RAGHAVENDRA v. Trustees of Columbia University , 686 F. Supp. 2d 332 ( 2010 )

686 F. Supp. 2d 332 (2010)

Rajagopala Sampath RAGHAVENDRA, also known as Randy S. Raghavendra, Plaintiff,
v.
The TRUSTEES OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, et. al., Defendants.
Rajagopala Sampath Raghavendra, Founder, Racial Equality Struggles for Columbia University Employees (Rescue) Ad Hoc Committee, also known as Randy S. Raghavendra, Plaintiff,
v.
National Labor Relations Board, et. al., Defendants.
Rajagopala Sampath Raghavendra, also known as Randy S. Raghavendra, Plaintiff,
v.
The Trustees of Columbia University, et. al., Defendants.

Nos. 06 Civ. 6841(PAC)(HBP), 08 Civ. 8120(PAC)(HBP), 09 Civ. 0019(PAC)(HBP).

United States District Court, S.D. New York.

February 19, 2010.

Louis D. Stober, Jr., Law Office of Louis D. Stober, Jr. LLC, Sheila S. Hatami, Louis D. Stober, Jr., LLC, Garden City, NY, for Plaintiff.

Edward Andrew Brill, Susan Deegan Friedfel, Proskauer Rose LLP, Laura Dawn Barbieri, Charles B. Updike, Schoeman, Updike & Kaufman, LLP, Tara Marie La Morte, U.S. Attorney's Office, New York, NY, for Defendants.

Rajagopala Sampath Raghavendra, Hucksville, NY, pro se.

ORDER

PAUL A. CROTTY, District Judge.

The facts underlying the above-referenced cases are set forth in detail in this Court's order, Raghavendra v. Trustees of Columbia Univ., 2008 WL 2696226 (S.D.N.Y. July 7, 2008), and in Magistrate Judge Henry Pitman's Report and Recommendation dated August 27, 2009, 2009 WL 5908013 (Dkt. # 57 in 08 Civ. 8120).

Briefly stated, plaintiff Rajagopala S. Raghavendra ("Raghavendra") alleges that the Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York ("Columbia") violated his civil rights and retaliated against him when he complained about it. The alleged conduct commenced in 2001, leading up to his claimed wrongful termination in 2005. Litigation commenced in 2006 and has dragged on since then, resulting on occasion in other lawsuits initiated by Raghavendra against different defendants on various theories of liability.

On July 30, 2009, at the conclusion of an all day mediation session which involved Raghavendra, his attorney, and Columbia, plus their counsel, as well as a mediator, Raghavendra signed a document entitled, "Terms of Settlement between Rajagopala S. Raghavendra ("Raghavendra") and the Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York ("Columbia")" (the "Settlement Agreement").^[1] The Settlement Agreement provides for the withdrawal of all of Raghavendra's claims, in return for the payment of a very substantial dollar settlement award, and it also addresses how employment references will be handled in the future. The Settlement Agreement states: "The terms set forth above are final and binding upon the parties." Almost immediately after signing the Settlement Agreement, Raghavendra filed a flurry of motions seeking to disavow the Settlement Agreement and objecting to any payment of legal fees.

Pursuant to a previous referral, these motions are before Magistrate Judge Henry Pitman, who issued a Report and Recommendation (the "R & R"), dated November 19, 2009 (Dkt. #40 in 09 Civ. 0019). The R & R recommended: (i) upholding the Settlement Agreement, and (ii) dismissing with prejudice all three abovereferenced cases (Id.). Raghavendra filed timely objections to the R & R (Dkt. # 131 in 06 Civ. 6841; Dkt. # 69 in 08 Civ. 8120; Dkt. # 46 in 09 Civ. 0019). On February 8, 2010, Columbia filed a response to Raghavendra's objections (Dkt. # 48 in 09 Civ. 0019; Dkt. # 140 in 06 Civ. 6841).

A district court may "accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or recommendations made by the magistrate judge." 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). When a timely objection is made to the magistrate's recommendations, the court is required to review the contested portions de novo. Pizarro v. Bartlett, 776 F. Supp. 815, 817 (S.D.N.Y.1991). The court "may adopt those portions of the [R & R] to which no objections have been made and which are not facially erroneous." La Torres v. Walker, 216 F. Supp. 2d 157, 159 (S.D.N.Y.2000).

A. Raghavendra's Objections to the R & R

Raghavendra objects to the R & R, arguing that the Court should not uphold the Settlement Agreement because it is voidable for fraud, duress, and illegality.^[2] The Settlement Agreement was reached with the aid of a mediator, and Raghavendra claims that Columbia, the mediator, and the Law Offices of Louis D. Stober, Jr., LLC ("Stober"), Raghavendra's counsel in the 06 Civ. 6841 action ("06 Action"), colluded and fraudulently induced and coerced him to enter the Settlement Agreement (Dkt. # 133 in 06 Civ. 6841).

As Magistrate Judge Pitman noted, it is undisputed that: (i) Stober represented Raghavendra at the mediation session preceding the execution of the Settlement Agreement; (ii) Stober told Raghavendra that he would be under no obligation to accept any settlement during the mediation sessions; (iii) the parties were in separate rooms while negotiating the terms of the Settlement Agreement; and (iv) both Stober and Raghavendra signed the Settlement Agreement (Dkt. # 40 in 09 Civ. 0019, at 3-4).

