Sandra Flegel v. William Berghorst ( 2022 )

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
SANDRA FLEGEL, UNPUBLISHED
June 9, 2022
Plaintiff/Counterdefendant-
Appellant/Cross-Appellee,
v No. 355181
Lake Circuit Court
WILLIAM BERGHORST and JOYCE LC No. 18-009533-CH
BERGHORST,
Defendants/Counterplaintiffs-
Appellees/Cross-Appellants.
WILLIAM BERGHORST and JOYCE
BERGHORST,
Plaintiffs-Appellees/Cross-Appellants,
v No. 355183
Lake Circuit Court
LISA STOINSKI, ANDREW DRENTLAW, JIM LC No. 19-009677-CH
AND SANDY FOSTER REVOCABLE TRUST,
JAMES A. FOSTER, individually and as co-trustee,
SANDRA M. FOSTER, as co-trustee, and KELLY
M. MORRIS,
Defendants-Appellants/Cross-
Appellees,
and
DUANE K. JOHNSON and LORRAINE A.
JOHNSON,
Defendants.
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Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and JANSEN and MURRAY, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
In these consolidated appeals1 involving a property dispute between neighboring land
owners, plaintiff/counterdefendant Sandra Flegel, along with defendants Lisa Stoinski; Andrew
Drentlaw; Jim and Sandy Foster Revocable Trust; James A. Foster, individually and as co-trustee;
Sandra M. Foster, as co-trustee; and Kelly M. Morris appeal as of right from the trial court’s
judgment ruling that the disputed property belongs to defendants/counterplaintiffs William and
Joyce Berghorst pursuant to the theories of adverse possession and acquiescence.2 We conclude
that the trial court did not err when ruling in favor of the Berghorsts, and therefore we affirm the
judgment.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
This property dispute involves generally undeveloped land in Lake County. In 1956 the
Porter-Mulder Land Company platted the area that would become known as Pine River Hills, and
the plat included a map depicting the specific lots within Pine River Hills. According to the map,
the western border for Lots 16 through 20 is a natural feature called Coe Creek. However, the plat
map depicts the creek incorrectly. The map shows the creek in a straight line running diagonally
on the western edges of Lots 16 to 20, while the creek actually meanders and winds through those
lots.
Flegel has been the owner of Lot 18 within Pine River Hills since June 2016. The Fosters
and Morris3 own the south half of Lot 16, which they obtained from James and Morris’s mother,
Margaret Foster, in September 1982. Stoinski and her son, Drentlaw, own Lot 17, which was
obtained from Stoinski’s parents on March 14, 2018.4
The Berghorsts own a parcel of land located west of Pine River Hills. William “Bill”
Berghorst received the property on October 9, 1997, from his father, Laverne Berghorst. The
Berghorst property was described as follows:
1
Flegel v Berghorst, unpublished order of the Court of Appeal, entered November 9, 2020 (Docket
No. 355181).
2
The Berghorts filed a cross-appeal, asserting that if this Court concludes that the judgment was
erroneously entered, the trial court’s previous orders granting summary disposition pursuant to
MCR 2.116(C)(10) (no genuine issue of material fact) in favor of Flegel and the other defendants
in regard to the issue of superior title were improper.
3
Morris is James Foster’s sister.
4
The owner of Lots 19 and 20 deeded the portions of the lots west of Coe Creek to the Berghorsts
because he did not wish to participate in the litigation.
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All that part of the East ½ of Section 34, Town 20 North, Range 11 West, lying
northwesterly of the thread of Coe Creek (being all that part of the East ½ of Section
34, except the Plat of Pine River Hills), Dover Township, Lake County, Michigan.
The Berghorst property was originally purchased from the Porter-Mulder Land Company in 1964
by Loretta B. Gates, who sold the property to Laverne and his wife, Katherine, that same year. In
a letter that Gates sent to Laverne in response to his interest in the property, Gates explained that
the property was “pie shaped with the widest part on Coe Creek, 1300.” She described Coe Creek
as an approximately 20-foot wide trout stream.
