Yerkovich v. AAA , 231 Mich. App. 54 ( 1998 )

585 N.W.2d 318 (1998) 231 Mich. App. 54

Mary Jean YERKOVICH, Individually and as Next Friend of Lisa Yerkovich, a Minor, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
AAA a/k/a ACIA, Defendant-Appellant, and
Michigan UFCW Health & Welfare Fund, Defendant-Appellee.

Docket No. 198307.

Court of Appeals of Michigan.

Submitted January 14, 1998, at Detroit. Decided July 31, 1998, at 9:30 a.m. Released for Publication November 2, 1998.

Fraser & McHugh, P.C., Mt. Clemens, by Stuart A. Fraser.

Becker, Lanctot, McCutcheon, Schoolmaster, Taylor & Horn by Charles Trickey, III, Mt. Clemens, John A. Lydick of Counsel, Detroit, for AAA.

Sachs, Waldman, O'Hare, Helveston, Bogas & McIntosh, P.C. by I. Mark Steckloff and Patricia J. Fabrizio, Detroit, for Michigan United Food and Commercial Workers Unions and Food Employers Health and Welfare Fund.

Before MARKMAN, P.J., and McDONALD and MARK J. CAVANAGH, JJ.

McDONALD, Judge.

Defendant AAA appeals as of right from the trial court's order granting motions for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) in favor of plaintiff and defendant Michigan United Food and Commercial Workers Unions and Food Employers Health and Welfare Fund (fund). We affirm.

Plaintiff's minor daughter suffered injuries in an automobile accident when the driver of the vehicle in which she was riding negligently collided with another vehicle. At the time of the accident, plaintiff was a participant in the fund. Defendant fund is a self-funded employee welfare benefit plan created and administered pursuant to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq. Plaintiff also had a no-fault policy issued by defendant AAA at the time of the accident.

Plaintiff filed this action on behalf of her minor daughter against both defendants, seeking payment of medical expenses. The fund had initially denied coverage, claiming plaintiff had failed to execute a subrogation agreement as required by the policy's subrogation clause. However, plaintiff eventually executed the required "Subrogation Agreement and Assignment" and the fund paid $6,832 in medical expense benefits. AAA also denied coverage, claiming plaintiff's policy contained a coordination of benefits (COB) clause which made the fund primarily responsible for medical expenses from the accident. Plaintiff also filed a negligence claim against the driver of the vehicle in which her daughter was riding at the time of the accident, which was settled for $20,000.

Plaintiff and the fund each filed motions for summary disposition in the trial court, essentially advancing the same position. The fund argued that pursuant to the plan, plaintiff was required to reimburse the fund the $6,832 it had paid for medical expenses from her third-party tort recovery. Plaintiff and the fund agreed that if such reimbursement were required, it would result in plaintiff's paying her own medical expenses, contrary to the provisions of the no-fault act. Plaintiff and the fund contended defendant AAA should be held responsible for the medical expenses. AAA countered that the language of the subrogation agreement between plaintiff and defendant fund did not support a right to reimbursement in this case. AAA argued the language of the agreement limited reimbursement to situations where plaintiff recovered medical benefits from a third-party suit. Because the no-fault act precludes such causes of action, AAA argued, plaintiff was not required to reimburse the fund. The trial court granted the motions for summary disposition and ordered AAA to repay plaintiff any sums she paid to reimburse the fund.

AAA argues the trial court erred in granting the summary disposition motions. When determining whether the trial court properly granted summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10), we review the record de novo to determine whether the prevailing parties were entitled to the judgment as a matter of law. Westfield Cos. v. Grand Valley Health Plan, 224 Mich.App. 385, 387-388, 568 N.W.2d 854 (1997).