The Court has reviewed Raghavendra's objections to the R & R and has accorded them the leniency appropriate for a pro se plaintiff. See Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520, 92 S. Ct. 594, 30 L. Ed. 2d 652 (1972). The Court has also considered Raghavendra's oral arguments on February 17, 2010. Raghavendra's objections to the R & R lack substance and merely repeat the arguments he submitted to Magistrate Judge Pitman, who thoroughly reviewed, considered, and rejected them. The Court's de novo review of the contested portions of the R & R confirms Magistrate Judge Pitman's findings.

Raghavendra claims that the Settlement Agreement is voidable for fraud because he was fraudulently induced to attend the mediation session and sign the Settlement Agreement, Yet, as Magistrate Judge Pitman found, Raghavendra's allegations are conclusory and do not contain the requisite specificity to establish a prima facia fraud case (Dkt. # 40 in 09 Civ. 0019, at 10-11). Raghavendra further claims that he was "browbeaten" into signing the Settlement Agreement. As Magistrate Judge Pitman found, however: (i) the "coercive" statements that Raghavendra alleges do not constitute unlawful threats; (ii) no party denied Raghavendra the opportunity to discontinue the negotiations; and (iii) the terms of the Settlement Agreement demonstrate that it was the product of an arms-length negotiation (Id. at 11-17). Finally, Raghavendra claims that the Settlement Agreement is void for illegality. As Magistrate Judge Pitman found, however, Raghavendra provides no basis for this claim and fails to identify any specific provision of the Settlement Agreement that is illegal (Id. at 18-19).^[3]

Accordingly, the Court adopts the R & R in its entirety. The Settlement Agreement will not be set aside. It is final and binding. Since the Settlement Agreement is final, the three above-referenced cases (06 Civ. 6841; 08 Civ. 8120; 09 Civ. 0019) which were covered by the Settlement Agreement are dismissed with prejudice and without costs. The Clerk of the Court is directed to close all pending motions in these three cases as moot.

B. Raghavendra's Fee Dispute with Stober

Collateral to the underlying litigation is an ongoing fee dispute ("Fee Dispute") between Raghavendra and Stober. On August 26, 2009, Stober filed a motion requesting that the Court: (i) strike certain of Raghavendra's motion papers; (ii) retain ancillary jurisdiction over the Fee Dispute; (iii) order that the defendants in the 06 Action place any proceeds or monies owing to Raghavendra in the Court's escrow account until the Fee Dispute's resolution (Dkt. # 109 in 06 Civ. 6841). On September 24, 2009, Stober filed a motion to strike Raghavendra's derogatory remarks from the Court's docket and to enjoin Raghavendra from further filing derogatory remarks against him (Dkt. #117 in 06 Civ. 6841). On January 11, 2010, following issuance of the R & R, Stober renewed his August 26, 2009 motion and requested that the Court award Stober attorneys' fees based on his retainer agreement with Raghavendra (Dkt. # 131 in 06 Civ. 6841). On January 18, 2010, Stober filed a cross-motion for fees, renewing his January 11, 2010 request (Dkt. # 134 in 06 Civ. 6841). The Court has reviewed Stober's requests and makes the following findings:

i. Motion to Strike

Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(f) allows the Court to strike immaterial or impertinent matter. The Court finds that Raghavendra's submissions are replete with ad hominem remarks and irrelevant materials. The Court directs the Clerk of court to strike the following documents from the Court's docket:

In the 06 Civ. 6841 action: Docket #'s: 107-08; 114-15; 121; 124; 127; 130-34

In the 08 Civ. 8120 action: Docket #'s: 61; 68-69

In the 09 Civ. 0019 action: Docket #'s: 45-46

The Court further orders Raghavendra to cease filing papers containing immaterial and inappropriate statements and ad hominem remarks about Stober.

ii. Fee Dispute Litigation

Raghavendra and Stober entered into a Retainer agreement (the "Retainer") on July 10, 2007 (Ex. A to Stober Declaration in Dkt. # 134 in 06 Civ. 6841). The Retainer was prepared by Stober and calls for a non-refundable up front fee "plus one third (33.33%) of all monies received" (Id.). The first page of the Retainer is initialed by Raghavendra, and the final page is signed by Raghavendra under a bolded caption reading: "ACCEPTED AND AGREED TO."

The Court will exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the Fee Dispute. This matter has proceeded for so long, with so many different variations, that it would be fundamentally unfair to extend it further by not closing it finally, once and for all. Since the different lawsuits were initiated by Raghavendra, it would also be unconscionable to allow him a new and separate forum to vent again in a now familiar manner. Accordingly, the Court will retain supplemental jurisdiction and will decide the Fee Dispute.

iii. Settlement Funds

On July 30, 2009, two years after the Retainer was signed, Raghavendra executed the Settlement Agreement, settling his claims against the defendants. On August 12, 2009, Raghavendra moved to discharge Stober (Dkt. # 108 in 06).

