Gecko Outdoor Products Corporation v. Casablanca Construction., Inc. , 250 So. 3d 508 ( 2018 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2017-CA-00308-COA
GECKO OUTDOOR PRODUCTS APPELLANTS
CORPORATION, CHRISTOPHER N. GARDNER
AND MAINSTREAM FAB INC.
v.
CASABLANCA CONSTRUCTION INC. APPELLEE
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 01/30/2017
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. ANTHONY ALAN MOZINGO
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: LAMAR COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS: JEFFREY BRADEN ARNOLD
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: CAREY R. VARNADO
ROBIN E. BLACKLEDGE BLAIR
NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - CONTRACT
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 06/26/2018
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
LEE, C.J., FOR THE COURT:
¶1. This case involved a subcontract between a contractor, Casablanca Construction Inc.,
and a subcontractor, Panhandle Metal Fabrication Inc. The contractor sued Gecko Outdoor
Products Corp. and Mainstream Fab Inc. as successors-in-interest to Panhandle as well as
Christopher Gardner, individually. Gardner was the owner and/or operator of all three
companies. The trial court determined that the company remained the same regardless of the
name changes;1 thus, the most recent iteration of the company (Mainstream Fab) was liable
1
The names and dates of incorporation of the different companies include Panhandle
(May 4, 2006); Mainstream Fabrication Inc. (June 8, 2012); Gecko Outdoor Products Corp.
to Casablanca, as a successor corporation, for breach of contract. Additionally, the trial court
pierced the corporate veil and found Gardner individually liable. The trial court awarded
Casablanca $393,954.58 in damages.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2. In 2012, Casablanca was hired as the general contractor on the Rodenberg Avenue
Beach Comfort Station Project in Biloxi, Mississippi. The anticipated completion date was
August 2013. On April 27, 2012, Casablanca entered into a subcontract with Panhandle.2
The contract was signed by Tabby Waters as president of Panhandle and witnessed by
Gardner. According to the terms of the subcontract, Casablanca would pay Panhandle
$122,144.12 for the fabrication and installation of metal handrails. The subcontract included
a time-is-of-the-essence requirement and a liquidated-damages clause stating that Panhandle
would have to reimburse Casablanca for any damages assessed by the project-owner in the
event of delays or difficulties caused by Panhandle.
¶3. Tom Saucier, president of Casablanca, testified that he received an email from
Gardner that Panhandle’s name had been changed to Mainstream Fabrication Inc. (MFI),3
(May 1, 2013); and Mainstream Fab Inc. (May 27, 2014). Casablanca did not sue
Mainstream Fabrication Inc.
2
Panhandle was a Florida corporation, initially owned by Gardner and his wife,
Tabby Waters. Gardner later transferred ownership to Waters for better chances at obtaining
government contracts. Gardner remained vice president and registered agent until
Panhandle was voluntarily dissolved on March 8, 2013. Gardner admittedly dissolved
Panhandle to avoid a judgment in Louisiana.
3
MFI was incorporated in Florida. Waters was listed as president and Gardner as
vice president.
2
but that all other aspects remained the same.4 In October 2012, Gardner sent shop drawings
of the handrails to Saucier. The name on the renderings said, “MFI, Mainstream Fabrication
Inc.” The address listed, 4007 North Pace Blvd., was the same address as Panhandle.
¶4. In April 2013, Saucier, the project owner, and the project’s architect met with Gardner
to discuss the delay in manufacturing the handrails. A letter from the architect to Saucier
stated that the “meeting was arranged by Casablanca as a last resort effort in maintaining
their contract with [MFI].” Shortly thereafter, Saucier sent an email to Waters at MFI
inquiring as to the progress on the handrails. Waters responded that MFI was having
financial difficulty and requested Casablanca pay for the materials. Waters further stated that
Gardner “will be the one to coordinate with.”
¶5. The record contains copies of emails—dated May 2, 2013 and June 3, 2013—sent
between Gardner and Saucier regarding the handrails. Gardner signed these emails as vice
president of MFI. Saucier testified that he then had another meeting with Gardner, who
informed him that Gecko would be manufacturing and installing the handrails. Gardner told
Saucier to make the checks payable to Gecko. During the summer of 2013, Saucier testified
that Casablanca paid Gecko approximately $74,5005 to manufacture the handrails.