Initially, we comment on the effect of the COB clauses in this case. The parties do not dispute AAA's claim that plaintiff's no-fault policy is coordinated pursuant to M.C.L. § 500.3109a; M.S.A. § 24.13109(1). Section 3109a of the no-fault act requires insurers to offer insureds the option of coordinating their personal protection insurance benefits with their other health and accident coverage and paying a correspondingly lowered premium rate.^[1]Westfield, supra at 388, 568 N.W.2d 854. When the insured elects this option, the health insurer becomes primarily responsible to pay for medical expenses resulting from injuries sustained in automobile accidents, even when the health insurance policy also contains a COB clause. Federal Kemper Ins. Co., Inc. v. Health Ins. Administration, Inc., 424 Mich. 537, 383 N.W.2d 590 (1986).^[2] However, when the health insurance plan at issue is established pursuant to the ERISA, an unambiguous COB clause in the ERISA plan controls and the no-fault insurer is primary. Auto Club Ins. Ass'n v. Frederick & Herrud, Inc. (After Remand), 443 Mich. 358, 387, 505 N.W.2d 820 (1993).

In this case, neither plaintiff nor defendant fund argues the plan contained an unambiguous COB clause that rendered AAA primarily liable for the medical expenses. The plan does contain a "Coordination of Benefits" clause, but the clause does not appear to make the plan secondary to other insurance. Instead, the clause provides, in relevant part:

(1) Coordination of Benefits means that if the covered person, i.e., employee or dependent, is covered under more than one Plan, the total amount payable under this Plan, when added to the amount or value of the benefits or services provided by all Other Plans, will not exceed the amount of the Allowed Expense which is incurred. In no event will the amount payable under this Plan be more than what would be paid if there were no Other Plan. Coordination of Benefits provisions will be applied on a calendar year basis. [Emphasis in original.]

Accordingly, this case is not controlled by Frederick & Herrud. If the outcome of this case depended on the COB clauses alone, it appears the fund would be the primary insurer and AAA would be the secondary insurer. Allstate Ins. Co. v. American Medical Security, Inc., 975 F.Supp. 1005, 1008 (E.D.Mich., 1997).

However, the issue in this case is the effect of the "Subrogation Agreement and Assignment" plaintiff signed. The trial court found this agreement obligates plaintiff to repay the fund the $6,832 it paid in medical expenses. Defendant AAA argues the fund is not entitled to reimbursement under the agreement. We agree with the trial court's conclusion.

The "Subrogation Agreement and Assignment" provides, in relevant part:

I have made a claim to the fund for medical and/or hospital and/or disability benefits as the result of an accident or injury involving a third party who may be liable.

I agree, for myself and on behalf of my dependents, that if the plan advances benefits to or on behalf of me or my dependents I will repay the plan in full any sums advanced to cover such expenses from any judgement [sic] or settlement I or my dependents receive.

* * * * * *

I agree that the fund shall be subrogated in the amount of any sums paid by the fund to my and/or my dependents rights of recovery against the third party. All such sums recovered, by suit, settlement, or otherwise, shall be paid over to the fund. [Emphasis added.]

AAA argues the trial court did not interpret the language of the agreement because it erroneously assumed the plan's trustees had interpreted the language and erroneously concluded that it was required to defer to that interpretation of the agreement, unless it found the trustees had acted arbitrarily and capriciously. Assuming AAA is correct, we review the language of the agreement de novo. Western & Southern Life Ins. Co. v. Wall, 903 F.Supp. 1155, 1159 (E.D.Mich., 1995).

The reimbursement provisions of the agreement do not limit the fund's right to repayment to situations where the insured recovers economic damages from a third party. Instead, the agreement plainly states the insured is required to repay the fund any time the insured receives a judgment or settlement in a third-party suit. It is undisputed that the plan advanced benefits to plaintiff's dependent when it paid her daughter's medical expenses. Moreover, it is undisputed that plaintiff received a settlement of $20,000 in her negligence case against the driver of the vehicle. Accordingly, the "Subrogation Agreement and Assignment" requires plaintiff to reimburse the fund.

AAA cites language of the agreement that is inapplicable to the instant case. In addition to the reimbursement provisions we have quoted, the agreement also contains the following provision:

I hereby assign to the fund all claims that I and/or my dependents may have against the third party for payment and/or reimbursement of costs and expenses incurred by the fund for medical and/or hospital and/or disability benefits arising out of said accident and/or occurrence.