Under New York law, a client may discharge an attorney at any time, with or without cause. Universal Acupuncture Pain Servs., P.C. v. Quadrino & Schwartz P.C. 370 F.3d 259, 263 (2d Cir. 2004). But if Raghavendra discharged Stober without cause, Stober has three non-exclusive remedies to recover the value of its legal services: (i) a retaining lien giving Stober the right to keep, with certain exceptions, all of the papers documents, and other personal property of Raghavendra that relate to the 06 action and that came into Stober's possession in Stober's professional capacity as Raghavendra's attorney; (ii) a charging lien on the proceeds of the Settlement under New York Judiciary Law § 475; and (iii) a plenary action in quantum meruit for the reasonable value of Stober's services in representing Raghavendra before discharge. Schneider, Kleinick, Weitz, Damashek & Shoot v. City of New York, 302 A.D.2d 183, 754 N.Y.S.2d 220, 223-24 (1st Dept.2002).

Stober, moreover, has a valid and enforceable Retainer with Raghavendra. The Retainer sets the agreed-upon fee at "one-third (33.33%) of all monies received." By the time of his discharge, Stober had worked for two years, and his work had produced a substantial, almost inconceivable, monetary benefit for Raghavendra. Stober is entitled to his contingency fee under the Retainer. Universal Acupuncture, 370 F.3d at 263.

Raghavendra's allegations concerning Stober are baseless. Stober represented Raghavendra diligently throughout the two-year litigation. Raghavendra insists that the monies from the Settlement Agreement be given only to him, and it is clear that he has no intention of paying the legal fees which are due under the Retainer (See Hatami Decl. ¶ 26). Accordingly, the Court awards Stober the full amount of his contingency fee under the Retainer.

CONCLUSION

The Court ADOPTS Magistrate Judge Pitman's R & R in its entirety and upholds the Settlement Agreement. The Court GRANTS Stober's motion to strike immaterial or impertinent matter on its docket and directs the Clerk of Court to strike the following documents:

In the 06 Civ. 6841 action: Docket #'s: 107-08; 114-15; 121; 124; 127; 130-34

In the 08 Civ. 8120 action: Docket #'s: 61; 68-69

In the 09 Civ. 0019 action: Docket #'s: 45-46

The Court further ORDERS Raghavendra to cease filing papers containing immaterial and inappropriate statements and ad hominem remarks about Stober. Further, the Court exercises its supplemental jurisdiction over the Fee Dispute and finds that the Retainer is valid and enforceable. Finally, the Court finds that Stober has earned an award equal to 1/3 (33.33%) of the monies which Columbia agreed to pay to settle the dispute. Pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, Raghavendra must tender to Columbia properly executed "documents that are necessary to accomplish withdrawal" of all claims; he must tender to Columbia release of all claims against all defendants in all actions and the EEOC Charge; and he must tender any and all documents reasonably demanded by defendant Columbia and end this matter. Upon presentation of such documents, Columbia must pay the settlement amount, as stated in the July 30, 2009 Settlement Agreement, "less applicable taxes and withholding as wages". Such payment should be made to Louis D. Stober, Jr. as attorney, who may deduct the fee specified in the Retainer and remit the balance to Raghavendra. The Clerk of the Court is directed to close as moot all pending motions in the three above-referenced cases (06 Civ. 6841; 08 Civ. 8120; 09 Civ. 0019).

SO ORDERED.

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

PITMAN, United States Magistrate Judge:

TO THE HONORABLE PAUL A. CROTTY, United States District Judge,

I. Introduction

By notice of motion dated August 28, 2009, (Docket Item 114 in 06 Civ. 6841, Docket Item 58 in 08 Civ. 8120, and Docket Item 34 in 09 Civ. 0019), plaintiff Rajagopala S. Raghavendra moves for leave to set aside the putative settlement reached with The Trustees of Columbia University ("Columbia") on July 30, 2009. For the reasons set forth below, I respectfully recommend that the motion should be denied, and I further recommend that the complaints in all three actions be dismissed with prejudice and without costs on the ground that the parties have reached an enforceable settlement.

II. Facts^[1]

These actions involve numerous claims arising out of plaintiffs allegations that Columbia and the other defendants have engaged in a series of discriminatory and retaliatory activities. The allegations in Docket No. 06 Civ. 6841 are set forth in detail in my Report and Recommendation dated March 10, 2008 which recommended that a motion to dismiss filed by Columbia and the individual defendants employed by Columbia be granted in part and denied in part. See Raghavendra v. Trustees of Columbia Univ., 06 Civ. 6841(PAC)(HBP), 2008 WL 2696226 (S.D.N.Y. July 7, 2008) (Crotty, J.) (adopting March 10, 2008 Report and Recommendation). The allegations in Docket No. 08 Civ. 8120 are set forth in detail in my Report and Recommendation dated August 27, 2009 which recommended dismissal of all claims against the National Labor Relations Board, Celeste Mattina, and Laura Barbieri (Docket Item 57 in 08 Civ. 8120).

The present dispute arises out of a putative settlement agreement between plaintiff and Columbia. The putative agreement was the product of an out-of-court mediation session conducted on July 30, 2009. It is undisputed that at that session, plaintiff, his counsel and counsel for Columbia signed a document entitled "Terms of Settlement between Rajagopala S. Raghavendra and the Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York" ("Term Sheet") (Letter from Edward A. Brill to the Honorable Henry B. Pitman, dated August 19, 2009 ("Def's Opp.") at 2, Transcript of Proceedings on August 5, 2009 ("Transcript") at 15). The parties also agree that they were in separate rooms while the material terms of the Term Sheet were negotiated (Def's Opp. at 2, Transcript at 19, 23).