¶6. Ultimately, Gecko failed to produce satisfactory handrails. Casablanca had to pay
another company to manufacture and install the handrails. Due to the delays, Casablanca had
to pay liquidated damages of $197,865.
4
This email was not produced at trial.
5
The checks admitted into evidence totaled $90,000.
3
¶7. Casablanca filed a breach-of-contract action against Gecko as a successor-in-interest
to Panhandle. Casablanca later amended its complaint, adding Gardner and Mainstream Fab6
as defendants.
¶8. After a bench trial, the trial court ruled in favor of Casablanca, awarding it
$393,954.58 in damages. The trial court noted that the judgment was against Mainstream
Fab as well as Gardner, individually.
¶9. Gardner, Gecko, and Mainstream Fab now appeal, asserting the following issues: (1)
Waters and MFI were necessary parties to the action; (2) Mainstream Fab was not the
successor corporation to Panhandle; (3) the trial court erred in piercing the corporate veil and
finding Gardner personally liable; and (4) the agreement between Gecko and Casablanca was
invalid under the statute of frauds.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶10. “In bench trials, a [trial court’s] findings are subject to the same standard of review
as those of a chancellor.” Transocean Enter. Inc. v. Ingalls Shipbuilding Inc., 33 So. 3d 459,
462 (¶7) (Miss. 2010) (quoting Univ. of Miss. Med. Ctr. v. Pounders, 970 So. 2d 141, 145
(¶11) (Miss. 2007)). “[W]hen a trial judge sits without a jury, this Court will not disturb his
factual determinations where there is substantial evidence in the record to support those
findings.” Id. (quoting Ezell v. Williams, 724 So. 2d 396, 397 (¶4) (Miss. 1998)).
DISCUSSION
6
Gardner formed Mainstream Fab, purportedly to keep assets from Waters during
their divorce proceedings. To be clear, Mainstream Fab is a separate entity from MFI.
According to the Florida Secretary of State’s website, Mainstream Fab was administratively
dissolved on September 22, 2017.
4
I. Necessary Parties
¶11. Gardner argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss under
Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(7) for failure to join Waters as a party under
Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 19(a).7 Rule 19(a) provides that a person who is subject
to the jurisdiction of the court shall be joined as a party in the action if:
(1) in his absence complete relief cannot be accorded among those already
parties, or
(2) he claims an interest relating to the subject matter of the action and is so
situated that the disposition in his absence may (i) . . . impede his ability to
protect that interest or (ii) leave any of the persons already parties subject to
a substantial risk of incurring double, multiple, or otherwise inconsistent
obligations by reason of his claimed interest.
¶12. Gardner claims that Waters had a direct and substantial interest in the action, mainly
because she signed the contract with Casablanca on behalf of Panhandle. Gardner also
claims that without Waters “valuable questions go unanswered.” But, Gardner failed to
specify what questions were unanswered, either during trial or in his brief.8 Casablanca
argues that the cause of action giving rise to the lawsuit did not occur until after Waters’s
involvement with the project ceased. The record is unclear as to when Waters’s involvement
with the project ceased—presumably when Gecko was formed because Waters was never
associated with Gecko. We agree with Casablanca that by the time of the breach, Waters was
not involved; thus, it was not error for the trial court to deny Gardner’s motion to dismiss for
7
Our standard of review regarding Rule 12(b) motions to dismiss is de novo. Scaggs
v. GPCH-GP Inc., 931 So. 2d 1274, 1275 (¶6) (Miss. 2006).
8
Waters was not called as a witness during trial.
5
failure to join Waters.
II. Successor Corporation
¶13. Gardner argues that Mainstream Fab was not a successor to Panhandle; thus, the trial
court erred in holding Mainstream Fab liable. “The general rule states that a corporation
which acquires the assets, but not the stock of another corporation, is not obligated for the
liabilities of the acquired corporation.” Paradise Corp. v. Amerihost Dev. Inc., 848 So. 2d
177, 179 (¶6) (Miss. 2003). The four exceptions are “where: (1) the successor expressly or
impliedly agrees to assume the liabilities of the predecessor; (2) the transaction may be
considered a de facto merger; (3) the successor may be considered a ‘mere continuation’ of
the predecessor; or (4) the transaction was fraudulent.” Id. Gardner argues that none of these
exceptions apply. The trial court determined that Mainstream Fab and Gecko were mere
continuations of Panhandle and MFI.
