In Re K Clayborn Minor ( 2022 )

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
UNPUBLISHED
In re K. CLAYBORN, Minor. June 9, 2022
No. 358207
Wayne Circuit Court
Family Division
LC No. 2019-001318-NA
Before: CAMERON, P.J., and O’BRIEN and SWARTZLE, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Respondent appeals as of right the trial court’s order terminating her parental rights to the
minor child, KC,1 under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i) (conditions that led to adjudication continue to
exist), (g) (parent failed to provide proper care or custody for child), and (j) (reasonable likelihood
child will be harmed if returned to parent). We affirm.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Petitioner, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), sought termination of
respondent’s parental rights to KC in July 2019. Petitioner asserted that respondent could not
properly care for herself or KC because respondent was subject to a guardianship, had multiple
mental health issues, and was currently in an adult foster care (AFC) facility. After a preliminary
hearing, the trial court authorized the petition and found that petitioner made reasonable efforts to
prevent KC’s removal, including: scheduling a family team meeting; making collateral contact
with medical, mental health, and adult protective services; reviewing respondent’s guardianship;
investigating relatives with whom KC could stay; completing safety checks on respondent’s three
other children under guardianship with respondent’s sister; and previously offering respondent
reunification services. At a combined adjudicative-and-dispositional hearing in December 2019,
the trial court exercised jurisdiction over KC, but it found that there were insufficient statutory
1
KC has no legal or putative father. The trial court terminated the rights of her unidentifiable
father. Respondent has three additional older children under guardianship of their aunt.
Respondent was convicted of two felonious assault counts and imprisoned in 2012. She was
released in 2016 and unable to regain custody of the three older children.
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grounds to terminate respondent’s parental rights. The trial court accordingly ordered petitioner
to make reasonable efforts at reunification.
The hearing then turned to the dispositional phase. Jalona Moore, who was KC’s foster
care worker, testified that respondent had only attended 10 of her 19 scheduled parenting time
visits since the petition was authorized: two of the missed visits were due to transportation issues
and three of the missed visits were because respondent left the visit before KC even arrived. Moore
typically spoke with respondent or respondent’s guardian to confirm each visit, and respondent
was transported to the visit either by taxi or by someone at her AFC facility. Moore had provided
respondent bus tickets to get her to the visits, but it is unclear whether respondent used the tickets.
Moore also explained that she constantly had to redirect respondent’s care of KC during the
supervised visits because respondent had repeatedly failed to retain information about how to
safely handle or feed KC. At the end of the hearing, the trial court ordered a Clinic for Child study,
a psychological and psychiatric assessment, therapeutic services through The Development
Center, and infant mental health treatment, all of which the trial court stated would accommodate
respondent’s special needs because the programs were specifically tailored to the parent’s abilities.
The trial court also ordered petitioner to “assist [respondent] with transportation (to visits) which
is appropriate to her level of functioning[,] whether that is paying for/arranging a taxi, arranging
for [AFC] staff to transport or having [the DHHS] staff transport if it can be done safely.”
At the first dispositional review hearing in February 2020, petitioner indicated that
respondent had been compliant with mental health treatment and medication, respondent had a
legal source of income, and respondent had been “compliant for the most part” with her supervised
visits. Moore stated that she would not be opposed to expanding the length of respondent’s visits
with KC once respondent complied with all of her court-ordered services, but Moore noted that
respondent was usually ready to leave after the current two-hour visits. Moore did not believe that
respondent would benefit from traditional parenting classes, so she referred respondent for
supportive visitation whereby an agency would assist respondent during her visitation and provide
one-on-one parenting assistance.
At the second dispositional review hearing in July 2020, petitioner indicated that
respondent was not in full compliance with her case service plan and there remained concerns
regarding respondent’s mental health. Although respondent participated in supportive visitation,
the clinician recommended additional supportive visitation because there remained a concern with
respondent’s safe handling of KC.
At the third dispositional review hearing in October 2020, Moore indicated that respondent
had not yet completed a required psychiatric evaluation, and respondent had not been compliant
with her mental health services.
In February 2021, petitioner again sought termination of respondent’s parental rights
because respondent had failed to comply with or benefit from her case service plan.
The termination hearing commenced in April 2021. Respondent testified that the
medication for her multiple psychological disorders caused her to sleep a lot: respondent went to
sleep around 2:00 a.m. to 4:00 a.m. and woke up around 12:30 p.m. to 1:00 p.m. each day.
