People of Michigan v. Rashad Daquay Perez ( 2017 )

STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
October 19, 2017
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 334031
Kalamazoo Circuit Court
RASHAD DAQUAY PEREZ, LC No. 2014-000786-FC
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: MURRAY, P.J., and SAWYER and MARKEY, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant appeals as of right his sentence of 360 to 720 months’ imprisonment for
second-degree murder, MCL 750.317. We affirm.
This case arises out of the fatal shooting of 13-year-old Michael Day on May 26, 2014, in
Kalamazoo, Michigan. The jury convicted defendant of second-degree murder, conspiracy to
commit second-degree murder, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a
conspiracy to commit second-degree murder (felony-firearm). The trial court subsequently
dismissed defendant’s conviction of conspiracy to commit second-degree murder, as this is not a
cognizable criminal offense under Michigan law. The trial court sentenced defendant to 2 years’
imprisonment for felony-firearm and to a consecutive term of 360 to 720 months’ imprisonment
for second-degree murder. Defendant appealed his convictions and sentence. We vacated
defendant’s felony-firearm conviction, as it was based on a conviction that had been dismissed,
and remanded to the trial court for resentencing. The trial court recalculated defendant’s
sentencing guidelines range without the felony-firearm conviction and sentenced defendant to
360 to 720 months’ imprisonment.
Defendant now argues that he is entitled to resentencing because the trial court should
have assessed zero points for offense variables (OVs) 1, 2, 3, and 9. He additionally argues that
he is entitled to resentencing because his Sixth Amendment rights were violated when the trial
court used facts not proven beyond a reasonable doubt to determine defendant’s sentencing
guidelines range. We disagree.
In reviewing guidelines scoring on appeal, this Court reviews for clear error the trial
court’s factual determinations, which must be supported by a preponderance of the evidence.
People v Schrauben, 314 Mich. App. 181, 196; 886 NW2d 173 (2016). “Whether the facts, as
found, are adequate to satisfy the scoring conditions prescribed by statute, i.e., the application of
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the facts to the law, is a question of statutory interpretation, which an appellate court reviews de
novo.” People v Hardy, 494 Mich. 430, 438; 835 NW2d 340 (2013). As to defendant’s Sixth
Amendment challenge, as a nonstructural, constitutional error, we review for harmless error.
People v Terrell, 312 Mich. App. 450, 464; 879 NW2d 294 (2015); People v Stokes, 312 Mich
App 181, 198; 877 NW2d 752 (2015). We first address defendant’s evidentiary challenges to the
scoring of OVs 1, 2, 3, and 9, and then address defendant’s constitutional argument. See People
v Biddles, 316 Mich. App. 148, 157; 896 NW2d 461 (2016).
The trial court’s factual determinations as to OVs 1 and 2 were supported by a
preponderance of the evidence. Schrauben, 314 Mich. App. at 196. A trial court should assess 25
points for OV 1 where “[a] firearm was discharged at or toward a human being.” MCL
777.31(1)(a). A trial court should assess 5 points for OV 2 where “[t]he offender possessed or
used a pistol, rifle, [or] shotgun.” MCL 777.32(1)(d). Moreover, in multiple offender cases, all
offenders must be assessed the same number of points as to OVs 1 and 2. MCL 777.31(2)(b);
MCL 777.32(2).
Defendant argues that the trial court erred in assessing points as to OVs 1 and 2 because
the jury acquitted him of possession of a firearm during the commission of second-degree
murder. However, as we have previously stated,
[b]ecause the prosecution must prove controverted factual assertions underlying
the scoring of the sentencing guidelines by a preponderance of the evidence rather
than beyond a reasonable doubt, situations may arise wherein although the
factfinder declined to find a fact proven beyond a reasonable doubt for purposes
of conviction, the same fact may be found by a preponderance of the evidence for
purposes of sentencing. [People v Ratkov, 201 Mich. App. 123, 126; 505 NW2d
886 (1993).]
In the present case, two eyewitnesses testified that they saw defendant fire a handgun at the
victim. While this testimony was apparently insufficient for the jury to find defendant guilty of
possessing a firearm during the commission of second-degree murder, this testimony constitutes
a preponderance of the evidence supporting the trial court’s finding that defendant possessed and
fired a handgun. See Schrauben, 314 Mich. App. at 196; Ratkov, 201 Mich. App. at 126. This
finding was sufficient to score 25 points for OV 1 and 5 points for OV 2. See MCL
777.31(1)(a); MCL 777.32(1)(d). Moreover, MCL 777.31(2)(b) and MCL 777.32(2) require that
all offenders in a multiple-offender situation be assessed the same amount of points as to OVs 1
and 2, and the co-defendant in this case was assessed 25 points for OV 1 and 5 points for OV 2.
Accordingly, the trial court was obligated to assess the same amount of points for OVs 1 and 2 as
to defendant’s sentencing guidelines calculation. See People v Morson, 471 Mich. 248, 258-259;
685 NW2d 203 (2004).
The trial court’s factual determination as to OV 3 is also supported by a preponderance of
the evidence. A trial court should assess 25 points for OV 3 where “[l]ife threatening or
permanent incapacitating injury occurred to a victim.” MCL 777.33(1)(c). Although OV 3
provides for the assessment of 100 or 50 points when a victim is killed, these points may only be
assessed where homicide is not the sentencing offense or where the offense involves the
operation of a vehicle, respectively.
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In the present case, the victim was killed. Because defendant was convicted of second-
degree murder, the trial court could not assess 100 points under OV 3. MCL 777.33(2)(b).