AAA argues this language precludes the fund's right of reimbursement in this case because under § 3135 of the no-fault act, M.C.L. § 500.3135; M.S.A. § 24.13135, plaintiff could not recover medical expenses from any third party. Even if AAA is correct in its interpretation of the agreement, the portion of the agreement it cites addresses assignment of claims. Defendant fund is not seeking an assignment of plaintiff's claim against the negligent driver. Instead, the issue in this case is whether plaintiff must reimburse the fund. Accordingly, the assignment provision does not govern whether the fund is entitled to be repaid for the medical expenses it paid in this case.

In light of our conclusion that the agreement requires plaintiff to reimburse the fund, we next determine whether the trial court correctly held defendant AAA responsible for the reimbursement. The trial court relied on Sibley v. DAIIE, 431 Mich. 164, 427 N.W.2d 528 (1988). In Sibley, the Michigan Supreme Court addressed the issue whether § 3109(1) of the no-fault act, M.C.L. § 500.3109(1); M.S.A. § 24.13109(1), applies to benefits the plaintiff had received but was later required to refund under the Federal Employees' Compensation Act (FECA), 5 U.S.C. § 8101 et seq. Section 3109(1) provides for a mandatory setoff from no-fault benefits of benefits provided, or required to be provided, by state or federal law.^[3] The purpose of this setoff is to prevent a double recovery by preventing the recovery of benefits that duplicate benefits provided by the no-fault insurer. Popma v. Auto Club Ins. Ass'n, 446 Mich. 460, 476-477, 521 N.W.2d 831 (1994). In Sibley, the plaintiff was injured in an automobile accident during the course of his employment with the United States Post Office. The plaintiff was required by federal law to repay worker's compensation benefits he had received after he settled his third-party tort claim against the other driver. The Court held that these benefits were not considered "benefits provided" under § 3109(1) because they were not permanently provided to the plaintiff. Sibley, supra at 169-170, 427 N.W.2d 528. The Court recognized it could not preclude the federal government from recovering from the plaintiff's tort recovery because federal law provided for the reimbursement and preempted state law. Id. at 170, 427 N.W.2d 528. However, the Court held that it could require the no-fault insurer to repay its insured, the plaintiff, the worker's compensation benefits that federal law required him to repay from his tort recovery. Id. The Court reasoned that requiring the no-fault insurer to repay the benefits to that extent prevented a worker injured in an automobile accident from having to pay his own work-loss and medical benefits. This result effectuated the underlying policies of the no-fault act. Id. Accordingly, the Court held the FECA benefits the plaintiff initially received should not be subtracted from the personal protection insurance benefits available to him under no-fault law. Id. at 171, 427 N.W.2d 528.

AAA urges us not to extend the Sibley approach to this case. However, this Court has already suggested that the approach would be appropriate. In Great Lakes American Life Ins. Co. v. Citizens Ins. Co., 191 Mich.App. 589, 479 N.W.2d 20 (1991), this Court held § 3116 of the no-fault act, M.C.L. § 500.3116; M.S.A. § 24.13116, precluded a health or disability insurer who had paid benefits in place of no-fault personal protection insurance benefits from enforcing its subrogation agreement with its insured. Section 3116 limits an insurer's ability to realize reimbursement from an insured's third-party tort claim to situations where the tort claim arises from an accident that occurred outside Michigan, or is against uninsured owners or operators, or is based on intentional torts.^[4]Id. at 596, 479 N.W.2d 20.

In that case, the health insurer paid the defendant insured's medical expenses after he was injured in a vehicle accident.^[5] Both the health insurance policy and the no-fault policy at issue contained COB clauses, but the health insurer paid the medical expenses pursuant to Federal Kemper. After the insured settled his third-party tort claim for noneconomic damages against the other driver, the health insurer sought to enforce its contractual right of subrogation against the insured's tort recovery. This Court held the benefits paid by the health insurer substituted for no-fault benefits and were subject to the limitations of § 3116; therefore, the health insurer could not enforce its contract. Great Lakes, supra at 599-600, 479 N.W.2d 20. However, this Court discussed the Sibley approach and commented that it was "limited to cases involving federal preemption" because it was contrary to the no-fault priority scheme of Federal Kemper. Id. at 599, 479 N.W.2d 20.