Respondent alleged that Moore had physically abused KC at the end of respondent’s visit in
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January 2021, causing respondent to attempt suicide. Respondent then ceased visiting KC because
she claimed that petitioner had denied respondent visitation after the incident even though
respondent had proper transportation to attend. Moore denied respondent’s allegations of abuse,
and said that the DHHS investigation could not substantiate the allegations. Moore explained that
petitioner never canceled respondent’s visitations, and Moore’s supervisor called respondent to
inform her as such. Moore also called respondent’s AFC facility to inquire whether respondent
would be attending her visits, but respondent would either still be sleeping or told the AFC staff
that she did not want to attend. Consequently, respondent made no contact with KC for the three
months leading up to the termination hearing, and she attended only 14 of the 29 offered visits up
to that point.
Respondent admitted that she could not currently care for KC on her own, but she
contended that it was because she was wrongfully “stuck in the system,” and she could care for
the child if her medication was switched. Respondent also asserted that transportation was her
main barrier to reunification with KC because she was otherwise complying with her case service
plan. Moore, on the other hand, explained that respondent had failed to complete a required
psychiatric assessment, was inconsistent with her parenting time, unsatisfactorily completed her
hands-on parenting class, and failed to attend multiple sessions of the parenting class she was asked
to repeat. Moore frequently had to assist respondent with proper care of KC during the supervised
visits, and respondent failed to obtain proper housing2 for herself and KC.
At the end of the hearing, the trial court found that respondent remained unable to care for
herself or KC despite petitioner’s reasonable efforts at reunification, and the trial court terminated
respondent’s parental rights to KC under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i), (g), and (j). Respondent now
appeals.
II. ANALYSIS
Respondent does not challenge the trial court’s determination that statutory grounds3
existed to terminate her parental rights or that termination was in KC’s best interests. Rather,
respondent argues the trial court erred by terminating her parental rights because petitioner failed
to make the following reasonable efforts to reunify respondent with KC: petitioner failed to offer
2
Moore contacted the Wayne Mental Health Authority to inquire about whether she could assist
respondent with housing outside the AFC home. Moore was informed that respondent’s level of
care was high and severe, and thus the AFC home was the most appropriate for her. Respondent’s
guardian testified that children cannot live in an AFC home.
3
In her brief on appeal, respondent states that “clear and convincing evidence warranting
termination under [MCL 712A.19b(3)] was not presented,” but respondent only argues that
termination was inappropriate because petitioner failed to make reasonable efforts at reunification.
Respondent does not allege or argue that there were insufficient statutory grounds for termination.
To the extent this statement was intended to allege that there were insufficient statutory grounds
for termination, respondent abandoned the issue by failing to brief it. See Seifeddine v Jaber, 327
Mich App 514, 520; 934 NW2d 64 (2019) (stating that failure to brief an issue constitutes
abandonment).
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respondent one-on-one parenting classes, petitioner failed to offer respondent additional visits with
KC, petitioner failed to communicate with respondent’s doctors to alter respondent’s medication
schedule, petitioner failed to communicate with respondent after the January 2021 incident, and
petitioner failed to transport respondent to her visits with KC. We disagree.
A. ISSUE PRESERVATION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
In order to preserve the issue of whether reasonable efforts for reunification were made, a
respondent must raise the issue at the time the services are offered. In re Frey, 297 Mich App 242,
247; 824 NW2d 569 (2012). Respondent did not “object or indicate that the services provided to
[her] were somehow inadequate” until she filed this appeal, therefore this issue is unpreserved for
appellate review. Id.This court reviews for clear error preserved issues regarding a trial court’s reasonable-
efforts findings, but it reviews for plain error affecting substantial rights unpreserved issues
regarding a trial court’s reasonable-efforts findings. In re Sanborn, ___ Mich App ___, ___; ___
NW2d ___ (2021) (Docket Nos. 354915 and 354916); slip op at 1. “To avoid forfeiture under the
plain[-]error rule, three requirements must be met: 1) the error must have occurred, 2) the error
was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, 3) and the plain error affected substantial rights.” Id. (quotation
marks and citation omitted). “Generally, an error affects substantial rights if it caused prejudice,
i.e., it affected the outcome of the proceedings.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted).
B. PETITIONER MADE REASONABLE EFFORTS AT REUNIFICATION
The trial court properly found that petitioner made reasonable efforts at reunification before
terminating respondent’s parental rights. The DHHS must generally make reasonable efforts to
reunify families before seeking termination of parental rights. 4 In re Hicks/Brown, 500 Mich 79,
85; 893 NW2d 637 (2017), citing MCL 712A.18f(3)(b) and (c), and MCL 712A.19a(2). As part
of its reasonable efforts, the DHHS “must create a service plan outlining the steps both it and the
parent will take to rectify the issues that led to court involvement and to achieve reunification.”
