Jennifer Giles v. Miners Inc. , 242 F.3d 810 ( 2001 )

United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
___________
No. 00-1996
___________
Jennifer L. Giles, Individually and as *
Mother and Next Best Friend; *
Amber L. Giles, a minor; *
Thomas L. Giles, *
*
Appellants, *
*
v. *
*
Miners, Incorporated, doing business * Appeal from the United States
as Super One Foods; Hussman * District Court for the
Corporation, also known as * Southern District of Iowa.
American Refrigeration Products, *
also known as IC Industries Company, *
*
Appellees. *
*
Iowa Trial Lawyers Association, *
*
Amicus on Behalf of Appellant. *
___________
Submitted: November 13, 2000
Filed: March 12, 2001
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Before BOWMAN, HEANEY, and BEAM, Circuit Judges.
___________
HEANEY, Circuit Judge.
Amber Giles and her parents, Jennifer and Thomas Giles, brought a products
liability action for a frostbite injury that Amber sustained while retrieving Popsicles
from a spot-merchandising freezer manufactured by Hussman Corporation and located
in a Super One Foods store owned by Miners, Inc. After excluding the testimony of
the plaintiffs’ expert witness, the district court granted summary judgment to the
defendants.1 We affirm as to Hussman, because the plaintiffs have failed to make an
adequate showing on their design-defect claims. We reverse as to Miners on the
negligence claim, however, because there has been sufficient evidence presented to
create a jury question on the foreseeability of the accident.
I. BACKGROUND
On July 8, 1996, Amber, who was then twelve years old, was shopping with her
mother at the Super One grocery store. Amber's mother asked her to retrieve some
Popsicles that were arranged in a Hussman spot-merchandising freezer. As she reached
inside to get the Popsicles, Amber’s fingers stuck to the metal wall of the freezer.
Precisely how this happened is disputed by the deposition testimony; Amber might
have merely brushed her fingers against the freezer wall or she might have been playing
with the boxes of Popsicles. In any event, Amber and her mother were unable to free
her hand. A store employee made three trips to get water to pour on her fingers before
they came loose. Amber’s fingers were cherry red; she had received frostbite burns
from the freezer.2
1
The Honorable Robert W. Pratt, United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Iowa.
2
The extent of Amber's injuries is disputed, but is not material for purposes of
this appeal.
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The spot-merchandising freezers of the type at issue in this case have been
manufactured and sold by Hussman since 1985. They are movable, and are powered
by an electrical plug-in to a 110-volt outlet. Ordinarily, the customer is protected from
frostbite by the buildup of a protective layer of frost on the sides of the freezer, which
takes between thirty and sixty minutes to form. The design of the freezers is regulated
by the Federal Department of Health using standards issued by the American National
Standards Institute, the National Sanitation Foundation, and Underwriters Laboratories.
The plaintiffs’ product liability action against Hussman is premised on a design-
defect theory for failure to install a mesh guard that would prevent any touching of the
sides of the freezer. See Bingham v. Marshall & Huschart Mach. Co., 485 N.W.2d 78,
79 (Iowa 1992) (describing various theories used in products liability action). The
action against Miners is based on the theory that the store was negligent in placing the
freezer on the sales floor before a protective coating of ice could form on the freezer
walls and leaving it on the sales floor after the plug had been disconnected. According
to the plaintiffs, Miners could therefore have foreseen that injury would result.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Hussman's Liability for Defective Design
1. Exclusion of Expert Testimony
The plaintiffs argue that the district court abused its discretion in excluding the
testimony of their expert, Dale Gumz. We disagree. The admission of expert
testimony lies within the broad discretion of the district court and will not be disturbed
absent an abuse of discretion. See Peitzmeier v. Hennessy Indus., Inc., 97 F.3d 293,
296 (8th Cir. 1996). Under Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S.
579, 589-92 (1993), the district court acts as "gatekeeper" to screen expert testimony
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for relevance and reliability. See also Jaurequi v. Carter Mfg. Co., 173 F.3d 1076,
1082-83 (8th Cir. 1999) (citing Fed. R. Evid. 702).