The "preemption clause" of the ERISA provides that the ERISA supersedes state laws that "relate to" qualifying employee benefit plans. 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a). The basic thrust of the preemption clause is to avoid a multiplicity of regulation in order to permit the nationally uniform administration of employee benefit plans. BPS Clinical Laboratories v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Michigan (On Remand), 217 Mich.App. 687, 693, 552 N.W.2d 919 (1996), citing New York State Conference of Blue Cross & Blue Shield Plans v. Travelers Ins. Co., 514 U.S. 645, 655-656, 115 S.Ct. 1671, 131 L.Ed.2d 695 (1995). State laws that force an ERISA plan administrator to modify a benefit plan in order to comply with the laws of a specific state would violate the ERISA. Id. Pursuant to the "savings clause," 29 U.S.C. § 1144(b)(2)(A), the ERISA does not preempt state laws that regulate insurance. However, the effect of the "deemer clause," 29 U.S.C. § 1144(b)(2)(B), is that self-funded ERISA plans, as opposed to plans that are insured, are even exempt from state laws that purport to regulate insurance. FMC Corp. v. Holliday, 498 U.S. 52, 61, 111 S.Ct. 403, 112 L.Ed.2d 356 (1990). Accordingly, if the state law at issue falls under the "preemption clause" it is not "saved" when the ERISA plan at issue is self-funded.

In Frederick & Herrud, supra at 387, 505 N.W.2d 820, the Court held that § 3109a of the no-fault act could not apply where an ERISA plan contained a clear COB clause, reasoning the statute had a direct effect on the administration of such plans because it would "virtually write a primacy of coverage clause into the plans." The Court concluded that such state regulation would impose administrative burdens on the plans that federal cases have historically forbidden. Id. If we were to apply § 3116 to this case and refuse to enforce the fund's right to reimbursement, it would virtually eliminate the clause of the policy that provides for the right. Accordingly, we believe the ERISA preempts the application of § 3116 to this case just as it did in Frederick & Herrud. Because this case involves federal preemption, it is appropriate to use the approach set forth in Sibley and allow the plaintiff to look to her no-fault carrier to make her whole. Great Lakes, supra at 599, 479 N.W.2d 20. Thus, the trial court properly ordered AAA to repay plaintiff any sums she reimbursed the fund.

Finally, AAA argues the trial court erroneously relied on plaintiff's acquiescence that the fund was entitled to reimbursement. We need not address this argument. Even if we agreed with AAA, we would not reverse the order of the trial court in this case where it reached the right result possibly for the wrong reason. Phinney v. Perlmutter, 222 Mich.App. 513, 532, 564 N.W.2d 532 (1997).

Affirmed.

MARK J. CAVANAGH, J., concurred.

MARKMAN, Presiding Judge (dissenting).

Although the facts are accurately set forth in the majority opinion, the majority's extension of the logic of the cited cases effects a windfall recovery for the plaintiff and is, in my view, insupportable. I therefore respectfully dissent.

Section 3109a of the Insurance Code, M.C.L. § 500.3109a; M.S.A. § 24.13109(1), provides:

An insurer providing personal protection insurance benefits shall offer, at appropriately reduced premium rates, deductibles and exclusions reasonably related to other health and accident coverage on the insured. The deductibles and exclusions required to be offered by this section shall be subject to prior approval by the commissioner and shall apply only to benefits payable to the person named in the policy, the spouse of the insured and any relative of either domiciled in the same household.

Before the advent of statutory no-fault insurance in Michigan, persons injured in motor vehicle accidents bore the resulting financial burdens if negligent or contributorily negligent, or if no one else involved in the accident was negligent. By mandating first-party insurance without regard to fault, the no-fault system changed all of this, guaranteeing that injured motorists, passengers, and pedestrians alike will have their medical costs and some or all of their wage losses and incidental expenses covered by required insurance or through the assigned claims facility, M.C.L. § 500.3172 et seq.; M.S.A. § 24.13172 et seq.^[1]

