1550 MP Road LLC v. Teamsters Local Union No. 700 , 91 N.E.3d 444 ( 2017 )


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    2017 IL App (1st) 153300
    FIRST DIVISION
    November 13, 2017
    No. 1-15-3300
    IN THE
    APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
    FIRST DISTRICT
    1550 MP ROAD LLC,                                       )        Appeal from the
    )        Circuit Court of
    Plaintiff-Appellee,                              )        Cook County
    )
    v.                                                      )
    )
    TEAMSTERS LOCAL UNION NO. 700;                          )
    INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF                            )
    TEAMSTERS; JOINT COUNCIL 25 OF THE                      )
    INTERNATIONAL BROTHERHOOD OF                            )        No. 10 L 5979
    TEAMSTERS; RANDY CAMMACK; JOHN COLI;                    )
    PATRICK W. FLYNN; FRED GEGARE, JAMES T.                 )
    GLIMCO; MICHAEL HAFFNER; KEN HALL;                      )
    TERRENCE J. HANCOCK; CARROLL E. HAYNES;                 )
    JAMES P. HOFFA; C. THOMAS KEEGEL; BRIAN                 )
    MEIDEL; FREDERICK P. POTTER JR.; BRIAN                  )
    RAINVILLE; FRED SIMPSON; THOMAS STIEDE;                 )
    and GEORGE TEDESKCHI,                                   )        The Honorable
    )        Raymond W. Mitchell,
    Defendants-Appellants.                           )        Judge Presiding.
    PRESIDING JUSTICE PIERCE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
    Justices Harris and Simon concurred in the judgment and opinion.
    OPINION
    ¶1                                  BACKGROUND
    ¶2    In May 2008, plaintiff 1550 MP Road LLC entered into a lease and purchase agreement
    (LPA) with Teamsters Local Union No. 726, an unincorporated association. The LPA was
    No. 1-15-3300
    executed by Thomas Clair, the Secretary-Treasurer and principal officer of Local 726. Local
    726’s executive board was aware of the negotiation of the LPA, its scope, and the reasons for
    entering into it. After the LPA was executed, the board passed a resolution approving the LPA.
    Local 726, however, executed the agreement without complying with its bylaws, which called
    for Local 726’s members to be notified and vote to authorize the agreement. Local 726 took
    possession of the premises in January 2009.
    ¶3     In February 2008, while the LPA was being negotiated, the International Brotherhood of
    Teamsters (International) initiated an investigation of its affiliate, Local 726. The International
    requested that John Coli, an International vice president, a member of the International’s General
    Executive Board, a member of Joint Council 25 (JC25), and president of Teamsters Local Union
    No. 727, investigate the financial condition of Local 726. Approximately two weeks after the
    LPA’s execution, Coli, who had been given a copy of the LPA during his investigation, wrote to
    the International with assurances that cost-cutting measures were being implemented to improve
    Local 726’s financial condition. Coli did not mention the LPA in his letter.
    ¶4     The International’s Independent Review Board was conducting its own investigation of
    Local 726.1 In June 2009, it issued a report recommending that Local 726 be placed into
    trusteeship. James Hoffa, the International’s president, imposed an emergency trusteeship over
    Local 726 and appointed Becky Strzechowski as trustee with full control over the business
    activities of the local. Strzechowski viewed the LPA as a financial drain on Local 726.
    Strzechowski met with plaintiff to discuss modification of the LPA, but the parties failed to reach
    an agreement. In September 2009, the International voted to continue Local 726’s trusteeship.
    1
    The Independent Review Board was established by consent decree in United States v.
    International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 
    22 F. Supp. 2d 131
     (S.D.N.Y. 1998). The board has the authority
    to, among other things, recommend that local unions be placed into trusteeship.
    2
    No. 1-15-3300
    ¶5     The International’s General Executive Board met in December 2009. Coli proposed
    dissolving Local 726 and Teamsters Local Union No. 714 (which was also under trusteeship),
    and transferring the membership, assets, and liabilities of the two locals to a newly-chartered
    local, Teamsters Local Union No. 700. After dissolution of the two locals, new Local 700 would
    consist of essentially all of Local 726’s members and the public sector members of Local 714.