¶14. “The traditional rule states that a corporation is not to be considered a continuation
of a predecessor unless, after the transfer of assets, only one corporation remains, and there
is an identity of stock, shareholders, and directors between the two corporations.” Id. at 180
(¶12). Mere continuation can also occur when a continuity of enterprise exists. In addition
to the traditional rule, the continuity-of-enterprise factors include:
(1) retention of the same employees; (2) retention of the same supervisory
personnel; (3) retention of the same production facilities in the same physical
location; (4) production of the same product; (5) retention of the same name;
(6) continuity of assets; (7) continuity of general business operations; and (8)
whether the successor holds itself out as the continuation of the previous
enterprise.
Id. at (¶14).
6
¶15. The record contains evidence of several of these factors. Casablanca was informed
that Panhandle’s name had changed but all other aspects of the business relationship
remained the same. Subsequently, Casablanca, the project owner, and the project architect
expected MFI as Panhandle’s successor to perform its obligations under the subcontract.
When MFI began having financial difficulty, Saucier stated that he was informed Gecko
would then be manufacturing and installing the same product. Throughout this process,
Gardner remained the point person on the project.
¶16. Gardner argues that Gecko and Mainstream Fab were created after Panhandle had
already dissolved and the shareholders and directors of the companies were not the same.
However, Gardner formed MFI prior to Panhandle’s dissolution, and MFI held itself out as
the continuation of Panhandle. Likewise, Gecko then held itself out as the continuation of
MFI. Gardner admittedly created MFI in order to avoid Panhandle’s legal obligations on
another project, and he created Mainstream Fab to protect his assets during his divorce from
Waters. Because of Gardner’s actions, the trial court noted that the fraudulent-transaction
exception also applied.
¶17. Upon review of the record, we find substantial evidence to support the trial court’s
decision. This issue is without merit.
III. Corporate Veil
¶18. Gardner argues that the trial court erred in piercing the corporate veil and finding him
individually liable. Under Gray v. Edgewater Landing Inc., 541 So. 2d 1044, 1047 (Miss.
1989), for a court to disregard the corporate entity and justify shareholder liability, the
7
complaining party must show credible evidence of the following: “(a) some frustration of
contractual expectations regarding the party to whom he looked for performance; (b) the
flagrant disregard of corporate formalities by the defendant corporation and its principals;
[and] (c) a demonstration of fraud or other equivalent misfeasance on the part of the
corporate shareholder.” Our case law disfavors piercing the corporate veil except in clearly
extraordinary situations, and the “distinct corporate identity will be maintained unless to do
so would subvert the ends of justice.” Johnson & Higgins v. Comm’r of Ins. of Miss., 321
So. 2d 281, 284 (Miss. 1975). We “recognize that the corporate veil will not be pierced, in
either contract or tort claims, except where there is some abuse of the corporate form itself.”
Penn Nat’l Gaming Inc. v. Ratliff, 954 So. 2d 427, 432 (¶10) (Miss. 2007).
¶19. The first prong addresses who Casablanca expected to be responsible for the contract.
According to Saucier’s affidavit, he looked to Gardner “individually to perform the terms of
the contract.” Saucier further stated that when the name of Panhandle changed to MFI and
then to Gecko, “Gardner became an even more prominent figure in the project. He was the
constant person upon whom I relied for performing the terms of the contract . . . . He was
on site performing the work and continued to be the only person with whom I dealt.” Saucier
stated that he did not know of Gecko’s existence until Gardner asked Saucier to make the
checks payable to Gecko. Gecko’s name was not mentioned until payment was due. Gray
states that “[j]ust as the corporation’s negligent performance of contractual duties does not
justify the disregard of the corporate entity, neither does the fact that the principal
shareholder oversees the day-to-day operation.” Gray, 541 So. 2d at 1047. However, in this
8
instance, we find credible evidence exists to support this prong.
