People of Michigan v. David Louis Wohlscheid ( 2022 )

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
June 9, 2022
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 354813
Ionia Circuit Court
DAVID LOUIS WOHLSCHEID, LC No. 19-017813-FH
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and JANSEN and MURRAY, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant appeals as of right his jury conviction of fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct,
MCL 750.520e(1)(b) (force or coercion) (CSC-IV). The trial court sentenced defendant to 60
months of probation and 30 days of house arrest and subsequently denied defendant’s motion for
a new trial, which was based on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. We affirm.
This case stems from an incident in which defendant assaulted a woman in the parking lot
of the Ionia Moose Lodge. Defendant was charged with misdemeanor assault and battery and
retained attorney Kevin Peterson to defend him. At pretrial hearings, the prosecutor extended an
offer for defendant to plead guilty to assault and battery, with a sentence recommendation of
probation, fines, costs, and no up-front jail. Defendant refused the offer. The prosecutor
subsequently amended the offer: the prosecutor would not charge defendant with CSC-IV if
defendant entered a guilty plea to the original charge of assault and battery. Although defendant
began to consider the offer, he ultimately declined because the term of probation would impose
limitations that defendant was not willing to accept. The prosecutor dismissed the misdemeanor
assault and battery charge and issued the CSC-IV charge. A jury found defendant guilty of CSC-
IV after a two-day trial, with Peterson as counsel. Defendant retained other counsel to represent
him during the sentencing hearing and subsequent appeal.
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After the claim of appeal was filed, this Court granted defendant’s motion to remand for a
Ginther1 hearing regarding Peterson’s assistance as counsel.2 In a detailed opinion from the bench,
the trial court denied defendant’s motion for a new trial after finding that Peterson’s assistance as
counsel was effective.
Defendant argues that he was deprived of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel when
Peterson failed to timely communicate acceptance of a misdemeanor plea offer to the prosecuting
attorney, resulting in defendant instead being charged with and convicted of a higher-severity
offense. Additionally, defendant argues that Peterson was ineffective because he never
communicated an expiration date for the plea offer to defendant.
Whether defense counsel provided effective representation is a mixed question of fact and
law. People v LeBlanc, 465 Mich 575, 579; 640 NW2d 246 (2002). The trial court must determine
the applicable facts, which then must decide whether those facts rise to a level violative of the
defendant’s right to effective assistance of counsel. Id. “[D]efendant has the burden of proving
by a preponderance of the evidence that a plea offer was made and that his counsel failed to
communicate it to him.” People v Williams, 171 Mich App 234, 242; 429 NW2d 649 (1988). This
Court reviews the trial court’s factual findings for clear error, People v Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich
38, 47; 826 NW2d 136 (2012), and clear error exists only if, after reviewing the entire record, we
are “definitely and firmly convinced” that the trial court made a mistake. People v Armstrong, 305
Mich App 230, 242; 851 NW2d 856 (2014). Questions of constitutional law are reviewed de novo.
LeBlanc, 465 Mich at 579. We review for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s decision on a
motion for new trial. People v Johnson, 502 Mich 541, 564; 918 NW2d 676 (2018).
The United States Constitution and Michigan Constitution both guarantee criminal
defendants the right to counsel. US Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 20. See also Missouri v
Frye, 566 US 134, 138; 132 S Ct 1399; 182 L Ed 2d 379 (2012); People v Pickens, 446 Mich 298,
311; 521 NW2d 797 (1994). This right extends to all critical stages of criminal proceedings in
which counsel’s absence might deprive the defendant of a fair trial. People v Buie, 298 Mich App
50, 61; 825 NW2d 361 (2012).
The right to counsel includes the right to effective assistance of counsel. Strickland v
Washington, 466 US 668, 686; 104 S Ct 2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984). “Effective assistance of
counsel is presumed, and the defendant bears a heavy burden of proving otherwise.” People v
Solmonson, 261 Mich App 657, 663; 683 NW2d 761 (2004).
The two-prong test stated in Strickland is the appropriate means for analyzing claims of
ineffective assistance of counsel in Michigan. Pickens, 446 Mich at 326. “First, the defendant
must show that counsel’s performance was deficient. This requires showing that counsel made
errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the
Sixth Amendment.” People v Hoag, 460 Mich 1, 5; 594 NW2d 57 (1999). In other words,
1
People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).
2
People v Wohlscheid, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered June 22, 2021 (Docket
No. 354813).
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counsel’s performance must meet an “objective standard of reasonableness.” Trakhtenberg, 493
Mich at 51. The objective standard of reasonableness is measured “under prevailing professional
norms.” Strickland, 466 US at 688.