    Shortly thereafter, the International’s General Executive Board, including Coli, voted to revoke
    the charters of Local 726 and Local 714, and charter a new public employee union, Local 700, to
    establish a single local that would better represent their interests. Coli was appointed Local 700’s
    trustee. The International advised Coli that “initially, [Local 700] will be structured as a
    consolidation of former [Local 714] and [Local 726].” The International transferred all of Local
    726’s membership, books, documents, property, and funds to Local 700. According to a 2009
    audit, total assets of $47,883 and total liabilities of $123,299 were transferred to Local 700.
    ¶6     Local 726 was dissolved on December 31, 2009. On January 1, 2010, Local 700 occupied
    the space formerly occupied by Local 726 in the subject premises. Although the plaintiff and
    Strzechowski had engaged in negotiations to modify the LPA prior to Local 726’s dissolution,
    Coli, Local 700’s trustee, rejected any liability under the agreement signed by Local 726. Coli
    was adamant that “he would do nothing for [plaintiff]” that would result in Local 700 remaining
    in the premises or performing under the LPA. Local 700 advised plaintiff that it had taken
    possession of the premises and offered to create a month-to-month tenancy. Local 700 tendered a
    rent check, but plaintiff did not cash or deposit the check. Plaintiff and Local 700 continued to
    negotiate through April 2010, but failed to reach any agreement. At the end of April 2010, Coli
    moved Local 700’s business operations to another building owned by Local 727’s pension fund.
    3
    No. 1-15-3300
    ¶7      Plaintiff sued for breach of contract and sought damages specified in the LPA. In count I,
    plaintiff claimed that Local 700 was liable for the breach of the LPA under a theory of corporate
    successor liability because Local 726 merged into Local 700, and that Local 700 was a mere
    continuation of Local 726. In the alternative, plaintiff claimed in counts II and III that Local 700
    was liable to plaintiff because Local 726’s transfer of its assets, including its collective
    bargaining agreements (CBAs), to Local 700 was a fraudulent transfer under sections 5(a) and
    6(a) of the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (740 ILCS 160/5(a), 6(a) (West 2014)). In the
    remaining counts, plaintiff claimed that Coli, the International, JC 25, and certain individual
    Teamster officials were liable for tortious interference with the LPA, with count VIII directed at
    Coli.
    ¶8      Following a bench trial, the circuit court found that: (1) the LPA was valid and
    enforceable; (2) Local 700 was liable for Local 726’s breach of the LPA under the merger, mere
    continuation, and fraud exceptions to the theory of successor corporate nonliability; (3) Local
    700 was liable for Local 726’s breach of the LPA because Local 726’s transfer of its assets,
    including its CBAs, was a fraudulent transfer under the Fraudulent Transfer Act; and (4) Coli
    was personally liable for tortious interference with the LPA. Judgment was entered in favor of
    the International, JC25, and the remaining Teamsters officials. The circuit court granted plaintiff
    nearly $2 million in damages and over $320,000 in attorney fees and costs.
    ¶9      On appeal, defendants2 argue that: (1) the LPA is void ab initio and cannot be enforced
    because it was not executed in conformity with either Local 726’s bylaws or the Property of
    Unincorporated Associations Act (Act) (765 ILCS 115/0.01 et seq. (West 2010)); (2) if the LPA
    is not void ab initio, then it is invalid and unenforceable because Clair lacked apparent authority
    2
    Although this appeal was nominally filed on behalf of all of the defendants listed in the caption,
    the only defendants that advance any argument are Local 700 and John Coli.
    4
    No. 1-15-3300
    to enter into the agreement; (3) the circuit court erroneously imposed corporate successor
    liability against Local 700; (4) a CBA is not a transferable asset for the purposes of the Uniform
    Fraudulent Transfer Act; (5) Coli is not liable for tortious interference with the LPA; and (6) the
    LPA contains an unenforceable liquidated damages provision.
    ¶ 10   We find that the LPA was an enforceable contract. Local 726’s failure to comply with its
    bylaws or with the Act did not render the LPA void ab initio. Furthermore, Clair acted with
    apparent authority when executing the LPA, and Local 726’s executive board ratified the LPA.