Within this scheme of mandatory first-party insurance, the Legislature, in order to help make the required insurance affordable, added § 3109a within two years of enacting the original no-fault act. This section requires no-fault insurers to offer their insureds the option of coordinated benefits at a reduced premium. O'Donnell v. State Farm Mut. Automobile Ins. Co., 404 Mich. 524, 273 N.W.2d 829 (1979), app. dis. 444 U.S. 803, 100 S.Ct. 22, 62 L.Ed.2d 16 (1979); Smith v. Physicians Health Plan, Inc., 444 Mich. 743, 514 N.W.2d 150 (1994). Fundamental to this statutory amendment is that insurers have no choice—they must offer such an option to their insureds. The insureds then have the right to elect coordinated medical benefits in exchange for a reduced no-fault insurance premium, or to reject that opportunity for such savings and, in the event of subsequent injury, to recoup a double recovery that is not a "windfall."^[2]Tousignant v. Allstate Ins. Co., 444 Mich. 301, 506 N.W.2d 844 (1993).

Perhaps the most fundamental rule of Michigan, insurance jurisprudence is that an insurer can never be held liable for a risk it did not assume and for which it did not charge or receive any premium. Ruddock v. Detroit Life Ins. Co., 209 Mich. 638, 653, 177 N.W. 242 (1920); Lee v. Evergreen Regency Cooperative, 151 Mich.App. 281, 285-286, 390 N.W.2d 183 (1986); South Macomb Disposal Authority v. American Ins. Co. (On Remand), 225 Mich.App. 635, 695-696, 572 N.W.2d 686 (1997). Yet this rule has been effectively nullified in the context of the instant case by a focus on tensions between the language of benefit plans under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq., and § 3109a, because ERISA plans apparently have free reign under federal law to countercoordinate health and accident benefits with no-fault benefits so as to make the latter primary. That is undoubtedly the logical consequence of the ERISA's preemptive effect on state law by virtue of the Supremacy Clause, U.S. Const., art. VI, cl. 2. Auto-Club Ins. Assn. v. Frederick & Herrud, Inc. (After Remand), 443 Mich. 358, 387, 505 N.W.2d 820 (1993). But nothing within this principle, in my judgment, requires a holding that insureds must be allowed to exact from insurers coverage the insureds opted not to purchase.

In this case, plaintiff pocketed the savings generated by electing to coordinate her employer sponsored health and accident benefits with her no-fault insurance, thereby reducing her no-fault insurance premiums. Yet although she reduced her premiums in this way, she appears to have given up nothing in reality because the liability of the no-fault insurer is apparently unaffected by the reduced premiums under the analysis of the majority. The insurer here is held to have provided coverage exactly equivalent to what would have been appropriate had it not received a reduced premium.

There is, of course, a loser in this affair. Because insurance merely represents the pooling of risks, all others in Michigan who purchase no-fault insurance are apparently responsible for subsidizing persons like plaintiff, who elect a reduced premium—which the Legislature has mandated be charged by insurers—but who obtain the same level of no-fault coverage as those not paying a reduced premium. As with all such governmental subsidies, overall the net effect is that of a zero sum game or—when administrative costs, including the attorney fees paid by insurers to defend cases such as the instant one are considered in the balance—a negative sum game for the people of Michigan.

However, this windfall to persons in plaintiff's position will not likely continue indefinitely. By this decision, a reasonable insurer will be forced to demand copies of health and accident coverage policies whenever an insured elects coordination under § 3109a. The insurers will have to scrutinize such policies, both to identify those insurers protected by the ERISA from becoming primary insurers except by consent and to undertake a parsing of their language for possible countercoordination clauses that will require a readjustment of the actuarial risk and thus of the premium. Principally lawyers, conversant with the jurisprudence in this area of insurance law, will be competent to perform this examination. As a result, administrative costs will increase substantially and insureds as a class will pay higher no-fault premiums so that a minority can enjoy a minimal premium reduction through exercise of the § 3109a election.