In this case, the district court's application of the Daubert factors to the testimony
regarding the proposed guard was within its discretion. Gumz proposed to testify that
the freezer was unreasonably dangerous without a mesh safety guard, which would
attach with duct tape to the freezer wall. The plaintiffs argue that because Gumz's
testimony regarding the safety guard involved principles of engineering, not novel
scientific issues, the district court erred in applying the Daubert factors in determining
its admissibility. We have previously rejected such an argument, however, concluding
that “the law grants the trial judge broad latitude to determine whether the Daubert
factors are, or are not, reasonable measures of reliability in a particular case.” Jaurequi,
173 F.3d at 1082 (quoting Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 119 S. Ct. 1167, 1176
(1999)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Upon application of the Daubert factors to the testimony in this case, it is clear
that the district court also did not abuse its discretion in excluding Gumz's testimony.
As in other cases in which expert testimony on alternative design was excluded, see,
e.g. Pestel v. Vermeer Mfg. Co., 64 F.3d 382, 384 (8th Cir. 1995), the district court
found that the expert testimony lacked sufficient indicia of reliability. Reviewing
Gumz's deposition testimony carefully, we note that there was no indication that Gumz
had analyzed how the proposed safety guard would interact with the freezer's proper
functioning. Further, it appears that Gumz's mesh insertion would violate government
and industry design standards, which require a sanitary, easily cleanable surface, rather
than one that allows the growth of mold and bacteria. (Jt. App. at 60).
2. Summary Judgment Motion
The plaintiffs contend that even if Gumz's testimony is inadmissible, the district
court erred in granting Hussman summary judgment. We cannot agree, because the
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plaintiffs have failed to produce evidence that the freezer was unreasonably dangerous.
As the manufacturer has designed it, the buildup of frost prevents any significant risk
of injury from frostbite.
Under Iowa law, recovery for a design defect under either a strict liability or
negligence theory requires “proof of unreasonable danger.” Chown v. USM Corp., 297
N.W.2d 218, 220 (Iowa 1980). The Iowa courts have used both a “consumer
expectations” and a “risk/utility” test in defining what constitutes an unreasonable
danger. See Fell v. Kewannee Farm Equip. Co., 457 N.W.2d 911 (Iowa 1990).
Based on the record before us, the plaintiffs have not demonstrated any such
unreasonable danger inherent in the design of the freezer. Although Iowa law does not
appear to require expert testimony for recovery in a products liability action, the
plaintiff must supply sufficient evidence to satisfy the trial court that the jury, with its
common knowledge, could reasonably find an alternative design to be practical and
feasible. See Wernimont v. International Harvestor Corp., 309 N.W.2d 137, 141 (Iowa
App. 1981).
Here, even if Gumz's testimony had been admitted, the plaintiffs did not have
sufficient evidence to create a fact issue as to whether such an alternative design was
feasible. The freezer was designed to be used with a protective frost overlay. With
this frost buildup, there was no significant risk of injury. Therefore, the district court
properly granted Hussman summary judgment on the design-defect claims.
B. Miners's Liability
Although it is a close question, we believe that the evidence plaintiffs presented
was sufficient to generate a fact question as to whether Miners could foresee that an
accident would occur, and thus whether Miners could be negligent. See Gremmels v.
Tandy Corp., 120 F.3d 103, 105 (8th Cir. 1997) (listing elements required to recover
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in negligence action under Iowa law); Marcus v. Young, 538 N.W. 2d 285, 288 (Iowa
1995) (same).
The day after Amber's injury, her mother spoke with the store manager, who
stated that the freezer should have had an ice buildup on it so that the accident would
not have happened. Similarly, the store’s frozen food manager stated that he would not
want to place his hand on the freezer wall before the protective layer of frost had built
up. The following exchange occurred at the frozen food manager's deposition:
Q: Would you want to put your hand on that wall, just you, yourself,
before it’s frosted up and after it’s been turned on a while, and hold
it there?
A. I wouldn’t hold it there.
Q. Why not?
A. I don’t want to freeze my hand.
Q. Were you aware . . . that [a] hand on there before it frosts up, that
it could get frostbitten or froze up?
A. I think I thought it could probably happen.
(Jt. App. at 577). The store manager also admitted that a frostbite injury was possible.