    We further find that Local 700 was liable for breach of the LPA based on corporate successor
    liability principles. We therefore affirm the circuit court’s judgment finding that Local 700 was
    liable to plaintiff for Local 726’s breach of the LPA. We reverse the circuit court’s Fraudulent
    Transfer Act judgments in favor of plaintiff because there was no transfer of an asset by a debtor
    within the meaning of the Fraudulent Transfer Act, and even if there was, plaintiff failed to prove
    the actual value of the CBAs at issue here. We reverse the circuit court’s judgment against Coli
    for tortious interference with a contract because, as a member of the International’s General
    Executive Board and as Local 700’s trustee, Coli’s conduct was privileged. Finally, we affirm
    the circuit court’s damages award in favor of plaintiff because the LPA contained an enforceable
    liquidated damages provision.
    ¶ 11                                       ANALYSIS
    ¶ 12                              A. Enforceability of the LPA
    ¶ 13        1. Property of Unincorporated Associations Act and Local 726’s Bylaws
    ¶ 14   First, we address defendants’ argument that the LPA is void ab initio and cannot be
    enforced because it was not executed in conformity with the Act or with Local 726’s bylaws.
    Defendants contend that because the union’s members never voted to authorize the LPA, and
    5
    No. 1-15-3300
    because the LPA was not signed by the requisite number of union officers, Local 726 could not
    enter into the LPA. Defendants rely primarily on Alliance Property Management, Ltd. v. Forest
    Villa of Countryside Condominium Ass’n, 
    2015 IL App (1st) 150169
     to argue that “a contract is
    void ab initio where one of the parties exceeded its authority to enter into the subject
    agreement.” In the circuit court, defendants raised an affirmative defense challenging the
    enforceability of the LPA by asserting that it was entered into without the membership’s
    approval, but did not specifically plead a violation of the Act as an affirmative defense.
    Defendants raised an argument that the LPA did not comply with the Act for the first time in
    their posttrial motion.
    ¶ 15   On appeal, plaintiff contends that defendants have forfeited any argument under the Act
    by failing to raise it prior to trial. In response, defendants argue that the enforceability of the
    LPA was before the circuit court by virtue of defendants’ arguments that Local 726’s members
    were neither given notice of the LPA nor voted to approve it, and defendants therefore pleaded
    facts that would form a defense under the Act. See Huszagh v. City of Oak Brook Terrace, 
    41 Ill. 2d 387
    , 389 (1968) (finding that it is the facts of defense that must be alleged, not matters of law,
    and that “the question of whether a contract is void as contrary to statute or public policy is one
    of law.”). Furthermore, defendants argue that when a party challenges the validity of a contract
    as being against public policy, a challenge to the validity of the agreement is not waived by
    failing to plead it. See Berge v. Berge, 
    366 Ill. 228
    , 230-31 (1937). We agree with defendants
    that there has been no forfeiture of an argument on appeal that the LPA is void due to Local
    726’s failure to comply with the Act. Furthermore, even if defendants had forfeited an argument
    under the Act on appeal, forfeiture is a limitation on the parties, not on the courts. Geise v.
    Phoenix Co. of Chicago, 
    159 Ill. 2d 507
    , 517 (1994).
    6
    No. 1-15-3300
    ¶ 16   Turning to the merits of defendants’ argument, we find that Local 726’s failure to satisfy
    the requirements of the Act or its bylaws prior to entering into the LPA does not render the LPA
    void ab initio. First, the Act provides that “[a]ny unincorporated lodge or subordinate body of
    any society or order which is duly chartered by its grand lodge or body may take, hold, or convey
    real estate for its own use and benefit, by lease, purchase, grant, legacy, gift or otherwise, ***
    according to the register of the respective grand lodge or body.” 765 ILCS 115/1 (West 2016).
    The Act further provides:
    “The presiding officer of such lodge or subordinate body, together with the
    secretary or officer keeping the records thereof, may execute mortgages and
    execute or receive conveyances or leases of any real estate by or to such lodge or
    subordinate body when authorized by a vote of the members present at a regular
    meeting held by said lodge or subordinate body, after at least ten days’ notice has
    been given to all members of said lodge or subordinate body by mailing a written
    notice of said proposed action to the last known address of all such members.
