McLanahan v. Wyant , 2 Pen. & W. 279 ( 1830 )

The opinion of the Court was delivered by

Ross, J.

The question presented'to the Courtis, shall the proceeds of the sheriíí’s sale of the share of Thomas, be applied to discharge the whole, or .one third of the legacies, which were made a lien on all the lands devised to Thomas, John and Michael? In reason, and common sen.se, if 'Thomas received but one third of the land,both in quantity and quality, he should only be liable for one third of the legacies. To malee his share liable for more would be contrary to the evident-intention of tlie testator, as is manifest from his havirig'made all his land devised to his sons, equally liable. If ft be clear, that he intended to .subject all his land equally to the payment of -the legacy in -question, by wbat rule of law is the Court authorized to say that the share of Thomas shall be alone answerable? Certainly by no principle to be found in the books of reports, or elementary writers. The making partition could not render him liable, because it was what tire law would have compelled him to do at the instance of either of the tenants in common. The rights of a party shall not be affected by doing that voluntarily, which the law would have forced him to do. Infants or feme coverts cannot avoid an act done during infancy of coverture, which the law, if they had refused, would have compelled them to do. 3 Burr, 1801. Thomas then so far as appears, did nothing to render his share exclusively liable for the whole amount of the legacy. But it is urged that by modern decisions of this Court, a sale by the sheriff extinguishes all liens, and especially the lien of legacies. Without inqu'ñng how far that position is sanctioned by the cases •relied on, I wend merely remark, that so far as the decisions have gone or that subject, I feel myself bound to submit. But cer-tv' lly it h ,ts not yet been decided, that a legacy charged on land, ami ns.’, able, with interest annually, in 10 years, or at the death of A, is extinguished by a sale of the land on a judgment against a & .’isee-l-nor that a judgment which on-the face of the record is >ay\bie in ten years, is discharged by a sheriff’s sale. In the f. 'piv ,* .se. the legate would be obliged to relinquish the lien me Mod upo ' which the donor had charged the legacy, as 'a • od .■ v ff;.\ mt security; and in the latter, the judgment cr" J lose his lien although the judgment was only ■f- in ten years. Would not this Court, by such 'a de-c . .be doing tint which the legislature is prohibited from ■lo.mg? It may indeed be well questioned, how far a Court u?d • e authorized to a decision in violation of a contract, by compelling th.- judgment creditor to receive his money ten yci-r. before iris contract ¡round him to receive it; and which con-trae'., the defendant, at the time of making it, being clear of inumbrinces, had an unquestionable right to enter into. So also in ihe case of dower adju''g.'d b/ the Orphans’ Court, to remain a lien on lands taken at the appraisement, 'the same difficulties would exist. Many other cases might be suggested of a similar character, which, I apprehend* are not yet decided, a-’d which may hereafter furnish exceptions to the rule, as broad as the rule itself. These questions have been ad>-erteu to, as indicating at present, my individual impressions, and because ii-has boen contended in this case, that the Court are bound to carry the principles, which it is said, have been decided, through all the varying .cases which may arise on this branch of the law.

The question under consideration does not come within either ’Che letter or spirit of any of the decisions referred to. By the Jgai'.tifcion> the proportion of ^Thomas’ liability attached exekv sively an his share j and was discharged from any proportion of the other two thirds, which attached on the respective shares,, of John and Michael. If this position be true (and it is believed to be perfectly,consistent with the justice and equity of the case* as well as the law,) each of the three parts, after the partition, be-eamé separately liable for one third of the legacies, and no more. This is fairly dedncible from the cáse of Jackson v. Pearce, in 10 Johns. Rep. 414, 417. In that case, the Court decided, that “ where a mortgage is given of an undivided part or share in a large tract o.f land, and on partition, the right or share of the. mortgagor, is allotted in severalty, the mortgage will be considered as attached to the part so assigned, as the share of the mortgagor* and will cover his whole interest therein.” See Morris v. McConnachy's executors, 1 Yeates, 189. To my mind the converse of the proposition is necessarily involved in. this decision — that where land is charged with a burden, each part ought to bear no more than its due proportion of the charge; and that equity will compel each party to a j.ust contribution.,, as decided in Stevens v. Cooper. 1 Johns. Chan. Rep. 425, The Court and the bar seemed to consider the question in the ease of Jackson v. Pearce, too well settled to be controverted by any course of reasoning. The case of Stevens v. Cooper, in 1 Johns. Ch. Rep., and the authorities there cited, taken in connection with the case of Jackson v. Pearce, clearly proves that, each part or share, if equal, in value, is only liable, to be charged with one third qf the legacies,, with whicli the whole estate was encumbered by the devise. And I think it may be fairly inferred from the decision in Stevens v. Cooper, that chancery would prohibit any attempt to recover inore than a due proportion of the legacies. This inference is corroborated by the case of Hays v. Ward, 4 John. C. Rep. 134, where a creditor tqok from the maker of a promissory note, indorsed by plaintiff, a bond and mortgage, and instead of resorting to the mortgage, sued the plaintiff, and the indorser, the Court granted an injunction to stay the suit at; law, until the creditor had pursued his remedy on the mortgage. It is true, the case was decided on the rights of principal and surety, whereas the ease under review chiefly rests on the principles pf law relative to apportionment. Dike the case of principal and surety it might however, under- certain circumstances, involve the doctrine of contribution and substitution. The same principles, which I have abstracted from the-cases that have been cited, will be found on examination to exist at common law. They are-so consonant injustice and equity, as we as to the nature and fitness of things, that any code of laws would be defective without Spch provisions. If this question be tested by the common Iqyf doctrine of apportionment,' we shall find the same principles governing and controlling the rights of the parties. Whether the question be in relation to the'apportionment of a rent, condition, or partition between parceners, or tenants in common, a reference to a féw of the authorities on this subject, will, I think, be sufficient. Apportionment, says Lord Coke, signifieth a division of partition of a rent, common, &c. or making, it into parts. Co. Lit. 147, b. The definition is imperfeet. Apportionment, it is said, frequently denotes not division, but distribution, and in its ordinary technical sense, the distribution of one subject in proportion to another previously distributed* A well digested reference to the authorities on the apportionment of rent will be found in a note to the case of ex parte Smyth in 1 Swanston’s Rep. 338. If a lessor granteth part of the reversion to a stranger, the rent shall be apportioned, for the rent is incident to the reversion. So if a tenant by Knight service by his last will and testament in Writing devise the reversion of two parts of the land, the devisee shall have two parts of the rent. Co. Lit. 148, a. n. 8. and § 222-3-4:-Again, if co-parceners make partition, at full age, and unmarried, and of sane memorie, of lands in fee simple, it Is good and firme forever, albeit the values be unequal. Co. Lit. 166, a. So a partition of lands entailed between parceners, if it be equal at the time of partition, shall bind the issues in tail forever, albeit the one do aliene her part. Co. Lit. 173, a.

Each allotment fay the partition and operation of law, became the exclusive propertycof him, to whom it was assigned: and the land, on which the legacies were charged, was divided into three parts. So that the legacy, which before the partition, had been charged on the whole land, ceased to be a lien on the respective parts for more than the proportion allotted to each one of the de-visees. The fund charged was the principal, the lien was the incident, and followed the principal in its division in precisely the same proportion that the whole bore to any part. Such proportion being separately chargeable, after the partition, only on each allotment, unless indeed any one of the allotments are found Inadequate to pay such proportion. It might then perhaps, under particular circumstances, form an exception to the general rule.

From what has been said, it follows, that there was no error in the charge of the Court, and that the judgment be must affirmed.

Judgment affirmed.