The Term Sheet, the specific terms of which are confidential, provides generally for the dismissal and release of all claims against all defendants in return for the payment of a sum of money to plaintiff and exchange of certain non-monetary consideration. Although the document states that "[t]he parties will enter into a formal settlement agreement embodying the terms set forth herein," it also states that "[t]he terms set forth above are final and binding upon the parties" (Term Sheet, attached as Exhibit A to the Affidavit of Edward A. Brill, dated October 20, 2009 (Docket Item 123 in 06 Civ. 6841)).

Plaintiff contends that the putative settlement is voidable for fraud, duress, and illegality. According to plaintiff, Columbia, the mediator, and the Law Offices of Louis D. Stober, LLC ("the Stober Firm"), which represented plaintiff in the 06 Civ. 6841 action,^[2] fraudulently induced and coerced him to enter into the settlement agreement.

In support of these allegations, plaintiff admits that the Stober Firm told him he would be under no obligation to accept any settlement at the mediation (Plaintiffs Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion to Reject (Set Aside) Defendants' July 30, 2009 Alleged Terms of Settlement ("Pl's Mem.") at 5-6). However plaintiff goes on to claim that the Stober Firm and the mediator denied him access to another lawyer at the mediation, did not let him make his own arguments and argued against his claims (Pl's Mem. at 8-10, 17). He further alleges that Columbia, the mediator and the Stober Firm took advantage of his desperate financial situation and that he was subjected to "humiliation," "degradation," and "browbeating" at the mediation (Pl's Mem. at 11-13). Plaintiff alleges that Columbia brought up the release of claims against non-Columbia defendants late in the day when he was in a state of "total confusion" (Pl's Mem. at 16). Finally, he states that the mediator and his counsel "coerced/forced him" to sign the agreement by representing that the terms of the agreement were only good for one day and that otherwise he would "be faced with the direct threat of personal bankruptcy and foreclosure" (Pl's Mem. at 14, 17).

Columbia, on the other hand, contends that when all the parties were in the same room finalizing the Term Sheet, plaintiff "sat calmly" and made suggestions about its language and contents, some of which were accepted (Def's Opp. at 2). According to Columbia, plaintiff did not complain that he was being forced into any settlement, and he did not try to leave the conference room (Def's Opp. at 2).

I met with plaintiff and counsel in early August to try to resolve the dispute by agreement. I was unsuccessful in that endeavor, and by letter dated August 14, 2009, plaintiff advised me that he intends to persist in his challenge to the putative settlement with Columbia. By notice of motion dated August 28, 2009, plaintiff moved to set aside the putative settlement. Columbia has requested that a letter they submitted dated August 19, 2009 be considered opposition to plaintiff's motion. The Stober Firm filed a motion to strike plaintiffs motion on September 24, 2009 (Docket Item 117 in 06 Civ. 6841).

III. Analysis

A. The Term Sheet as a Binding Agreement

Although plaintiff challenges the putative settlement only on the basis of fraud, duress, and illegality, I note as a preliminary matter that the Term Sheet does constitute an enforceable settlement agreement. Under New York Law,^[3] a settlement agreement "is interpreted according to general principles of contract law." Powell v. Omnicom, 497 F.3d 124, 128 (2d Cir.2007), citing Omega Eng'g, Inc. v. Omega, S.A., 432 F.3d 437, 443 (2d Cir.2005); Bank of N.Y. v. Amoco Oil Co., 35 F.3d 643, 661 (2d Cir.1994). Thus, a settlement agreement is enforceable if there is "an offer, acceptance, consideration, mutual assent and intent to be bound." Register.com, Inc. v. Verio, 356 F.3d 393, 427 (2d Cir.2004); McNamara v. Tourneau, Inc., supra, 464 F.Supp.2d at 237. Furthermore, "[t]he fundamental basis of a valid, enforceable contract is a meeting of the minds of the parties, and, if there is no meeting of the minds on all essential terms, there is no contract." Benicorp Ins. Co. v. Nat'l Med. Health Card Sys., Inc., 447 F. Supp. 2d 329, 337 (S.D.N.Y.2006) (Marrero, J.), citing Schurr v. Austin Galleries of Ill., 719 F.2d 571, 576 (2d Cir.1983).

Under the putative agreement outlined in the Term Sheet, the parties agree, inter alia, that plaintiff will withdraw his claims against all defendants in exchange for monetary and non-monetary consideration. Thus, there is consideration on both sides of the agreement. See United States v. Parra, 302 F. Supp. 2d 226, 238 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) (Leisure, J.), citing Personalized Media Commc'ns, L.L.C. v. StarSight Telecast, Inc., 99 Civ. 0441(DAB), 2000 WL 1457079, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 28, 2000) (Batts, J.) (agreement supported by consideration if "something of real value in the eye of the law was exchanged"). Furthermore, the agreement is signed by all parties and states that its terms are "final and binding upon the parties," showing mutual assent and an intent to be bound on both sides.