This anomaly arises only because plaintiff was injured through the negligence of another driver and to an extent in excess of the threshold for tort liability under § 3135 of the Insurance Code, M.C.L. § 500.3135; M.S.A. § 24.13135.^[3] Plaintiff, by the majority's lights, thus properly avails herself of two state legislative dispensations, a reduced premium and residual tort liability, but finds herself free, ostensibly because of federal legislative action and misinterpretation of the decisions cited by the majority, of the concomitant quid pro quo of reduced benefits.^[4]

The majority has erred, in my judgment, in overlooking a crucial fact. In Sibley v. DAIIE, 431 Mich. 164, 427 N.W.2d 528 (1988), the issue was whether benefits initially tendered to the insured under the Federal Employees' Compensation Act, 5 U.S.C. § 8101 et seq., but recouped by the federal government pursuant to its statutory right of subrogation, 5 U.S.C. § 8132, from the insured's third-party tort claim, should nonetheless be treated as "[b]enefits provided or required to be provided under the laws of... the federal government" for purposes of M.C.L. § 500.3109(1); M.S.A. § 24.13109(1). The Supreme Court of Michigan answered that question in the negative, and correctly so, in my judgment. What distinguishes Sibley from the present case, however, is that, in Sibley, the insured did not arrange a lower premium on the basis of such federal benefits; rather, insureds generally receive the benefit of lower premiums because the no-fault statute requires that state and federal benefits of that type be deducted from no-fault benefits. Insurers thus calculate actuarially the extent to which the general population of insureds will be able to avail itself of such benefits, and premiums are determined accordingly, without regard to individual cases. Thus, in Sibley, the Court merely announced to the actuaries that they should consider only benefits to be paid and retained under such federal and state programs as being within the offset allowed.

Here, in contrast, the ERISA-plan benefits are not provided "under the laws of any state or the federal government," that is, from the public treasury, but rather by virtue of funding furnished by plaintiff's employer. To reduce its costs, the employer has established subrogation rights, but this has nothing to do with defendant no-fault insurer, which was not informed by plaintiff of her election to sign the subrogation agreement before reducing plaintiff's no-fault premium pursuant to her § 3109a election. Rather, this is between plaintiff and the ERISA plan. Presumably, by the manner in which the ERISA plan subrogates itself to plaintiff's tort recovery, it reduces the cost of the plan to the employer, and thereby either allows the employer to afford the plan at all, or encourages the employer to provide a better benefit package for its employees. Either way, that is a direct benefit to plaintiff, but the quid pro quo is that she must reimburse the ERISA plan where, as here, she obtains a tort recovery for the same injury. There is no reason why this must absolve plaintiff of the consequences of her election of coordinated benefits for a reduced premium or why the insurer must pay no-fault benefits as though plaintiff had not elected coordination.

This is not a dispute over priority as between the ERISA plan and the no-fault insurer; as has been acknowledged, in that situation the ERISA plan would prevail, assuming a suitable coordination of benefits clause in the plan's charter. Frederick & Herrud, supra at 387, 505 N.W.2d 820. Nor is this a case in which a non-ERISA health insurer seeks to enforce subrogation rights against a tort recovery; that is precluded by § 3116 of the Insurance Code, M.C.L. § 500.3116; M.S.A. § 24.13116. Great Lakes American Life Ins. Co. v. Citizens Ins. Co., 191 Mich.App. 589, 479 N.W.2d 20 (1991). This is the only holding in Great Lakes; there is nothing therein, even dictum, that addresses the present factual situation or suggests a resolution of the issue here presented. This is a suit by an insured who has invoked her statutory right to a reduced premium in exchange for coordinated benefits, and who opted to use as her primary medical insurance an ERISA plan that reserved and invoked subrogation rights against an eventual tort recovery. No one forced her to make that election, but now that it has come time to accept the consequences of that election, there is no reason in law or logic to relieve her of the concomitant burdens that attend the reduced premium benefits already enjoyed.

Therefore, defendant AAA is entitled to summary disposition. I would reverse summary disposition in favor of plaintiff and, pursuant to MCR 7.216(A)(7), remand with instructions to grant summary disposition in favor of AAA.