¶20. The second prong addresses whether Gardner flagrantly disregarded the corporate
formalities. During discovery, Casablanca requested copies of Gardner’s corporate records,
including the articles of incorporation; notices of all shareholder meetings; minutes of
shareholder meetings; notices of all director’s meetings; minutes of all director’s meetings;
all documents signed by directors in lieu of a formal notice of a director’s meeting; all
documents signed by shareholders in lieu of a formal notice of shareholder meetings; bylaws
and all amendments to bylaws and resolutions of the Board of Directors adopting the bylaws;
correspondence between Gardner and any officers or directors of the corporation pertaining
to the corporate business; documents pertaining to the capitalization of the corporation; a
stock transfer ledger; and the corporate record book. Other than the articles of incorporation
for Gecko and Mainstream Fab and the 2014 federal tax return for Gecko, Gardner failed to
produce any of the documents requested. Gardner’s response was simply that he did not have
these documents. We find credible evidence to support this prong.
¶21. The final prong addresses fraud or other misfeasance by Gardner. This Court has held
that the fraud element required to pierce the corporate veil was not present where plaintiff
“presented no evidence that [the defendant], from the beginning, was intent on obtaining [the
plaintiff’s] money for his own personal use with no intention of performing on the contract
and that he used a shell corporation to shield himself from personal liability on the day of
reckoning that was inevitably to come.” Richardson v. Jenkins Builders Inc., 737 So. 2d
1030, 1032 (¶10) (Miss. Ct. App. 1999). We note that non-performance of a contractual
9
obligation does not justify disregarding the corporate entity. Gray, 541 So. 2d at 1047.
Casablanca produced evidence that Gardner admittedly knew he could not complete
performance under the contract. During trial, Gardner admitted that he did not have a
Mississippi contractor’s license, a fact that he knew would prohibit him from installing the
railings. After receiving the payments from Casablanca, Gardner paid himself and his
employees, but failed to deliver the product. Once Saucier realized Gardner had no intent
to perform under the contract, he hired another metal fabricator to manufacture and install
the railings. Although piercing the corporate veil is disfavored except in clearly
extraordinary situations, in this instance, we find substantial evidence to support the trial
court’s findings.
IV. Statute of Frauds
¶22. Gardner claims the agreement between Gecko and Casablanca was not enforceable
based upon the statute of frauds. See Mississippi Code Annotated section 75-2-201 (Rev.
2016). Gardner’s argument is based on the premise that Mainstream Fab and Gecko were
not successor corporations. However, we have found Gardner’s arguments regarding that
issue to be without merit. Gardner was performing under the original contract, a fact that he
explicitly discussed with Saucier. Thus, we do not find this case falls under the statute of
frauds.
¶23. AFFIRMED.
IRVING, P.J., BARNES, CARLTON, FAIR AND WESTBROOKS, JJ.,
CONCUR. WILSON, J., CONCURS IN PART AND IN THE RESULT WITHOUT
SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. GREENLEE, J., CONCURS IN PART AND
DISSENTS IN PART WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. TINDELL, J.,
10
CONCURS IN PART AND DISSENTS IN PART WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN
OPINION, JOINED BY GRIFFIS, P.J., AND GREENLEE, J.
TINDELL, J., CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART:
¶24. Because I find the trial court erred by piercing the corporate veil and holding Gardner
individually liable, I concur in part and dissent in part from the majority’s opinion.
¶25. “Mississippi has a strong public policy favoring maintaining corporate entities and
avoiding attempts to pierce the corporate veil . . . .” Rest. of Hattiesburg LLC v. Hotel &
Rest. Supply Inc., 84 So. 3d 32, 39 (¶23) (Miss. Ct. App. 2012) (internal quotation mark
omitted). As early as 1933, the Mississippi Supreme Court stated that “[a] corporation is an
entity separate and distinct from its stockholders.” Ill. Cent. R.R. v. Miss. Cotton Seed Prods.
Co., 166 Miss. 579, 579, 148 So. 371, 372 (1933). Our courts have repeatedly recognized
that piercing the corporate veil should be reserved “for factual circumstances which are
clearly extraordinary—where to do otherwise would ‘subvert the ends of justice.’” Gray v.