Although the Term Sheet expressly provides that it was not meant to be the final expression of the settlement agreement, the Second Circuit has recognized that a preliminary agreement is binding "when the parties agree on all the points that require negotiation (including whether to be bound) but agree to memorialize their agreement in a more formal document. Such an agreement is . . . preliminary only in form." Adjustrite Sys., Inc. v. GAB Bus. Servs., Inc., 145 F.3d 543, 548 (2d Cir.1998) (internal quotations omitted); Delyanis v. Dyna-Empire, Inc., 465 F. Supp. 2d 170, 173-74 (E.D.N.Y.2006); see McNamara v. Tourneau, Inc., supra, 464 F.Supp.2d at 239 (stipulation was fully binding where it was signed by both parties and stated that "parties reached an agreement to settle the case on six principal terms"); Horphag Research Ltd. v. Henkel Corp., 115 F. Supp. 2d 455, 457 (S.D.N.Y.2000) (Mukasey, J.), citing Arcadian Phosphates, Inc. v. Arcadian Corp., 884 F.2d 69, 72 (2d Cir.1989) (parties are bound when they have "reached complete agreement on all issues that required negotiation, but ha[ve] not yet formalized their agreement").

The agreement at issue here evidences a meeting of the minds on all material terms. It provides for withdrawal of plaintiffs claims against all defendants and the exchange of monetary and non-monetary consideration. Moreover, the term sheet states that it is "final and binding upon the parties," establishing a mutual intent to be bound. Thus, although the Term Sheet is a preliminary agreement, it is fully binding under New York law.

B. Claim of Invalidity Based on Fraud, Duress, and Illegality

Plaintiff argues that the putative settlement agreement should be set aside because it was procured by fraud and duress and because its terms are illegal.

Settlement agreements "are strongly favored by courts and are not lightly cast aside." Collick v. United States, 552 F. Supp. 2d 349, 352 (E.D.N.Y. 2008), citing Willgerodt ex rel. Majority Peoples' Fund for 21st Century, Inc. v. Hohri, 953 F. Supp. 557, 560 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) (Cedarbaum, J.). However, because settlement agreements are governed by contract law principles, "[a] party will be relieved from the agreement [when] there is cause sufficient to invalidate the contract, such as fraud, collusion, mistake, or accident." S.E.C. v. Credit Bancorp, Ltd., 232 F. Supp. 2d 260, 265 (S.D.N.Y.2002) (Sweet, J.), affd sub nom., Loewenson v. London Mkt. Cos., 351 F.3d 58 (2d Cir. 2003); see Bekhor v. Josephthal Group, Inc., 96 Civ. 4156(LMM), 2000 WL 1521198 at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 13, 2000) (McKenna, J.), citing First Nat'l Bank v. Pepper, 454 F.2d 626, 632 (2d Cir.1972). As explained below, plaintiffs allegations do not amount to either fraud or duress, and do not provide any basis on which to find the provisions of the Term Sheet illegal.

1. Fraud

Plaintiff first contends that he was fraudulently induced into entering the purported settlement agreement (Pl's Mem. at 2-3).

"[A] settlement contract or agreement, like any other, may be attacked on the grounds that it was procured by fraud, duress or other [un]lawful means." First Nat'l Bank v. Pepper, 454 F.2d 626, 632 (2d Cir.1972). "To state a cause of action for fraud, a [party] must allege a representation of material fact, the falsity of the representation, knowledge by the party making the representation that it was false when made, justifiable reliance by the [party] and resulting injury." Lerner v. Fleet Bank, N.A., 459 F.3d 273, 290 (2d Cir. 2006). When a settlement agreement or release is sought to be voided on the basis of fraud, "a party must allege every material element of fraud with specific and detailed evidence in the record sufficient to establish a prima facie case." Wright v. Eastman Kodak Co., 445 F. Supp. 2d 314, 318 (W.D.N.Y.2006) (quoting Touloumis v. Chalem, 156 A.D.2d 230, 232-233 [548 N.Y.S.2d 493] (1st Dept.1989)).

Dunkin' Donuts Inc. v. Got-A-Lot-Dough, Inc., 04-CV-4100 (DRH)(MLO), 2006 WL 3725340 at *4 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 18, 2006).

Plaintiff alleges that he was fraudulently induced to attend the mediation because, after he told his lawyers that he did not want them to represent him at "final" settlement negotiations, they assured him that he would be under no obligation to accept any settlement at the mediation (Pl's Mem. at 6). He also alleges that he was fraudulently induced to sign the agreement because the mediator, along with his lawyers, "misrepresent[ed]" to him that the terms of settlement were good for only one day (Pl's Mem. at 17). Plaintiff does not state why either of these statements were false or allege any facts suggesting that the statements are false. In the absence of an explanation as to how the statements in question were false or facts to support an inference that they were false, plaintiff has not alleged the falsity of the statements in question with the specificity and detail necessary to establish a prima facie case for fraud. See Wright v. Eastman Kodak Co., supra, 445 F.Supp.2d at 318 (release was not void based on fraud where plaintiff failed to allege any false representation); Nicholas v. Nynex, Inc., 929 F. Supp. 727, 732 (S.D.N.Y.1996) (Conner, J.) ("conclusory assertions of fraudulent concealment" did not render release voidable). Therefore, the settlement agreement should not be set aside based on fraud.

