State of Missouri v. Justin Luke Ward , 568 S.W.3d 888 ( 2019 )

SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI
en banc
STATE OF MISSOURI, ) Opinion issued March 19, 2019
)
Appellant, )
)
v. ) No. SC96696
)
JUSTIN LUKE WARD )
)
Respondent. )
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF POLK COUNTY
The Honorable William J. Roberts, Judge
The State appeals the circuit court’s judgment, after a bench trial, finding Justin
Ward “not guilty” of the class D felony of sexual misconduct involving a child by indecent
exposure because the statute under which he was charged, § 566.0831, is unconstitutionally
overbroad as applied to Ward’s case. Ward was charged in 2016 after the parents of the
alleged victim, MKB, informed the sheriff that Ward had sexual relations with their
14-year-old daughter when Ward was 18 years old. The State appeals, asserting this Court
has jurisdiction to hear the appeal because the circuit court’s judgment is akin to a dismissal
of the indictment following a guilty verdict and, therefore, Ward was not acquitted of the
1
All statutory citations are to RSMo 2000.
offense. Ward filed a motion to dismiss this appeal, asserting the circuit court’s judgment
is a judgment of acquittal because the circuit court expressly found him “not guilty” and
the appeal, therefore, is barred by double jeopardy. Because this Court is unable to
determine if the judgment is an acquittal or a dismissal, it cannot consider the appeal or
motion to dismiss on its merits. Accordingly, the circuit court’s judgment is vacated, and
the case is remanded for the circuit court to enter its judgment setting out whether it is an
acquittal or dismissal based on the facts and issues previously submitted.
Factual and Procedural History
On the evening of July 2, 2016, MKB, a 14-year-old girl, sent a text message telling
Ward, an 18-year-old male, to come to her house. In the early morning hours of July 3,
2016, MKB let Ward in through the window and they performed oral sex on each other.
They also had intercourse on the bedroom floor. Upon questioning by the sheriff, Ward
stated he was in a relationship with MKB and admitted to having oral sex and intercourse
with her despite knowing she was 14. The State charged Ward with the class D felony of
sexual misconduct involving a child by indecent exposure pursuant to § 566.083. Ward
waived his right to a jury trial, and the case proceeded to a bench trial.
At trial, the parties stipulated to all the facts submitted to the circuit court - admitting
into evidence the probable cause statement, the Polk County sheriff’s investigative report,
and the videotape of Ward’s interview with the sheriff. After the circuit court took the
matter under advisement, the parties filed written suggestions in support of their proposed
judgments. Ward argued the issue was not whether the alleged conduct occurred, but
whether the alleged conduct was illegal. He asserted his conduct was not illegal because
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he did not expose his genitals to MKB for the purpose of gratifying his sexual desires, but
rather for the purpose of engaging in a consensual sexual encounter that was not illegal
under any of Missouri’s statutory rape and sodomy laws. 2 Ward contended the sexual
misconduct involving a child by indecent exposure statute was, therefore,
unconstitutionally overbroad as applied to him because it criminalizes conduct that is
otherwise legal. The circuit court entered the following judgment:
MKB was 14 years old. Defendant was 18 years old. It is not illegal for him to
have her perform fellatio on him as all was consensual and that act cannot be
accomplished without him exposing his penis to her. The statute he is charged with
makes it illegal to expose his penis to her because of her age only, under 15.
One act is legal by statute, and the other illegal by statute. The later statute in this
factual situation only, is unconstitutionally overbroad. State v. Beine, 162 S.W.3d
483 (Mo. banc 2005).
Defendant is found not guilty. Costs to Polk County. Case and record ordered
closed.
The State appealed directly to this Court. 3
2
Mr. Ward’s interaction with MKB does not constitute statutory rape or sodomy in the
first degree because MKB was older than 14 at the time of the incident. See §§ 566.032.1;
566.062.1. Likewise, the interaction does not constitute statutory rape or sodomy in the
second degree because Mr. Ward was younger than 21 at the time of the incident. See §§
566.034.1; 566.064.1.
3
Article V, section 3 of the Missouri Constitution vests this Court with exclusive appellate
jurisdiction in all cases involving the validity of a statute. “This Court’s exclusive appellate
jurisdiction is involved when a party asserts that a state statute directly violates the
constitution either facially or as applied.” Dieser v. St. Anthony’s Med. Ctr., 498 S.W.3d
419, 427 (Mo. banc 2016) (internal quotations omitted).
3
Standard of Review
This Court is a court of limited jurisdiction. Mo. Const. art. V, sec. 3. Jurisdiction
must be decided at the outset. Lane v. Lensmeyer 158 S.W.3d 218, 222 (Mo. banc 2005).
When this court lacks jurisdiction to entertain an appeal, the appeal must be dismissed. Id.