    All conveyances, leases or mortgages executed hereunder shall be in the name of
    the lodge, attested by the presiding officer and secretary or other officer in charge
    of the records, and shall have affixed the seal, if any, of such lodge or subordinate
    body.” 765 ILCS 115/2 (West 2016).
    Local 726’s bylaws contained similar requirements: the signatures of both the Secretary-
    Treasurer and the President were required on all contracts, and notice and membership
    authorization was necessary in connection with the lease or purchase of real estate.
    7
    No. 1-15-3300
    ¶ 17   Here, it is undisputed that Local 726 is an unincorporated association and it did not
    comply with section 2 of the Act or its bylaws in connection with the LPA: it did not provide
    written notice to its members of the LPA and it did not hold a vote of its members to authorize
    the LPA. Furthermore, the statutory language requires the signature of two officers, and Clair
    was the only Local 726 officer who signed the LPA. But the failure to comply with the
    requirements of a statute does not automatically render a contract unenforceable or void
    ab initio. See K. Miller Construction Co., Inc. v. McGinnis, 
    238 Ill. 2d 284
    , 296 (2010). If the
    statute provides that a contract that violates the statute is unenforceable, then the contract is
    unenforceable. 
    Id. at 294
    . Where, however, a statute is silent as to the consequences of a
    violation of the statute, we must balance the public policy expressed in the statute against the
    countervailing policy in enforcing contractual agreements. 
    Id.
     Furthermore, where the statute
    does not prescribe a particular consequence for non-compliance and non-compliance does not
    implicate a constitutional right, we are guided by our supreme court’s observation that it may be
    appropriate to “determin[e] whether a particular set of circumstances justifies a court’s exercise
    of its equitable powers to ameliorate the [void ab initio] doctrine’s sometimes harsh results.”
    Perlstein v. Wolk, 
    218 Ill. 2d 448
    , 467 (2006). We find this guidance particularly compelling
    here, where the subject matter of the contract (a commercial lease purchase agreement) is
    otherwise legitimate and contractually binding.
    ¶ 18   The Act is silent as to the consequences for non-compliance. Defendants argue that “[the
    Act] is not silent, but rather explicitly provides the only means by which an unincorporated
    association may enter into an enforceable contract.” But defendants’ argument reads into the
    statute the term “enforceable,” a term the legislature did not use. The statutory language, as
    written, is silent as to the consequences for non-compliance.
    8
    No. 1-15-3300
    ¶ 19   Therefore we must balance the public policy expressed in the Act against the
    countervailing policy of enforcing contractual agreements. The parties acknowledge that prior to
    the Act, an unincorporated association was legally incapable of owning property in its own
    name. Chicago Grain Trimmers Ass’n v. Murphy, 
    389 Ill. 102
    , 107 (1945). Defendants argue that
    “the Act is expressly designed to authorize unincorporated associations to enter into real estate
    contracts where they otherwise would be without the power to do so under common law.”
    Defendants further contend that the Act provides important protections to association members
    who are liable for the debts and liabilities of the association. Defendants, however, cite no
    authority to support their position that our legislature intended to provide those protections, as
    opposed to simply enabling unincorporated associations to execute or receive conveyances of
    real estate in the name of the association. We find nothing in the language of the Act that
    suggests that the legislature intended to remedy existing problems with the manner in which
    unincorporated associations owned, leased, or conveyed real property. Instead, a plain reading of
    the Act indicates that the legislature intended to empower unincorporated associations to execute
    or receive conveyances of real property in the association’s name, and made no statement as to
    the effect of non-compliance with the notice or signatory provisions of the Act. As such we see
    no sound reason to exempt an unincorporated association from ordinary public policy
    considerations favoring enforcement of contracts or from general contract principles.
    ¶ 20   “Traditionally, and in keeping with the principle of freedom of contract, this court has
    been reluctant to declare a private contract as void as contrary to public policy.” Vine St. Clinic v.
