David Swanson v. Brenda Bradley ( 2020 )

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
DAVID SWANSON, UNPUBLISHED
November 12, 2020
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 350004
Kent Circuit Court
BRENDA BRADLEY, LC No. 17-008674-CH
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: SAWYER, P.J., and M. J. KELLY and SWARTZLE, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
In this dispute regarding a land contract, defendant appeals as of right the trial court’s order
granting judgment in favor of plaintiff. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On May 5, 2014, the parties entered into a land contract for the sale of real property from
defendant to plaintiff. In the land contract, plaintiff agreed to pay defendant a purchase price of
$90,000. Plaintiff agreed to make a down payment of $5,000 on the day the parties executed the
land contract, leaving a balance of $85,000 to be paid through monthly installments. In turn,
defendant agreed to provide plaintiff with a quitclaim deed to the property “[u]pon total payment
of the purchase price and any and all late charges, and other amounts due” to defendant. The land
contract granted plaintiff the right to prepay the unpaid balance, either in whole or in part, and
without penalty, at any time before it became due.
After successfully making monthly payments to defendant for almost three years, plaintiff
filed a complaint against defendant alleging claims for breach of contract, nuisance, trespass, and
quiet title. The complaint alleged that, when plaintiff announced his intention to pay the remaining
balance owed on the land contract, defendant provided him with a notice of default and announced
her decision to refuse prepayment of the remaining balance. Plaintiff alleged that defendant
committed a breach of contract by refusing to accept prepayment of the balance. In his complaint,
plaintiff requested the remedy of specific performance.
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On February 6, 2018, plaintiff tendered a check to defendant in the amount of $76,842.26
in an attempt to pay the remaining balance owed under the land contract. Defendant refused the
check, claiming that it was $8.31 short of the balance due. After refusing to accept defendant’s
payment, on February 15, 2018, defendant filed a forfeiture action against plaintiff in district court,
alleging that plaintiff had failed to make payments as required under the land contract. The district
court ultimately entered a judgment against plaintiff in the amount of $5,183.29, which plaintiff
paid to defendant. In her district-court pleadings, defendant alleged that the balance then owed on
the land contract was $76,143.61.
In March 2018, the parties filed cross-motions for summary disposition in this case. The
trial court denied plaintiff’s motion, and then granted defendant’s motion in part, dismissing
without prejudice plaintiff’s claim for quiet title. After the trial court ordered the parties to
complete mediation, plaintiff made an offer to stipulate to a judgment, under which plaintiff would
pay defendant $75,000 as a full payment of the land contract, and defendant would execute a
quitclaim deed to the property.
On June 25, 2018, plaintiff tendered a check to defendant in the amount of $75,000 in an
attempt to pay the remaining balance owed under the land contract. In September 2018, defendant
cashed the $75,000 check, without informing plaintiff that she had done so. On January 28 and
29, 2019, the trial court conducted a bench trial on plaintiff’s remaining claims for trespass,
nuisance, and breach of contract. At the bench trial, defendant argued that there was still a balance
owed on the land contract, despite the $5,000 down payment, three years of monthly payments,
the $5,183.29 payment from the district-court case, and the $75,000 payment from this case. In
contrast, plaintiff argued that he had paid more than the total amount due under the land contract.
During opening statements at the bench trial, plaintiff’s attorney explained that plaintiff
was only seeking a quitclaim deed to the property and repayment of the additional funds paid in
excess of the balance owed on the land contract. The trial court determined that its role at the
bench trial was “to establish who paid what when and how much was owed and whose calculation
of what was owed is the correct one.” Throughout the bench trial, both parties submitted their own
numbers and calculations regarding the outstanding balance on the land contract, and explained
their accountings. After listening to the testimony and reviewing the evidence, the trial court
dismissed plaintiff’s claims for trespass and nuisance, and held as follows regarding plaintiff’s
claim for breach of contract:
This Court will find that a breach of contract occurred. The date of the breach of
the contract was September 5, 2018 when [defendant] deposited the $75,000.00
prepayment, made by [plaintiff], and pailled—failed to provide the plaintiff any
accounting regarding the balance remaining to be paid or the payoff status, of the
account at that time. Certainly, before that, this matter was in negotiation and there
had been set—some amounts tendered and not accepted. Clearly when the
$75,000.00 check was accepted, that then generates a corresponding duty on the
part of the defendant to say what the status of the account is, and if there are any
amounts due and owing as of that point.