NOTES

[1] Section 3109a provides:

An insurer providing personal protection insurance benefits shall offer, at appropriately reduced premium rates, deductibles and exclusions reasonably related to other health and accident coverage on the insured. The deductibles and exclusions required to be offered by this section shall be subject to prior approval by the commissioner and shall apply only to benefits payable to the person named in the policy, the spouse of the insured and any relative of either domiciled in the same household. [M.C.L. § 500.3109a; M.S.A. § 24.13109(1).]

[2] Federal Kemper was overruled to the extent that it conflicted with the Court's decision in Auto Club Ins. Ass'n v. Frederick & Herrud, Inc. (After Remand), 443 Mich. 358, 387, 505 N.W.2d 820 (1993), but the Court emphasized that outside its narrow holding in Frederick & Herrud, health-care coverage remained primary over that in a no-fault policy. Frederick & Herrud, supra at 390, 505 N.W.2d 820.

[3] Section 3109(1) provides:

Benefits provided or required to be provided under the laws of any state or the federal government shall be subtracted from the personal protection insurance benefits otherwise payable for the injury. [M.C.L. § 500.3109(1); M.S.A. § 24.13109(1).]

[4] Section 3116 provides:

(1) A subtraction from personal protection insurance benefits shall not be made because of the value of a claim in tort based on the same accidental bodily injury.

(2) A subtraction from or reimbursement for personal protection insurance benefits paid or payable under this chapter shall be made only if recovery is realized upon a tort claim arising from an accident occurring outside this state, a tort claim brought within this state against the owner or operator of a motor vehicle with respect to which the security required by section 3101(3) and (4) was not in effect, or a tort claim brought within this state based on intentionally caused harm to persons or property, and shall be made only to the extent that the recovery realized by the claimant is for damages for which the claimant has received or would otherwise be entitled to receive personal protection insurance benefits. A subtraction shall be made only to the extent of the recovery, exclusive of reasonable attorneys' fees and other reasonable expenses incurred in effecting the recovery. If personal protection insurance benefits have already been received, the claimant shall repay to the insurers out of the recovery a sum equal to the benefits received, but not more than the recovery exclusive of reasonable attorneys' fees and other reasonable expenses incurred in effecting the recovery. The insurer shall have a lien on the recovery to this extent. A recovery by an injured person or his or her estate for loss suffered by the person shall not be subtracted in calculating benefits due a dependent after the death and a recovery by a dependent for loss suffered by the dependent after the death shall not be subtracted in calculating benefits due the injured person.

(3) A personal protection insurer with a right of reimbursement under subsection (1), if suffering loss from inability to collect reimbursement out of a payment received by a claimant upon a tort claim is entitled to indemnity from a person who, with notice of the insurer's interest, made the payment to the claimant without making the claimant and the insurer joint payees as their interests may appear or without obtaining the insurer's consent to a different method of payment.

(4) A subtraction or reimbursement shall not be due the claimant's insurer from that portion of any recovery to the extent that recovery is realized for noneconomic loss as provided in section 3135(1) and (2)(b) or for allowable expenses, work loss, and survivor's loss as defined in sections 3107 to 3110 in excess of the amount recovered by the claimant from his or her insurer. [M.C.L. § 500.3116; M.S.A. § 24.13116.]

[5] In fact, the policy was issued to his wife, but the defendant was covered under the policy.

[1] Except for vehicle thieves and those motor vehicle owners who violate their legal duty to procure such insurance, M.C.L. § 500.3113(a) and (b); M.S.A. § 24.13113(a) and (b).

[2] Such double recovery would not be a "windfall," because the insured will have paid double premiums.

[3] This anomaly is a function of the ERISA plan's limitation of countercoordination to the situation in which its insureds obtains third-party tort recoveries. Because the ERISA plan might equally for present purposes have utilized a broader countercoordination strategy, my concerns over the manner in which the state legislative goal of making no-fault insurance more affordable has been eroded are general rather than specific to this particular situation.

[4] While plaintiff here has not obtained a double recovery of medical benefits, she reduced her no-fault premium by electing coordination of benefits, and her employer likewise reduced its health and accident insurance costs by virtue of the reserved right of the ERISA plan to countercoordinate benefits, a savings that redounded to plaintiff's benefit, both directly or indirectly through some combination of higher wages and better employer-funded health and accident coverage.