Analysis
The threshold question presented in this case is whether double jeopardy precludes
the State from appealing the circuit court’s judgment. If so, this Court lacks jurisdiction to
consider the appeal. Ward filed a motion to dismiss this appeal, asserting this Court lacks
jurisdiction because the circuit court expressly found him to be “not guilty,” suggesting the
circuit court acquitted Ward; therefore, this appeal is barred because there is no statutory
authority to appeal when the possible outcome of the appeal would result in double
jeopardy for the defendant. The State asserts this Court has jurisdiction to hear its appeal
because Ward was not acquitted of the offense in that the circuit court’s judgment is akin
to a dismissal of the indictment following a guilty verdict.
The State cannot appeal a judgment for the accused unless there is an unequivocal
statutory right to appeal. State v. Craig, 122 S.W. 1006 (Mo. 1909). “The state, in any
criminal prosecution, shall be allowed an appeal … in all other criminal cases except in
those where the possible outcome of such an appeal would result in double jeopardy for
the defendant.” § 547.200.2. The State, therefore, has the right to appeal this action
pursuant § 547.200.2 unless the outcome of the appeal would subject Ward to double
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jeopardy. To determine if the outcome of the appeal might result in double jeopardy, the
dispositive question in this case is the nature of the circuit court’s ruling. 4
Looking to the form and substance of the ruling, the first possibility is the circuit
court’s judgment is a dismissal on constitutional grounds. When reading the circuit court’s
judgment in its entirety, the judgment focuses primarily on its legal conclusion that
§ 566.083 is unconstitutionally overbroad as applied to Ward because the exposure of his
genitals to MKB was otherwise legal conduct. But in concluding the statute was
unconstitutionally overbroad as applied to Ward, the circuit court necessarily made
findings as to some of the factual elements of the offense. Even though the circuit court
made findings on some of the factual elements of the offense to support its ruling, double
jeopardy does not necessarily bar the State’s appeal. “[W]here an indictment is dismissed
after a guilty verdict is rendered, the Double Jeopardy clause [does] not bar an appeal since
the verdict could simply be reinstated without a new trial if the [State] were successful.”
Sanabria v. United States, 437 U.S. 54, 63 (1978) (internal citations omitted). If the circuit
court dismissed the case because the statute was unconstitutionally overbroad as applied to
Ward, and the circuit court never weighed the evidence as to the factual elements of the
4
When “evaluating the trial court’s judgment for double jeopardy implications, [this
Court] do[es] not rely upon the trial court’s characterization of its action but must examine
and consider the language of the judgment in its entirety.” State v. Connell, 326 S.W.3d
865, 867 (Mo. App. 2010) (internal quotation omitted); see also State v. Neher, 213 S.W.
3d 44, 48 (Mo. banc 2007) (“In determining whether a double jeopardy violation occurred,
the substance of the trial court’s ruling, rather than its form, is examined to determine its
precise nature.”). However, “[w]hile form is not to be exalted over substance in
determining the double jeopardy consequences of a ruling terminating a prosecution,
neither is it appropriate entirely to ignore the form of order entered by the trial court.”
Sanabria v. United States, 437 U.S. 54, 66 (1978) (internal citations omitted).
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offense to determine or resolve Ward’s guilt or innocence, then the judgment is one of
dismissal that may not be barred by double jeopardy.
The second possibility is the judgment finding Ward “not guilty” was an acquittal
of the charge for sexual misconduct involving a child. An acquittal is “a resolution, correct
or not, of some or all of the factual elements of the offense charged.” Sanabria, 437 U.S.
at 71. Pursuant to Rule 27.07, once either the prosecution or defense has closed its case, a
circuit court must acquit, rather than dismiss, a criminal count when the evidence is
insufficient to sustain a conviction. In concluding § 566.083 is unconstitutionally
overbroad as applied to Ward, the circuit court made findings as to some of the factual
elements of the offense. Section 566.083.1(2) provides: “A person commits the offense of
sexual misconduct involving a child if such person … [k]knowingly exposes his or her
genitals to a child less than fifteen years of age for the purpose of arousing or gratifying
the sexual desire of any person, including the child.” Here, the circuit court stated MKB
was 14 at the time Ward exposed his penis to MKB for the purpose of fellatio. While the
circuit court’s judgment does not specifically conclude that one or any of the factual
elements of the offense was not present, warranting acquittal, it does include findings with
respect to some of the factual elements of the charged offense. If the circuit court weighed
the evidence stipulated to at trial and found Ward not guilty because the evidence was not
sufficient to prove Ward guilty of the crime charged, correct or not, then the circuit court’s
ruling was a judgment of acquittal. Any appeal by the State in that instance would be
contrary to the statute setting out the State’s right to appeal because a successful appeal
would subject Ward to double jeopardy.
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Conclusion
Based on the record in this case, the Court is unable to ascertain the precise nature
of the circuit court’s ruling. Accordingly, the circuit court’s judgment is vacated and the
case is remanded to the circuit court with instructions to enter a new judgment, based on
the record previously submitted, clearly delineating whether the case is dismissed because
§ 566.083 is unconstitutionally overbroad as applied to Ward or whether he is acquitted
based on the evidence submitted. 5
W. Brent Powell, Judge
All concur.
5
Because the Court vacates the judgment and remands, Ward’s motion to dismiss is
overruled as moot.
7