2. Duress

Plaintiff next contends that he signed the agreement under duress because his lawyers and the mediator took advantage of his poor economic situation and because he was the victim of "humiliation," "degradation," and "browbeating" during the mediation (Pl's Mem. at 11-13).

A party "claiming that he was induced to enter a contract as a result of duress must show: (1) a threat, (2) unlawfully made, (3) which caused involuntary acceptance of contractual terms, (4) because the circumstances permitted no alternative." Mathias v. Jacobs, 167 F. Supp. 2d 606, 614 (S.D.N.Y.2001) (Marrero, J.), citing Indus. Recycling Sys., Inc. v. Ahneman Assocs., 892 F. Supp. 547, 549 (S.D.N.Y.1995) (Parker, J.); Bekhor v. Josephthal Group, Inc., supra, 2000 WL 1521198 at * 3, citing Kamerman v. Steinberg, 891 F.2d 424, 431 (2d Cir.1989); Raiola v. Union Bank of Switzerland, LLC, 47 F. Supp. 2d 499, 503 (S.D.N.Y.1999) (Scheindlin, J.); see Legal Aid Soc'y v. City of New York, 114 F. Supp. 2d 204, 225 (S.D.N.Y.2000) (Stein, J.), citing Austin Instrument, Inc. v. Loral Corp., 29 N.Y.2d 124, 130, 272 N.E.2d 533, 535, 324 N.Y.S.2d 22, 25 (1971) ("[a] contract is voidable on the ground of duress when it is established that the party making the claim was forced to agree to it by means of a wrongful threat precluding the exercise of his free will."). A claim of duress is evaluated under an objective standard. Mathias v. Jacobs, supra, 167 F.Supp.2d at 614, citing Eisenstein v. Kelly Music & Entm't Corp., 97 Civ. 4649(DC), 1998 WL 289734, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. June 4, 1998) (Chin, J.); Bekhor v. Josephthal Group, Inc., supra, 2000 WL 1521198 at *3.

Plaintiff contends that Columbia conspired with the Stober Firm to "exert[ ] threats of irreparable harm, including bankruptcy, foreclosure, and or homelessness" (Pl's Mem. at 3-4). The only specific statements he identifies in this regard are statements by the mediator and the Stober Firm that the court would not grant plaintiff's motion for preliminary injunctive relief requiring plaintiff's immediate reinstatement and that if plaintiff rejected the settlement, he would be faced with the threat of bankruptcy, foreclosure and homelessness (Pl's Mem. at 14, 17). These statements do not constitute unlawful threats. First, plaintiff has repeatedly injected his precarious financial status into this matter, and has even gone so far as to assert that the possibility of insolvency, bankruptcy and foreclosure constitutes irreparable harm sufficient to justify the issuance of a mandatory preliminary injunction that would require Columbia to reinstate him (Letter from Rajagopala S. Raghavendra to the Honorable Paul A. Crotty and the Honorable Henry B. Pitman, dated Aug. 3, 2009, annexed to Endorsement dated Aug. 4, 2005 (Docket Item 53 in 08 Civ. 8120); Plaintiffs Affidavit in Support of Order to Show Cause for Preliminary Injunction, sworn to December 24, 2008, ¶¶ 271-73). References by the mediator, Columbia or plaintiffs counsel to the financial risks inherent in continued litigation—risks that plaintiff himself had previously asserted—can hardly be considered a threat.^[4]Nasik Breeding & Research Farm Ltd. v. Merck & Co., Inc., 165 F. Supp. 2d 514, 527 (S.D.N.Y.2001) (Schwartz, J.) (allegation that plaintiffs "difficult financial circumstances necessitated" its signing of a contract did not constitute duress); see Mazurkiewicz v. New York City Health & Hosp. Corp., 585 F. Supp. 2d 491, 500 (S.D.N.Y.2008) (McMahon, J.) (pressure from non-party credit card companies does not constitute a wrongful threat); Nicholas v. Nynex, Inc., supra, 929 F.Supp. at 732-33 (anticipated unemployment and difficulty making mortgage payments does not constitute duress). Moreover, "[a]n allusion to the consequences of an act which the defendant had the right to take[, such as rejecting the settlement,] does not constitute duress." Borouchov v. Strobel, 95 Civ. 0611(JSM), 1995 WL 510013 at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 28, 1995) (Martin, J.); see Davis & Assocs., Inc. v. Health Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 168 F. Supp. 2d 109, 114-15 (S.D.N.Y.2001) (Lynch, J.); Teachers Ins. & Annuity Ass'n of Am. v. Wometco Enters. Inc., 833 F. Supp. 344, 348 (S.D.N.Y.1993) (Sprizzo, J.).

To the extent plaintiffs duress claim is based on alleged statements of the Stober Firm and the mediator, those statements are nothing more than comments on the strength of plaintiffs case and the consequences of failure to settle and do not amount to duress. See Maloney v. Bouchard Transp. Co., Inc., 89 Civ. 6254(JFK), 1991 WL 33299 at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 7, 1991) (Keenan, J.) (no duress where "the alleged coercion by plaintiffs' attorneys constituted the attorneys' advice concerning the strength of the case").