The current dispute involves the ownership of land located west of Coe Creek and inside
the calculated dimensions of the Pine River Hills plat. The Berghorsts believed that their lot
extended to the “thread of Coe Creek,” and as a result, the family made several improvements to
the land close to the creek, such as building a cabin across the creek on Lots 19 and 20, bringing
in electricity, drilling a well, maintaining trails, and building deer blinds and tree stands. However,
the owners of lots within Pine River Hills also believed that their lots extended west of Coe Creek,
and they too would utilize the area for hiking, mushroom hunting, fishing, deer hunting and other
recreational activities.
Flegel eventually obtained a survey of her property, which showed that it extended west of
Coe Creek. She filed a complaint for quiet title and injunctive relief against the Berghorsts in
relation to the land located west of Coe Creek. In response, the Berghorsts filed a counterclaim,
asserting that they were the true owners of the disputed property, either by superior claim of title
or by the doctrines of adverse possession and acquiescence. The parties subsequently filed
competing motions for summary disposition concerning the superior claim of title. The trial court
granted the motion in favor of Flegel, determining that she had superior title to the full dimensions
of Lot 18 because the specific designation in the plat took preference over the map. The court also
noted that the plat did not specify that the lot ended at the creek’s edge. The Berghorsts then filed
a substantially similar complaint against Stoinski and Drentlaw, and the Fosters and Morris. These
neighboring landowners filed a counterclaim for quiet title and injunctive relief, asserting the same
claims raised by Flegel in her initial complaint. The parties again filed cross-motions for summary
disposition in regard to the superior title issue, and the court again found in favor of the lot owners.
The case proceeded to a bench trial concerning the adverse possession and acquiescence
claims. After three days of testimony, the trial court issued a written opinion, concluding that the
Berghorsts were the legal owners of the disputed property pursuant to either adverse possession or
acquiescence. The lot owners of Pine River Hills now appeal from the court’s corresponding
judgment.
II. ANALYSIS
A. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“The circuit court’s findings of fact, if any, following a bench trial are reviewed for clear
error, while its conclusions of law are reviewed de novo.” Ladd v Motor City Plastics Co, 303
Mich App 83, 92; 842 NW3d 388 (2013). “The clear-error standard requires us to give deference
to the lower court and find clear error only if we are nevertheless left with the definite and firm
conviction that a mistake has been made.” Arbor Farms, LLC v GeoStar Corp, 305 Mich App
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374, 386-387; 853 NW2d 421 (2014) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “A claim for adverse
possession is equitable in nature.” Beach v Lima Twp, 283 Mich App 504, 508; 770 NW2d 386
(2009), aff’d 498 Mich 99 (2011). “And decisions regarding equitable claims, defenses, doctrines,
and issues are reviewed de novo.” Id.B. ADVERSE POSSESSION
The lot owners assert that the trial court erred by not considering whether the Berghorsts’
occupancy was sufficient to meet the elements of adverse possession as to each individual lot.
“A party claiming adverse possession must show clear and cogent proof of possession that
is actual, continuous, open, notorious, exclusive, hostile, and uninterrupted for the relevant
statutory period.” Marlette Auto Wash, LLC v Van Dyke SC Props, LLC, 501 Mich 192, 202; 912
NW2d 161 (2018). The statutory period is 15 years. See id. at 201 and MCL 600.5801(4). “When
the elements of adverse possession have been met, the law presumes that the true owner, by his
acquiescence, has granted the land, or interest to the land, so held adversely.” Marlette Auto Wash,
LLC, 501 Mich at 202 (quotation marks and citation omitted).
The lot owners principal argument is that the trial court erred by treating the disputed area
as one section of property and not considering their respective lots separately in its determination
that the Berghorsts were successful with their adverse possession claim. To this point, appellants
point out that activities such as building the cabin and driveway occurred on or near Lot 19, and
at the time of trial, the owner of Lots 19 and 20 deeded the section west of the creek to the
Berghorsts. Thus, Lots 19 and 20 were not in dispute at trial.
