this Court
will not read words into a statute.”). Again, MCL 117.22 explicitly provides that amendments
proposed by a legislative body and not approved by the Governor must be reconsidered. The
statute contains no corollary provision with respect to revisions.
Finally, while I do not take issue with the majority’s conclusion that permitting DCRC to
continually revise the charter up to August 6, 2021 could pose problems where absentee voters
vote on an earlier version of the revision, I think it can be implied from DCRC’s brief on appeal
that it understands that issue. I find the distinction laid out by DCRC between the ballot wording
and the revised charter itself to be apt, and I am less confident than the majority that the final
revised charter would be untimely were it not completed contemporaneously with the May 11,
2021 deadline for the proposed ballot language. MCL 168.646a(2) provides the deadline for the
certification of the wording of the ballot question. MCL 117.23 provides that the DCRC must
finalize the revised charter “before submission to the electors.” I would not conclude that
certifying the ballot language was the equivalent of submission of the issue to voters for the
purposes of MCL 117.23, and would be more inclined to agree with DCRC that the issue is
submitted to voters when they are given the opportunity to consider it, i.e., when ballots become
available on June 19, 2021. That having been said, I believe the central dispositive issue in this
case is our interpretation of MCL 117.22, and I proffer my opinion as to the timing issue only to
the extent that it might be implied from the trial court’s opinion that it was pertinent to the relief
that was granted.
With all of the above in mind, I respectfully dissent from the majority’s conclusion that the
HRCA prevents DCRC from submitting their proposed charter revision to electors. Keeping in
mind that we construe the constitutional provisions broadly in favor of the commission, I would
decline to read the HRCA as creating an unspoken obligation on the part of the commission that
limits their constitutional authority. I would conclude that Proposal P should remain on the ballot
and voters should have the opportunity to consider it.
/s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
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