    HealthLink, Inc., 
    222 Ill. 2d 276
    , 299-300 (2006) (citing H&M Commercial Driver Leasing, Inc.
    v. Fox Valley Containers, Inc., 
    209 Ill. 2d 52
    , 57 (2004)). Our supreme court has long held that:
    9
    No. 1-15-3300
    “ ‘In considering whether any contract is against public policy it should be
    remembered that it is to the interests of the public that persons should not be
    unnecessarily restricted in their freedom to make their own contracts. Agreements
    are not held to be void, as being contrary to public policy, unless they be clearly
    contrary to what the constitution, the statutes or the decisions of the courts have
    declared to be the public policy or unless they be manifestly injurious to the
    public welfare.’ ” Vine St. Clinic, 
    222 Ill. 2d 276
     at 300 (quoting Schumann-Heink
    v. Folsom, 
    328 Ill. 321
    , 330 (1927)).
    ¶ 21   Here, we find nothing expressed in the Act that would lead us to conclude that the public
    policy embodied in the Act (an association’s ability to own and convey real estate in its own
    name) outweighs our state’s preferred policy of enforcing otherwise legal private contracts
    entered into for legitimate purposes. There is nothing in this transaction that dictates a conclusion
    that enforcing the LPA results in manifest injury to the public welfare and should be declared
    void ab initio. Therefore, we find that an unincorporated association’s failure to comply with Act
    when executing or conveying an interest in real property does not, on its own, render the contract
    void ab initio.
    ¶ 22   We further find that Alliance is distinguishable. There, the question was whether a
    condominium board could enter into a 36-month management contract when the condominium
    association’s governing documents only permitted the board to enter into contracts for 24 months
    or less. Alliance, 
    2015 IL App (1st) 150169
    , ¶ 26. We found that the management contract was
    void because the board lacked authority to enter into the agreement: the Condominium Property
    Act required the board to comply with its own bylaws, and the board had no authority to
    disregard the plain language of its governing documents. Id. ¶¶ 30-33. The primary distinction
    10
    No. 1-15-3300
    between Alliance and the situation before us is that the bylaws in Alliance specifically prohibited
    the board from entering into a 36-month management contract, rendering the management
    contract void ab initio. Here, nothing in Local 726’s bylaws prohibited it from entering into lease
    or purchase agreements generally, and defendants make no argument that the LPA contained
    terms that were specifically prohibited by Local 726’s governing documents. As we discussed,
    Local 726’s failure to comply with the Act does not, on its own, render the LPA void. Similarly,
    the failure of Local 726 to comply with the notice, membership authorization, and signatory
    provisions of its bylaws do not render the agreement void ab initio, especially where there is no
    evidence that Local 726 ever sought membership approval for any earlier lease, or that it ever
    complied with the two officer signature requirement. We therefore conclude that the LPA is not
    void ab initio by virtue of Local 726’s failure to comply with the Act or its bylaws.
    ¶ 23                        2. Clair’s Authority to Enter into the LPA
    ¶ 24   Next, defendants argue that, even if the LPA was not void ab initio, the LPA is
    unenforceable because Clair lacked actual or apparent authority to enter into the LPA on his
    own. Defendants assert that the circuit court found that “although [p]laintiff may have ‘received’
    a copy of the Local’s bylaws, the [d]efendants have not shown that [p]laintiff had actual
    knowledge of the provision regarding lease authorization.” Defendants contend that the circuit
    court’s finding that Clair had apparent authority to enter into the LPA was erroneous because
    plaintiff had a duty to investigate the scope of Clair’s authority, and the circuit court improperly
    “placed the burden on [d]efendants to prove that they took adequate steps to equip [plaintiff]
    with actual knowledge that Clair lacked express authority to enter into the LPA.”
    11
    No. 1-15-3300
    ¶ 25   Plaintiff responds in part by arguing that Clair had authority to make contracts on behalf
    of Local 726 because he was Local 726’s principal officer, and therefore plaintiff was dealing
    with Clair as a principal, not as an agent.