Though this factual situation is true, the Berghorsts nevertheless presented evidence of
their use and improvements that occurred on Lots 16, 17, and 18 to the west of the creek. There
was also testimony that visitors to the property would walk, hunt, and fish along the entirety of the
west side of Coe Creek. In other words, the witnesses suggested that their activities were not
confined to one specific area but instead included the lands west of Coe Creek along Lots 16-18.
1. ACTUAL
“[O]ne claiming title by adverse possession must show positive and affirmative acts of
ownership. Mere occasional trespasses are not sufficient.” Barley v Fisher, 267 Mich 450, 453;
255 NW 223 (1934). In addition, “[t]he nature of the acts necessary to constitute adverse
possession depends to large extent upon the character of the premises.” Id. at 452.
The evidence showed that the Berghorsts and their guests physically used the land in a way
that was reasonable on the basis of the land’s character. Id. See also Jonkers v Summit Twp, 278
Mich App 263, 274; 747 NW2d 901 (2008) (explaining that “the fact that the township only
occasionally did anything on the property is consistent with the area’s character as relatively
undeveloped and predominantly seasonally occupied”). Specifically, the testimony presented at
trial showed that the property in question consisted of mostly undeveloped woodlands and Coe
Creek, which was described as a trout stream that was 10 to 20 feet wide. Accordingly, with some
exceptions, all the property owners generally used the area for leisure and recreational activities
as opposed to full-time residences or commercial ventures. Moreover, the testimony showed that
the Berghorsts and their guests used the areas west of the creek on Lots 16, 17, and 18 for activities
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such as hiking, hunting, and fishing ever since Laverne purchased the property in 1964. Indeed,
Bill’s son, John Berghorst, testified that he maintained the area west of the creek and kept it
trimmed so that Bill could fish and that Bill typically fished in the area between Lots 18 and 19.
In 2002 or 2003, Bill built a permanent tree stand on Lot 18. He also placed a trail camera and
deer feeder on Lot 17, and cleared an area for a food plot for deer. He also maintained a U-shaped
trail that traversed Lots 16 and 17, that at least Bill used. The trial court did not clearly err in
finding actual use of the disputed lands.
2. EXCLUSIVE
To demonstrate exclusive possession, the adverse possessor must openly exercise acts of
ownership “with the intention of holding the property as his own to the exclusion of all others.”
Smith v Feneley, 240 Mich 439, 442; 215 NW2d 353 (1927). “Possession refers to an exercise of
dominion over the property, and there may be degrees even in the exclusiveness of the exercise of
ownership.” Jonkers, 278 Mich App at 274-275 (quotation marks and citation omitted).
There was testimony presented at trial showing that the Berghorsts used the disputed
property with the intention to exclude others. For one, the driveway leading to the Berghorst cabin
was protected by a cable, and the property’s northern and southern borders had fences. Bill
explained that there was a bridge crossing Coe Creek when Laverne purchased the property, but
Laverne removed it. In addition, Bill observed a man hunting in the area west of the creek around
2000, and he told the man that he owned the property leading to the creek and that the man could
not hunt in that area. Bill later compared his deed to the deed of the owner of the adjacent property.
After that confrontation, Bill placed no trespassing signs on the south portion of Lot 16. Bill also
stated that he went and spoke to the previous owner of Lot 18 in regard to his ownership of the
land leading up to the creek.
On the other hand, there was also testimony that the landowners of lots in Pine River Hills
also used the land west of the creek. Many testified that they went across the creek to hunt, fish,
hike, and pick mushrooms. Stoinski asserted that there had been a bridge across the creek, but it
was destroyed by a storm. Bill also acknowledged that some of the no trespassing signs had been
removed. In any event, giving deference to the trial court’s consideration of the testimony and
other evidence, the trial court did not err by concluding that the Berghorsts had occupied the
disputed property to the exclusion of others, especially considering the property’s character—a
forested area leading to a large creek. See Arbor Farms, LLC, 305 Mich App at 386-387, and
Jonkers, 278 Mich App at 275 (holding that “[w]hen viewed in the context of the character of the
premises, the township’s acts that unambiguously communicated to the public that it was the owner
of a public boat launch constitute acts of dominion over the property that excluded any dominion
the [owners] had over the property.”).