Further, the frozen foods manager testified that the freezer had been positioned
in such a way that the electric cord could easily be pulled out inadvertently by the carts
of other shoppers. The freezer would then defrost, and, once the freezer was plugged
in, it would take thirty to sixty minutes for the frost coating to form again. Another
store employee estimated that the plug would come loose approximately twice a week,
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and that when that happened, the employees would “just go plug it back up.” (Jt. App.
at 412).
Miners argues that it was unaware of any incident in which anyone had become
stuck to the freezer wall, and that hundreds of children in their store had been seen
picking at or playing with the frost buildup on the freezers without incident. Miners
argues that because an accident like Amber's had never happened before, it was
unforeseeable and thus not actionable.
It is this very question of foreseeability, however, that is disputed in this case.
See W. Page Keeton, et al., Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts § 43 (5th ed.
1984) (“If one could not reasonably foresee any injury as the result of one’s act . . .
there would be no negligence, and no liability.”). That this is the first reported accident
with a defrosted freezer does not necessarily mean that the accident was unforeseeable.
To adopt Miners’s position would mean that, no matter how careless a tortfeasor had
been the first time an accident happened, it would be excused. Miners’s position is
simply another way of restating the now overruled tort law chestnut that “every dog
gets one bite.” See, e.g. Bauman v. Auch, 539 N.W.2d 320, 324-25 (S.D. 1995);
Maxwell v. Fraze, 344 S.W.2d 262, 264 (Mo. Ct. App. 1961). It is not a complete
defense to assert that an injury has never happened before, should the facts and
circumstances indicate that the defendant should nevertheless have foreseen that injury
could result.
Here, the testimony of the store manager and the frozen food manager has
generated a fact question in regard to whether Miners could have foreseen Amber’s
injury, and, thus, whether Miners was negligent. Miners was aware that young children
would be among those likely to retrieve food items from the freezer. The store
manager testified that one’s hands could stick to the wall of the freezer if no protective
coating of frost had formed. Reasonable minds could disagree as to whether Miners
should have foreseen that a child could receive frostbite burns if there was no frost
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covering the freezer walls. Cf. City of Cedar Falls v. Cedar Falls Community Sch.
Dist., 617 N.W.2d 11, 16-17 (Iowa 2000) (holding that question of whether golf cart
with key in ignition posed foreseeable danger to children in context of school field trip
was question for jury). Further, reasonable minds could differ as to whether it was
negligent to place the freezer on the sales floor without the frost overlay or to leave the
freezer there after the plug had been disconnected, the freezer had defrosted, and the
frost had dissipated. As these matters remain factually disputed, the plaintiffs'
negligence claim against Miners survives summary judgment.
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm the district court's grant of summary judgment to Hussman, because
the plaintiffs have failed to make an adequate showing on their design-defect claims.
However, we reverse as to Miners on the negligence claim because there has been
sufficient evidence presented about the defrosting of the freezer to create a jury
question on the foreseeability of the accident.
BEAM, Circuit Judge, concurring and dissenting.
I would affirm on all issues. In my view, there is insufficient evidence that
Miners could reasonably have foreseen the probability of a patron receiving a
frostbitten fingertip in the manner alleged by the appellants. The deposition testimony
set forth by the court, ante at 6, simply states the unremarkable proposition that the
store manager acknowledges that if you hold a finger against a freezer wall (or against
a frost build-up upon a freezer wall for that matter) you may experience frostbite. That
is clearly not what is purported to have happened here.
The court also discusses at length the inferences that can be drawn from the
happening of a "first time accident." The cases cited are simply inapposite given the
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facts of this case. The unrefuted evidence available to the trial court was that there are
thousands of this freezer type in use for "decades" without the occurrence of a similar
accident.3
The trial court was correct in its rulings. Accordingly, I dissent from that portion
of the court's opinion that remands the case for a trial.
A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U. S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
3
The evidence established that this manufacturer alone has sold between 42,000
and 70,000 of this exact model freezer since 1985 without a single reported incident
of a hand or finger sticking to the wall as alleged in this case and that the manufacturer
was not aware of any report of a similar incident in the entire commercial refrigeration
industry. The district court found that there was no "evidence indicating that [Miner's]
knew or should have known" of a frostbite danger. Giles v. Miners, Incorporated, No.
4-97-CV-90488, slip op. at 15 (S.D. Iowa, May 11, 1999). I agree with this finding.
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