Furthermore, plaintiff has not alleged that he had no alternative to entering into the settlement agreement. He alleges that he was "denied" the opportunity to consult another lawyer (Pl's Mem. at 17), and that he was "brow-beaten" and "shouted down" at the mediation (Pl's Mem. at 8-9). However, dissatisfaction or disagreement with counsel during settlement negotiations does not constitute duress. Jordan v. Verizon Corp., 02-C10144 (GBD), 2007 WL 4591924 at *11-*12 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 27, 2007) (Daniels, J.) (adopting Report and Recommendation of Ellis, M.J.) (no duress where counsel's motion to withdraw was pending during a portion of settlement negotiations); McIntosh v. Consol. Edison Co. of N.Y., Inc., 96 Civ. 3624(HB), 1999 WL 151102 at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 19, 1999) (Baer, J.), aff'd, 216 F.3d 1072 (2d Cir.2000) (no duress where court denied plaintiffs request to discharge his counsel before signing settlement agreement).

Moreover, plaintiff does not allege that he was in any way prevented from leaving the negotiation and continuing to litigate the case. Absent an allegation that a party has no other alternative than to enter into an agreement, there is no claim for duress. Shain v. Ctr. for Jewish History, Inc., 04 Civ. 1762(NRB), 2006 WL 3549318 at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 7, 2006) (Buchwald, J.) ("[i]n order to prevail on a claim of duress, plaintiff must show, inter alia, that he had available no legal remedies to avoid the duress."); see Bekhor v. Josephthal Group, Inc., supra, 2000 WL 1521198 at *3-*4 (finding that despite a "very hostile atmosphere during the negotiations," there was no duress where plaintiff "always had the alternative of refusing to settle ... and pursuing his legal claims"); Batac Dev. Corp. v. B & R Consultants, Inc., 98 Civ. 721(CSH), 1999 WL 76873, at *4-*5 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 16, 1999) (Haight, J.) (no claim for duress where although plaintiff "felt intimidated and `ganged up' on he admittedly could have left the office. [Plaintiff] could have simply walked out of the meeting . . . the fact remains that an obvious alternative to waiving his right to payment was available to him"); Reid v. IBM Corp., 95 Civ. 1755(MBM), 1997 WL 357969 at *7 (S.D.N.Y. June 26, 1997) (Mukasey, J.) (no duress where "[p]laintiff could have rejected the Release and pursued his legal remedies").

Finally, the terms of the putative settlement demonstrate that it was the product of an arms-length negotiation, and not duress. When viewed in connection with plaintiff's salary and the strength of his claims to date, the terms of the settlement are extremely reasonable and cannot be characterized as one-sided. The non-trivial consideration flowing to plaintiff is additional circumstantial proof that plaintiff settled because it was in his best interest and not because of duress. See Internet Mgmt. Info. Sys., Inc. v. Hanes Morgan & Co., Inc., 98 Civ. 6758(DLC), 2000 WL 193127 at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 16, 2000) (Cote, J.) (where defendant was "able, through persistent negotiating, to resolve [the] litigation for a fraction of the damages pleaded in the complaint and for less than half of the amount originally demanded in settlement," settlement was based on "evaluation of the risks of continuing the litigation and their likelihood of success," not duress); Interactive Edge, Inc. v. Martise, 07 Civ. 3354(RO), 1998 WL 35131 at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 30, 1998) (Owen, J.) (no duress where agreement was the product of extensive negotiation and involved "concessions and compromises from both parties").

Therefore, because plaintiffs allegations, even if true, would not amount to unlawful threats or conditions under which plaintiff had no alternative but to sign the settlement agreement, and because the terms of the settlement are not one-sided and provide reasonable benefit to both sides, plaintiff has not shown that the settlement agreement was the product of duress.

3. Illegality

Plaintiff also argues that the putative agreement should be set aside because its terms are "inherently illegal" (Pl's Mem. at 15). Specifically, plaintiff contends the agreement is illegal because the Stober Firm will deduct attorney's fees from the settlement amount and because the agreement releases claims against defendants other than Columbia.

Although illegal contracts are unenforceable under New York law, Beth Israel Med. Ctr. v. Horizon Blue Cross & Blue Shield of N.J., Inc., 448 F.3d 573, 580 (2d Cir.2006), citing 64th Assocs., L.L.C. v. Manhattan Eye, Ear & Throat Hosp., 2 N.Y.3d 585, 589-90, 813 N.E.2d 887, 889, 780 N.Y.S.2d 746, 748 (2004), plaintiff provides no basis on which to find the terms of the putative agreement illegal. The Term Sheet makes no mention of attorney's fees. Thus, even if I assume there is some deficiency in plaintiff's retainer agreement with his counsel, it does not infect the settlement agreement. As for the release of claims against non-Columbia defendants, release of a person who is not party to a settlement agreement is not illegal. It is, literally, hornbook law that one consideration will support multiple promises. John P. Calamari, Joseph M. Perillo, Contracts, § 4-15 (6th ed. 2009). Moreover, such provisions in settlement agreements are enforceable where, as here, they are unambiguous. See Suarez v. Ward, 896 F.2d 28, 30-31 (2d Cir.1990) (an unambiguous settlement agreement will be construed according to its terms); Duran v. J.C. Refinishing Contracting Corp., 07 Civ. 11584(CM), 2009 WL 3151223 at *1-*2 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2009) (McMahon, J.) (denying pro se plaintiffs motion to set aside a settlement that released claims against certain non-parties to the litigation); Italia Di Navigazione, S.P.A. v. M.V. Hermes I, 585 F. Supp. 1337, 1338-39 (S.D.N.Y.1984) (Sweet, J.) (upholding, in commercial setting, unambiguous release of party that did not negotiate or contribute to the settlement); see also In re Interpublic Sec. Litig., 02 Civ. 6527(DLC), 2004 WL 2397190 at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 26, 2004) (Cote, J.) (approving settlement releasing party who did not contribute to settlement amount).