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The trial court therefore granted plaintiff’s request for specific performance and ordered defendant
to provide a quitclaim deed to the property within 30 days.
On July 10, 2019, the trial court entered a final judgment and order in favor of plaintiff,
finding that plaintiff overpaid defendant and that plaintiff was the rightful owner of the real
property. The trial court ordered defendant to refund plaintiff the sum of $5,409.44 and to provide
plaintiff a quitclaim deed to the property. Defendant now appeals the trial court’s final order.
II. ANALYSIS
On appeal, defendant raises four issues in her statement of questions presented: (1) the trial
court misapplied the rules of evidence and erred in its factual findings; (2) plaintiff failed to provide
the evidence required to support his complaint; (3) the trial court failed to understand the
defendant’s payments under the land contract; and (4) the trial court improperly accepted
defendant’s Exhibit H during the bench trial.
This Court reviews a trial court’s factual findings in a bench trial for clear error. Chelsea
Investment Group LLC v Chelsea, 288 Mich. App. 239, 250; 792 NW2d 781 (2010). “A finding is
clearly erroneous if there is no evidentiary support for it or if this Court is left with a definite and
firm conviction that a mistake has been made. The trial court’s findings are given great deference
because it is in a better position to examine the facts.” Id. (citations omitted).
First, defendant argues that the trial court misapplied the rules of evidence and erred in its
factual findings. Defendant contends that the trial court erroneously relied on plaintiff’s Exhibit
H, which defendant refers to as “an 11th hour payment schedule.” Defendant further argues that
the trial court erred in accepting defendant’s trial exhibit because it contained serious errors that
constituted an “apparent or fatal defect.” When plaintiff offered this exhibit into evidence, the trial
court expressly asked whether defendant objected to its admission, and defendant’s counsel
answered, “No.” By expressly disclaiming any objection to the admission of this exhibit at trial,
defendant has waived any appellate argument regarding its admissibility. “Waiver is the voluntary
and intentional relinquishment of a known right.” Varran v Granneman (On Remand), 312 Mich
App 591, 623; 880 NW2d 242 (2015) (citation omitted). “One who waives his rights under a rule
may not then seek appellate review of a claimed deprivation of those rights, for his waiver has
extinguished any error.” Id. (cleaned up). Because defendant waived review of this issue, we
decline to consider it.
All of defendant’s arguments on appeal boil down to arguments that the trial court’s factual
findings made during the bench trial were in error. Defendant’s arguments are unpersuasive. The
trial court was permitted to consider the pleadings that defendant filed in the district-court
forfeiture action and the assertions that defendant made in those pleadings regarding the amount
due from plaintiff under the land contract. Furthermore, the trial court was permitted to find that
defendant’s calculations of the amount due under the land contract were inconsistent and replete
with errors. Giving the trial court’s factual findings the “great deference” they are due, and
acknowledging that the trial court was “in a better position to examine the facts” than this Court,
we cannot say that the trial court’s rulings were clearly erroneous. Chelsea, 288 Mich. App. at 250.
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To the extent that defendant’s brief on appeal can be construed as raising an argument that
the trial court erred by considering at the bench trial claims not raised in plaintiff’s complaint, we
note that defendant did not raise this issue in the statement of questions presented. Accordingly,
we deem this issue waived. See River Investment Group, LLC v Casab, 289 Mich. App. 353, 360;
797 NW2d 1 (2010). Furthermore, because defendant fails to brief the issue adequately, she has
abandoned the issue on appeal. “It is not enough for an appellant in his brief simply to announce
a position or assert an error and then leave it up to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis
for his claims, or unravel and elaborate for him his arguments, and then search for authority either
to sustain or reject his position.” People v Martin, 271 Mich. App. 280, 315; 721 NW2d 815 (2006)
(cleaned up).
Affirmed. Plaintiff, having prevailed in full, may tax costs under MCR 7.219(F).
/s/ David H. Sawyer
/s/ Michael J. Kelly
/s/ Brock A. Swartzle
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