Because defendant’s offense did not involve the operation of a vehicle, the trial court could not
assess 50 points under OV 3. MCL 777.33(2)(c). However, the victim undoubtedly received a
life-threatening injury, as demonstrated by the fact that the victim later died from that injury.
See People v Houston, 473 Mich. 399, 407 n 16; 702 NW2d 530 (2005). As the trial court was
required to assess the highest number of points possible under OV 3, MCL 777.33(1), it was
required to—and did correctly—assess 25 points pursuant to MCL 777.33(1)(c), Houston, 473
Mich. at 407 n 16.
The trial court also correctly scored OV 9. A trial court must assess 10 points for OV 9
where “2 to 9 victims . . . were placed in danger of physical injury or death.” “[E]ach person
who was placed in danger of physical injury or loss of life or property” should be counted as a
victim. MCL 777.39(2)(a). Accordingly, even persons who were not victims of the charged
crime are considered victims under OV 9. See People v Sargent, 481 Mich. 346, 350 n 2; 750
NW2d 161 (2008) (“[I]n a robbery, the defendant may have robbed only one victim, but scoring
OV 9 for multiple victims may nevertheless be appropriate if there were other individuals present
at the scene of the robbery who were placed in danger of injury or loss of life.”).
In the present case, there was sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s determination
that more than one victim was placed in danger of physical injury or loss of life. MCL
777.39(1)(c). Testimony at trial established that at least three other juveniles were standing near
the victim when he was shot. Although none of them were physically injured, each was present
at the scene of the shooting and placed in danger of injury or loss of life. Therefore, although the
victim was the only one injured, at least 3 other people were placed in immediate danger of
physical injury as a result of the shooting and are thus considered victims for the purpose of
scoring OV 9. See People v Walden, 319 Mich. App. 344; ___ NW2d ___ (2017), slip op at 3-4.
Accordingly, the trial court properly assessed 10 points for OV 9 as to defendant. See id.
Defendant also argues that the trial court improperly used facts that were not found
beyond a reasonable doubt by the jury in assessing points for OVs 1, 2, 3, and 9. In People v
Lockridge, 498 Mich. 358, 387-389; 870 NW2d 502 (2015), our Michigan Supreme Court
determined that the mandatory imposition of Michigan’s sentencing guidelines violated the Sixth
Amendment because it allowed a defendant’s minimum sentence to be increased based on facts
not admitted by the defendant nor found by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. To remedy this
constitutional violation, the Court rendered the sentencing guidelines advisory. Id. at 391-392.
Although the sentencing guidelines are now advisory, a sentencing court is still required to
determine the applicable guidelines range and take it into account when imposing a sentence. Id.
at 365. Moreover, “Lockridge did not alter or diminish MCL 769.34(10),” Schrauben, 314 Mich
App at 196 n 1, which requires this Court to affirm a sentence within the guidelines sentence
range “absent an error in scoring the sentencing guidelines or inaccurate information relied upon
in determining the defendant’s sentence,” MCL 769.34(10). Accordingly, the assessment of OV
points based on facts not found by the jury beyond a reasonable doubt is not constitutional error
post-Lockridge. Lockridge, 498 Mich. at 392 n 28; Biddles, 316 Mich. App. at 159.
In the present case, the trial court calculated defendant’s sentencing guidelines range
upon resentencing to be 225 to 375 months’ imprisonment or life. The trial court sentenced
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defendant within this guidelines range to 360 to 720 months’ imprisonment. At the time of
sentencing, the trial court was undoubtedly aware of the Lockridge decision, as resentencing
occurred nearly one year after the Lockridge decision was released. Moreover, both the
prosecutor and the trial court noted that the trial court was not required to follow the sentencing
guidelines. Because the trial court was aware that the sentencing guidelines were advisory only,
the trial court’s use of facts that were not found beyond a reasonable doubt by the jury is not
error. See Biddles, 316 Mich. App. at 159 (“[J]udicial fact-finding is proper, as long as the
guidelines are advisory only.”). The principal constitutional error Lockridge sought to remedy
was the use of these facts to alter a defendant’s mandatory minimum sentence. Lockridge, 498
Mich. at 387-389. This error is not present here, where the trial court was not required—and
acknowledged that it was not required—to enter a minimum sentence based on these facts. See
Biddles, 316 Mich. App. at 159. Accordingly, to the extent that the trial court relied on facts not
found beyond a reasonable doubt by the jury in resentencing defendant, the trial court did not err.
To the extent that defendant argues that his sentence is not reasonable, we note that,
according to Lockridge, 498 Mich. at 364, we are required to review only departures from the
sentencing guidelines range for reasonableness. As defendant was sentenced within his
sentencing guidelines range, we need not evaluate defendant’s sentence for reasonableness and
must affirm defendant’s sentence unless there was an error in the scoring or the trial court relied
on inaccurate information. See Schrauben, 314 Mich. App. at 196; MCL 769.34(10). Defendant
has not demonstrated that his sentencing guidelines range was a result of an error in scoring or
inaccurate information. Accordingly, defendant is not entitled to resentencing. See Schrauben,
314 Mich. App. at 196; MCL 769.34(10)
Defendant also summarily argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel
because defense counsel failed to object to defendant’s sentence. As the trial court did not err in
sentencing defendant and defense counsel is not required to raise futile objections, defendant’s
argument is meritless. See People v Snider, 239 Mich. App. 393, 425; 608 NW2d 502 (2000).
Affirmed.
/s/ Christopher M. Murray
/s/ David H. Sawyer
/s/ Jane E. Markey
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