3. OPEN AND NOTORIOUS
To support an adverse possession claim, “it is sufficient if the acts of ownership are of such
character as to indicate openly and publicly an assumed control or use such as is consistent with
the character of the premises in question.” Houston v Mint Group, LLC, 335 Mich App 545, 560;
968 NW2d 9 (2021). Here, John testified that he maintained trails on Lots 16, 17, and 18 for Bill
to use. He trimmed the west side of the creek with a weed trimmer and chainsaw so that Bill could
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fish, and he placed a culvert on Lot 17 to help with drainage. He built a permanent tree stand on
Lot 18, and Bill, along with his brothers James and Robert Berghorst, removed large rocks and
wood from the creek. The Berghorst family and their friends consistently hunted, fished, and hiked
at the property since 1964. Moreover, the previous owner of Lot 18 testified that he observed a
tree stand on the west side of the creek while he owned the property. He also knew that the
Berghorsts hunted and fished on the west side of the creek. Stoinski and Drentlaw had observed
the culvert and acknowledged that it had been there for many years. They were also aware of the
“antler trap,” although they were under the impression that it was part of an old garden. And
importantly, the evidence showed that Bill, on several occasions, asserted to the owners of some
of the lots that he owned all the land west of the creek. As a result, the evidence supported the
trial court’s finding that the Berhorsts’ use of the property west of the creek for fishing, hunting
and gathering was open and visible to the Pine River Hills landowners. See id.
4. ADVERSE AND HOSTILE
The term “hostile” as employed in the law of adverse possession is a term
of art and does not imply ill will; rather, hostile use is that which is inconsistent
with the right of the owner, without permission asked or given, and which would
entitle the owner to a cause of action against the intruder. [Id. at 559 (quotation
marks and citations omitted).]
In addition, “erroneously believing that a preexisting monument—either artificial or natural—
represents the boundary and holding to that monument can satisfy the hostility element.” Id.
at 560.
There was significant testimony presented to the trial court illustrating that the Berghorsts
and their guests believed that the property extended to the middle of Coe Creek, and that they
treated the creek as the boundary between their property and Pine River Hills. There was also
testimony that the Berghorts fished, hunted, hiked, and played in the disputed area. Accordingly,
there was ample evidence to support the trial court’s conclusion that the Berghorsts’ use of the
disputed property had been hostile. See id.
5. CONTINUOUS FOR STATUTORY PERIOD
In regard to the requirement that the possession of the property must be continuous for
the 15-year statutory period, daily use is unnecessary as long as the use is consistent with the
character of the property. Dummer v US Gypsum Co, 153 Mich 622, 632-633; 117 NW 317 (1908).
“[S]uccessive periods of adverse possession by different parties can be joined or ‘tacked’ to satisfy
the 15-year statutory period, but only if there was privity of estate.” Houston, 335 Mich App
at 560. The evidence presented at the bench trial established that the Berghorsts had used the
disputed property west of the creek since the property was purchased by Laverne in 1964. In
addition, John testified to the additional improvements that he made to the trails and west bank of
the creek since the early to mid-1990s. As a result, the Berghorsts use of the property west of the
Coe Creek for recreational activities was continuous for at least 15 years. See Dummer, 153 Mich
at 632-633.
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Although the neighboring landowners testified that they also made similar recreational use
of the land west of Coe Creek, the trial court concluded that the Berghorsts’ use had been more
significant and continuous for a longer period. Considering that the Berghorsts used the disputed
property on Lots 16, 17, and 18 for seasonal recreational activities, such as fishing and hunting,
since Laverne purchased the property in 1964, and had placed large and smaller structures and
made improvements to the land and creek, we cannot conclude that the trial court erred by ruling
that the Berghorsts had successfully established the elements of adverse possession. See Arbor
Farms, LLC, 305 Mich App at 386-387.5
Affirmed.
/s/ Stephen L. Borrello
/s/ Kathleen Jansen
/s/ Christopher M. Murray
5
Because we conclude that the Berghorsts successfully established that they were the legal owners
of the disputed property on the basis of adverse possession, it is unnecessary for this Court to
consider the remaining claims presented in these appeals.
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