Id. at 85-86. The service plan “must include, among other things, a schedule of services to be
provided to the parent, child, and if the child is to be placed in foster care, the foster parent, to
facilitate the child’s return to his or her home or to facilitate the child’s permanent placement.” In
re Mason, 486 Mich 142, 156; 782 NW2d 747 (2010), citing MCL 712A.18f(3)(d) (quotation
marks and alteration omitted). The DHHS fails to make reasonable efforts at reunification if it
does not make “reasonable modifications to the services or programs offered to a disabled parent”
pursuant to the Americans with Disabilities Act, 42 USC 12101 et seq. Hicks/Brown, 500 Mich
at 86.
Due to the fact that “there exists a commensurate responsibility on the part of respondents
to participate in the services offered,” Frey, 297 Mich App at 248, the respondent should be given
a reasonable time to make changes and benefit from services before the trial court terminates his
4
There are certain enumerated exceptions to this rule involving aggravated circumstances, see
MCL 712A.19a(2), none of which apply to this case.
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or her parental rights, Mason, 486 Mich at 159. Accordingly, the trial court must consider the
respondent’s compliance with the service plan at any subsequent dispositional review hearings, id.
at 156, and the trial court may properly terminate the respondent’s parental rights where he or she
“failed to either participate or demonstrate that they sufficiently benefited from the services . . .
specifically targeted to address the primary basis for the adjudication,” Frey, 297 Mich App at
248. See also In re Fried, 266 Mich App 535, 542-543; 702 NW2d 192 (2005) (holding that a
trial court did not err by finding that a petitioner made reasonable efforts to preserve a family when
it provided supervised visitation with the children, as well as referrals for psychological
evaluations and substance-abuse treatment that the respondent did not complete).
“When challenging the services offered, a respondent must establish that he or she would
have fared better if other services had been offered.” Sanborn, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 4.
Respondent argues that her medication schedule caused her to sleep through her scheduled
parenting time visits, and she asserts she may have attended more visits if petitioner had altered
her medication schedule. To endorse respondent’s argument would require much more from
petitioner than reasonable accommodations for respondent’s disability. Respondent has not
provided any evidence to suggest that petitioner had any control over when respondent took her
medication, and “[i]t is not sufficient for a party simply to announce a position or assert an error
and then leave it up to this Court to . . . search for authority either to sustain or reject [her]
position.” Innovation Ventures v Liquid Mfg, 499 Mich 491, 518; 885 NW2d 861 (2016)
(quotation marks and citation omitted). Moreover, to the extent anyone had control over when
respondent took her medication, it is likely that control was vested in respondent or her guardian—
not petitioner, an agency with no apparent affiliation to the AFC facility. As pointed out by KC’s
lawyer-guardian ad litem, it is likely that respondent could have made a simple request to her
psychiatrist to adjust her medication and this may have rectified her sleeping problem, yet there is
no indication that respondent made such a request. Notwithstanding respondent’s presumably
mistaken belief about petitioner’s authority, there is ample evidence that petitioner attempted to
work with the AFC facility regarding respondent’s visits with KC.
As respondent acknowledged in her own brief on appeal, petitioner called the AFC facility
to speak with respondent regarding her missed visits in 2021, but petitioner was unable to speak
with respondent because she was sleeping. Respondent argues that petitioner could have done
more “to have [respondent] woken up at the [AFC facility] to participate in her . . . visits.” It is
not reasonable to require the DHHS to be responsible for ensuring parents are awake and present
at scheduled visitations, especially where that parent is in the care of an AFC facility run
independently from the DHHS. “[W]hether disabled or not,” it is a parent’s responsibility to
“demonstrate that she can meet [her children’s] basic needs before they will be returned to her
care.” In re Terry, 240 Mich App 14, 28; 610 NW2d 563 (2000). Petitioner made multiple
attempts to speak with respondent about missing her visitations, but petitioner cannot force a parent
to prioritize a child over himself or herself, and respondent’s position would deny any self-
responsibility on behalf of the parent attempting to demonstrate that they have the capacity to care
for a child. See id. (“If a parent cannot or will not meet her irreducible minimum parental
responsibilities, the needs of the child must prevail over the needs of the parent.”) (quotation marks
and citation omitted).