Edgewater Landing Inc., 541 So. 2d 1044, 1046 (Miss. 1989) (quoting Johnson & Higgins
of Miss. Inc. v. Comm’r of Ins., 321 So. 2d 281, 284 (Miss. 1975)). Because it is my opinion
that the extraordinary factual circumstances required to pierce the corporate veil do not exist
in this case, I must respectfully dissent from the portion of the majority’s opinion affirming
the trial court’s finding that Gardner was individually liable for breach of contract.9
9
In its final judgment, the trial court found that “Gardner should be held personally
liable for breach of the said [c]ontract pursuant to judicial precedent [that] allows the [c]ourt
to disregard attempts to shield an individual from individual liability by using a corporate
form.” Although circumstances arise where the courts can and should pierce the corporate
veil, standing alone, the trial court’s reasoning presents an incorrect statement of Mississippi
caselaw. The primary purpose of the corporate form, particularly for small businesses, is to
protect the shareholders/owners from individual liability. See Gray, 541 So. 2d at 1047.
11
¶26. Gardner incorporated Panhandle in Florida on May 4, 2006. In 2012, Panhandle
submitted a bid to Casablanca for the fabrication of metal handrails for a project by the Coast
Transit Authority in Biloxi, Mississippi.10 On April 27, 2012, Panhandle entered into a
subcontract agreement with Casablanca, whereby Panhandle was to “furnish all material and
labor for all aluminum handrail and related work[.]” In exchange for those services,
Casablanca agreed to pay Panhandle $122,144.12. Saucier, Casablanca’s president, executed
the agreement on Casablanca’s behalf, and Waters, Panhandle’s president/director, executed
the agreement on Panhandle’s behalf.11
¶27. In June 2012, Waters incorporated MFI in Florida and became MFI’s president.12 In
October 2012, Casablanca received shop drawings of the handrails with MFI’s name and
logo on the drawings. Over the next several months, MFI sent Casablanca multiple sets of
handrails that the project architect, the firm of Eley Guild Hardy (EGH), repeatedly rejected.
¶28. EGH’s records indicated that Casablanca arranged an April 4, 2013 site meeting with
MFI “as a last[-]resort effort” to maintain the contract with MFI. Concerned with the
progress of satisfactory handrails, Saucier then emailed Waters about their status on April
Furthermore, I find Casablanca failed to present the necessary credible evidence to meet
every prong of the test for piercing the corporate veil.
10
Casablanca had been awarded the contract with the Coast Transit Authority for the
construction of Comfort Station on the beach in Biloxi.
11
Waters was Gardner’s wife and was Panhandle’s sole shareholder at the time she
executed the contract.
12
According to Gardner, Waters alone made the decision to cease operating as
Panhandle and to start operating as MFI. Gardner testified he did not support the decision.
On March 18, 2013, Waters dissolved Panhandle.
12
23, 2013. Waters responded the following day from an MFI email account and advised
Saucier to coordinate with Gardner when the project was acceptable to field measure. Waters
also advised Saucier that MFI was having financial troubles and that Casablanca would have
to pay for any further materials needed to fabricate the handrails. On June 3, 2013, Gardner
emailed Saucier and advised that his drafter would correspond with Saucier about “field
dems” needed to complete the drawings. The email was digitally signed as follows: “Chris
Gardner, Vice President, Mainstream Fabrication, Inc.”
¶29. Needing the handrails completed, Saucier traveled to Florida to meet with Waters and
Gardner. At the meeting, Waters explained to Saucier that she no longer wanted to do the
contract because of the difficulties MFI was having in meeting EGH’s expectations for the
quality of the handrails. At some point during the meeting, Saucier spoke to Gardner alone
and implored Gardner to complete the handrails. At that juncture, Gardner agreed to
complete the handrails through Gecko, a new company he had formed.13 When asked about
Casablanca’s approval for another contractor to complete the handrails, Saucier testified as
follows: “I obviously gave consent whenever he [(Gardner)] told me he was going to [do]
the contract under Gecko and asked me to pay Gecko for it.”