Therefore, because plaintiff has not identified any provision of the term sheet that is illegal, the putative agreement will not be set aside on the ground of illegality.

IV. Conclusion

Accordingly, for all the foregoing reasons, I respectfully recommend that plaintiffs motion to set aside the putative settlement (Docket Item 114 in 06 Civ. 6841, Docket Item 58 in 08 Civ. 8120, and Docket Item 34 in 09 Civ. 0019) should be denied. I further recommend that all three cases be dismissed with prejudice and without costs on the ground that they are settled and that the Clerk of the Court be directed to close all pending motions in all three cases as moot.

V. OBJECTIONS

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C) and Rule 72(b)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the parties shall have ten (10) days from the date of this Report and Recommendation to file written objections. See also Fed.R.Civ.P. 6(a) and 6(d). Such objections (and responses thereto) shall be filed with the Clerk of the Court, with courtesy copies delivered to the chambers of the Honorable Paul A. Crotty, United States District Judge, 500 Pearl Street, Room 735, New York, New York 10007, and to the chambers of the undersigned, 500 Pearl Street, Room 750, New York, New York 10007. Any requests for an extension of time for filing objections must be directed to Judge Crotty. FAILURE TO OBJECT WITHIN TEN (10) DAYS WILL RESULT IN A WAIVER OF OJECTIONS AND WILL PRECLUDE APPELLATE REVIEW. Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 155, 106 S. Ct. 466, 88 L. Ed. 2d 435 (1985); IUE AFL-CIO Pension Fund v. Herrmann, 9 F.3d 1049, 1054 (2d Cir.1993); Frank v. Johnson, 968 F.2d 298, 300 (2d Cir.1992); Wesolek v. Canadair Ltd., 838 F.2d 55, 57-59 (2d Cir.1988); McCarthy v. Manson, 714 F.2d 234, 237-38 (2d Cir.1983).

SO ORDERED.

Dated: New York, New York

November 19, 2009

NOTES

[1] This document, a term sheet embodying the key terms of the Settlement Agreement, is attached as Exhibit A to the Affidavit of Edward A. Brill, dated Oct. 20, 2009 (Dkt. # 123 in 06 Civ. 6841).

[2] Prior to filing his objections to the R & R, on December 28, 2009, Raghavendra filed a motion to compel his law firm to oppose the R & R (Dkt. #130 in 06 Civ. 6841). The Court has reviewed Raghavendra's motion— high on rhetoric and low on substance—and finds it meritless. Additionally, Raghavendra mooted the portions of his compel motion relating to Stober filing objections to the R & R by subsequently filing pro se objections.

[3] Raghavendra further claims that Magistrate Judge Pitman applied incorrect legal standards in issuing his R & R, stating that Magistrate Judge Pitman used "extremely strict standards" and "totally irrelevant standards" in evaluating his arguments (Obj. at 14-15). This argument is likewise meritless; Magistrate Judge Pitman employed proper and relevant legal standards throughout his R & R.

[1] I read plaintiff's motion with the leniency normally accorded a pro se plaintiff. See Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520, 92 S. Ct. 594, 30 L. Ed. 2d 652 (1972); In re Sims, 534 F.3d 117, 133 (2d Cir.2008).

[2] Plaintiff's motion to remove the Stober Firm as counsel (Docket Item 108) is currently pending.

[3] I apply New York law because the Term Sheet was negotiated and executed in New York and there are no material differences between state and federal common law in this area. See McNamara v. Tourneau, Inc., 464 F. Supp. 2d 232, 237 (S.D.N.Y.2006) (Chin, J.), citing Ciaramella v. Reader's Digest Ass'n, 131 F.3d 320, 322 (2d Cir.1997) (applying New York law to determine enforceability of agreement negotiated and executed in New York settling federal claims); Rosenberg v. Inner City Broad. Corp., 99 Civ. 9579(AKH), 2001 WL 995349 at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 30, 2001) (Hellerstein, J.) (applying New York law to determine enforceability of agreement negotiated in New York settling federal claims).

[4] As the Honorable Stuart M. Bernstein, United States Bankruptcy Judge, has accurately observed, "The outcome of any litigation is inherently risky. Every trial lawyer has won cases he should have lost, and lost cases he should have won." In re AlphaStar Ins. Group, Ltd., 383 B.R. 231, 262 (S.D.N.Y. 2008).