Respondent also argues that petitioner failed to provide one-on-one parenting classes, but
this mischaracterizes the record. Petitioner recognized that respondent would not thrive in a
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traditional classroom setting due to her disabilities, and petitioner accordingly referred respondent
to one-on-one parenting classes, as well as a supportive visitation program that provided hands-on
assistance during respondent’s visits with KC. Though respondent initially completed the
programs, she had difficulty applying the principles at later visits. Petitioner referred respondent
to the parenting program again, but respondent failed to complete it the second time. Thus,
petitioner clearly modified respondent’s case service plan by providing parenting resources
tailored to respondent’s specific needs, but respondent failed either to pursue or to benefit from
the accommodated resources. Cf. Hicks/Brown, 500 Mich at 90 (holding that the petitioner failed
to make reasonable efforts at reunification where it failed to provide specific services through a
community mental health agency that were tailored to the respondent’s intellectual disability).
Respondent next argues that petitioner failed to provide her additional visits with KC, but
nothing in the record indicates that respondent requested additional visits. Moreover, petitioner
expressly indicated it would not expand respondent’s visitation schedule until she completed the
requisite trainings and evaluations, which respondent never did. Further, respondent does not
explain how she would have benefitted from being offered additional visits when she was already
missing the visits that were scheduled. In addition, at the visits respondent did attend, she failed
to establish a bond with KC, as the child most often chose the worker for comfort rather than
respondent. Respondent also asserts that petitioner ceased communicating with respondent—and
denied respondent the ability to visit KC—after the January 2021 incident. This is also
contradicted by the record. Petitioner not only assigned respondent an alternative caseworker for
the brief period in which respondent and Moore could not have contact after the incident, but
petitioner also called respondent’s AFC facility to inquire about respondent’s absence from her
continued visitations after the incident. Petitioner never denied respondent visitation with KC after
the incident, nor did petitioner ignore respondent during this time. Rather, respondent consciously
chose to forgo her visits with KC to sleep, even after the AFC woke up respondent to ask if she
wanted to visit KC. The trial court noted in its termination order that respondent did not visit KC
for almost three months prior to trial.
Finally, respondent argues that petitioner did not sufficiently assist in transporting
respondent to her scheduled visits. Respondent expressly argues that petitioner should have
“go[ne] so far as to have [r]espondent[] picked up from her [AFC facility] and taken to the visits
instead of relying on her being transported by her court-appointed guardian.” Not only did
respondent fail to bring this issue to petitioner’s attention before the termination hearing, but it is
not unreasonable for petitioner to expect respondent’s legal guardian to transport respondent to
her visits with KC—especially because petitioner confirmed each visit in advance with respondent
or her guardian. Moreover, petitioner complied with the trial court’s order to assist respondent
with transportation resources by providing respondent with free bus tickets, a mode of
transportation respondent acknowledged was suitable. It is unclear whether respondent ever used
the bus tickets that petitioner provided, but the record demonstrates that respondent’s primary
modes of transport to her visits were by taxi or by respondent’s legal guardian. Though the trial
court ordered the DHHS staff to transport respondent if it could be done safely, the record does
not indicate whether respondent ever required—or requested—the DHHS staff to transport her. It
appears respondent only missed a few visits due to transportation issues in 2019, and respondent
did not thereafter raise any concerns with her transportation. Respondent provided no indication
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that petitioner refused specific requests for assistance with transportation, nor any indication that
respondent had difficulty securing transportation.
III. CONCLUSION
Petitioner made reasonable efforts at reunification by developing and implementing a case
service plan that outlined the steps that respondent should take to rectify the issues that led to court
involvement. Petitioner provided respondent with infant mental health services, psychological and
psychiatric evaluations, mental-health counseling, a clinical evaluation, one-on-one parenting
classes, bus tickets, and specialized supportive visitation. This plan recognized and accommodated
respondent’s disabilities, but respondent failed to make necessary adjustments in her life to
sufficiently participate in or benefit from the targeted services. Consequently, the trial court
properly found that petitioner made reasonable efforts at reunification before it terminated
respondent’s parental rights. See Sanborn, ___ Mich App at ___; slip op at 5 (holding that the
respondent failed to demonstrate that the DHHS failed to make reasonable accommodations in its
case service plan where the respondent did “not provide any substantive argument on how [the
numerous] services [the DHHS offered] were deficient or how they were not reasonable or
appropriate in light of her [] disability”).
Affirmed.
/s/ Thomas C. Cameron
/s/ Colleen A. O’Brien
/s/ Brock A. Swartzle
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