However, a defendant is not automatically entitled to a new trial if counsel’s performance
falls below that standard. Id. at 691. “An error by counsel, even if professionally unreasonable,
does not warrant setting aside the judgment of a criminal proceeding if the error had no effect on
the judgment.” Id. Nor does merely “some conceivable effect on the outcome of the proceeding.”
Id. at 693. “[N]ot every error that conceivably could have influenced the outcome undermines
the reliability of the result of the proceeding.” Id.Therefore, under the second prong of the test, a defendant must also show “that the
deficient performance prejudiced the defense.” Hoag, 460 Mich at 5. “In attempting to persuade
a reviewing court that counsel was ineffective, a defendant must also . . . establish ‘a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result would have been different.’ ”
Id. at 6, quoting People v Johnson, 451 Mich 115, 124; 545 NW2d 637 (1996). “ ‘A reasonable
probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.’ ” People v
Randolph, 502 Mich 1, 9; 917 NW2d 249 (2018), quoting Strickland, 466 US at 694.
“[C]riminal defendants require effective counsel during plea negotiations.” Frye, 566 US
at 144. Allowing a plea offer to expire without communicating it to the defendant or allowing the
defendant to consider it does not constitute effective assistance. Id. at 145.
The decision to plead guilty is the defendant’s, to be made after consultation with
counsel and after counsel has explained the matter to the extent reasonably
necessary to permit the client to make an informed decision. . . . The test is whether
the attorney’s assistance enabled the defendant to make an informed and voluntary
choice between trial and a guilty plea. [People v Corteway, 212 Mich App 442,
446; 538 NW2d 60 (1995) (citation omitted).]
Overall, the “benchmark for judging any claim of ineffectiveness must be whether counsel’s
conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be
relied on as having produced a just result.” Strickland, 466 US at 686.
Because the trial court’s findings of fact were supported by ample record evidence, we are
not firmly convinced that the trial court was mistaken in any of its factual findings. The trial court
had the ability to gauge the testimony of defendant, his wife and daughter, as well as that of
Peterson and his office assistant. The trial court paid specific attention to the timeline of events
and when communications could have and did occur and noted that some of defendant’s witnesses
professed some possibility of not knowing exactly when communications occurred. The court also
put great importance on the evidence of continuous plea discussions and the two Cobbs3 hearings
held in the district court, as providing strong evidence that Peterson was in active communication
with defendant and the prosecution to alleviate defendant’s concern that the plea offer not contain
a probationary period that would preclude him from traveling to Florida for the winter. In fact,
3
People v Cobbs, 443 Mich 276; 505 NW2d 208 (1993).
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after Peterson returned from vacation and learned that defendant had changed his mind, Peterson
conveyed defendant’s plea acceptance despite not being convinced that defendant would actually
follow through. And, as the trial court noted, defendant continued rejecting plea offers in circuit
court, insisting on his innocence and wanting a trial.4 The record evidence supports the trial court’s
findings and precludes a conclusion on appeal that the findings were clearly erroneous.
We also reject defendant’s argument that the trial court clearly erred in finding that
Peterson did not fail to convey an expiration date for the plea. The facts show that Peterson knew
that the assistant prosecutor was getting frustrated with granting deadline extensions, so Peterson
understood that the second Cobbs hearing date would be defendant’s final chance to accept.
Peterson in fact successfully fought for the deadline extension to the second Cobbs hearing.
Additionally, there was nothing in writing containing a deadline, and as noted, Peterson pursued
defendant’s late attempt to accept the plea offer.
In light of the trial court’s findings of fact, defendant’s argument that Peterson rendered
ineffective assistance is without merit. Peterson’s actions met an objective standard of
reasonableness. Peterson’s actions, including securing two Cobbs hearings and record evidence
of repeated plea discussions, enabled defendant to make informed and voluntary decisions about
whether to plead. Corteway, 212 Mich App at 446. Further, Peterson could not have failed to
convey acceptance to the prosecutor before the deadline because defendant did not wish to accept
before the deadline. Although defendant considered pleading guilty if certain terms of the
proposed probation met his approval, defendant maintained his innocence throughout the
proceedings, even at the Ginther hearing.
The trial court did not commit clear error in its findings of facts or abuse its discretion by
denying defendant’s motion for a new trial. People v Johnson, 502 Mich at 564.
Affirmed.
/s/ Stephen L. Borrello
/s/ Kathleen Jansen
/s/ Christopher M. Murray
4
Interestingly, although defendant and his family alleged that Peterson failed to communicate
defendant’s plea acceptance before its expiration in district court, they continued to employ
Peterson throughout the proceedings in circuit court. In fact, defendant only retained a new
attorney after his conviction.
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