¶30. From June 11, 2013, through August 9, 2013, Casablanca made out six checks to
Gecko that totaled $75,400. Eventually, Gecko delivered the handrails, but once again, they
failed to meet EGH’s requirements. Frustrated, Saucier returned to Florida and met with
Gardner a final time. Gardner explained to Saucier that his rollers had crushed the tubing
13
With the financial problems facing MFI and his marriage to Waters suffering,
Gardner had incorporated Gecko with the intent of fabricating tree stands for hunters.
13
and that he did not possess the necessary rollers to meet EGH’s requirements. Casablanca
then retained another fabricator to complete the handrails.
¶31. In both tort and contract claims, the corporate entity will not be disregarded unless the
complaining party can demonstrate the following: “(1) some frustration of expectations
regarding the party to whom he looked for performance; (2) the flagrant disregard of
corporate formalities by the defendant corporation and its principals; and (3) a demonstration
of fraud or other equivalent misfeasance on the part of the corporate shareholder.” Penn
Nat’l Gaming Inc. v. Ratliff, 954 So. 2d 427, 431 (¶9) (Miss. 2007) (citing Gray, 541 So. 2d
at 1047)). The complaining party must establish each of these factors by credible evidence.
Rosson v. McFarland, 962 So. 2d 1279, 1285 (¶23) (Miss. 2007). While I am not convinced
a flagrant disregard for corporate formalities occurred in this case that rises to the level
necessary to meet the second prong, I acknowledge that some corporate records appear to be
lacking. Nevertheless, I find Casablanca presented no credible evidence as to the first and
third factors needed to pierce the corporate veil.
¶32. As to the first prong, the contract, on its face, places the burden of performance on a
corporation and not on an individual. See Richardson v. Jenkins Builders Inc., 737 So. 2d
1030, 1032 (¶9) (Miss. Ct. App. 1999) (refusing to pierce the corporate veil where the
parties’ contract, on its face, placed the burden of performance on a corporation rather than
on an individual). No arguable basis exists for concluding that Casablanca actually believed
or was justified in believing that Gardner himself was individually guaranteeing the
contract’s performance. EGH’s project records indicated that everyone looked to MFI, rather
14
than to Gardner individually, to guarantee performance. EGH’s notes stated that Casablanca
arranged an April 4, 2013 site meeting with MFI “as a last[-]resort effort” to maintain the
contract with MFI. In addition, Saucier admitted that he later approved Gecko, and not
Gardner individually, to complete the handrails and that, thereafter, Casablanca made
payments to Gecko rather than to Gardner individually. The handrail drawings Casablanca
received had MFI’s corporate logo and name on them, and all written correspondence was
sent on corporate letterhead that identified both Waters and Gardner as president and vice
president, respectively. “Just as the corporation’s negligent performance of contractual
duties does not justify the disregard of the corporate entity, neither does the fact that the
principal shareholder oversees the day-to-day operation.” Gray, 541 So. 2d at 1047. The
fact that Gardner served as a point of contact for Casablanca and oversaw the handrails’
fabrication simply is not enough to satisfy the first prong.
¶33. As to the third factor, no evidence establishes that Panhandle entered into the contract
with Gardner intending either to convert Casablanca’s funds for his own personal use or to
never perform under the contract. To the contrary, Gardner and Saucier both agreed that
Gecko would complete the handrails at a time when Gecko was under no obligation to
provide the handrails. As the majority recognizes, Gardner admitted he knew he could not
install the handrails in Mississippi because he was not a licensed Mississippi contractor. The
majority points to Gardner’s admission as evidence that he knew he could not complete
performance of the contract. However, the majority fails to recognize that, although Gardner
himself may not have been able to install the handrails, Panhandle could have easily
15
subcontracted the installation to a licensed Mississippi contractor. Furthermore, at the time
Casablanca approved Gecko to complete the project, Casablanca only sought to have Gecko
deliver the handrails rather than install them. Contrary to any assertion of fraud, the record
clearly shows that Gecko, and even MFI, attempted on multiple occasions to complete
delivery of the handrails. These actions therefore do not rise to the level of fraud or other
equivalent conduct. See Trim v. Trim, 33 So. 3d 471, 478 (¶19) (Miss. 2010) (discussing the
elements of an intentional or fraudulent representation).
¶34. For these reasons I concur in part and dissent in part from the majority’s opinion.
GRIFFIS, P.J., AND GREENLEE, J., JOIN THIS OPINION.
16