    ¶ 26   It has long been recognized that “a corporation acts through its president, and through
    him executes its contracts and agreements; and an act pertaining to the business of the
    corporation, not clearly foreign to the general power of the president, done through him, will, in
    the absence of proof to the contrary, be presumed to have been authorized to be done by the
    corporate body.” Bank of Minneapolis, Minn. v. Griffin, 
    168 Ill. 314
    , 317 (1897). “As a general
    rule a party dealing with the [p]resident of a corporation is entitled to assume that he has
    authority to make contracts for the corporation which are within the scope of its corporate
    powers and which do not violate any statute or rule of public policy.” Vulcan Corp. v. Cobden
    Machine Works, 
    336 Ill. App. 394
    , 400 (1949). However, it has also been long held that when a
    party challenges a president’s authority to enter into the contract, then it is “necessary to go
    beyond the mere fact of the execution of the instrument and prove the authority of the agent to
    execute the same[.]” George E. Lloyd & Co. v. Matthews & Rice, 
    223 Ill. 477
    , 480 (1906).
    ¶ 27   Here, Clair was Local 726’s Secretary-Treasurer and its principal officer. Local 726’s
    bylaws vested Clair with authority to “supervise, conduct and control all of the business and
    affairs of [Local 726], its officers and employees.” The bylaws, however, required the signatures
    of both the Secretary-Treasurer and the President on all contracts, including leases, as well as
    notice and membership authorization in connection with the lease or purchase of real estate. It is
    undisputed that Clair believed that he had individual authority to execute the LPA, and that he
    held himself out to plaintiff as having that authority. But under the terms of Local 726’s bylaws,
    12
    No. 1-15-3300
    Clair did not possess either express or implied actual authority to individually execute the LPA
    on behalf of Local 726. We find that Clair lacked actual authority to bind Local 726 to the LPA.
    ¶ 28   We next consider whether there was sufficient evidence from which the circuit court
    could conclude that Clair acted with apparent authority. The question of whether an agency
    relationship exists and the scope of the purported agent’s authority are questions of fact. Thomas
    v. Weatherguard Construction Co., Inc., 
    2015 IL App (1st) 142785
    , ¶ 48. We review the circuit
    court’s findings of fact under the manifest weight of the evidence standard. 
    Id.
     A factual finding
    is against the manifest weight of the evidence only where the opposite result is clearly evident or
    where the factual finding is unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on the evidence. Eychaner v.
    Gross, 
    202 Ill. 2d 228
    , 252 (2002).
    ¶ 29   We find that there is sufficient evidence in the record to support the circuit court’s
    finding that Clair had apparent authority to enter into the LPA. We first note that defendants do
    not fully acknowledge the circuit court’s factual findings regarding the plaintiff’s knowledge of
    Clair’s authority to enter into the LPA. The circuit court’s written order states:
    “In its post-judgment motion, Local 700 argues that the evidence at trial
    conclusively shows that [p]laintiff knew or had reason to know that Clair lacked
    authority to enter the lease. But, the evidence at trial was far from definitive.
    Friedman testified that he did not recall seeing the bylaws. Clair testified that he
    had no specific recollection of [Matthew Friedman, the sole member and co-
    manager of plaintiff] requesting a copy of the bylaws or of providing a copy of
    the bylaws to Friedman, [p]laintiff’s other manager Mick Bess, or [p]laintiff’s
    attorney. Clair testified that he might have given a copy of the bylaws to John
    Diaz, a member of Local 726 who was not [p]laintiff’s representative. The
    13
    No. 1-15-3300
    testimony did not convincingly establish that [p]laintiff received a copy of the
    bylaws, and that as a result, [p]laintiff knew or should have known that Clair did
    not have actual authority to enter into the lease on behalf of Local 726.”
    (Emphasis added.)
    ¶ 30   A complete reading of the circuit court’s factual findings shows that it found that
    defendants did not establish that Friedman knew, or was in possession of information that would
    indicate that he should have known, that Clair lacked actual authority to sign the LPA.
    ¶ 31   “Apparent authority is the authority that a reasonably prudent person would naturally
    suppose the agent to possess, given the words or conduct of the principal.” Siena at Old Orchard
    Condominium Ass’n v. Siena at Old Orchard, L.L.C., 
    2017 IL App (1st) 151846
    , ¶ 80 (citing
    State Security Insurance Co. v. Burgos, 
    145 Ill. 2d 423
    , 431-32 (1991)). “ ‘[A]n agent may bind
    his principal by acts which the principal has not given him actual authority to perform, but which
    he appears authorized to perform.’ ” (Emphases in original.) Loncarevic & Associates, Inc. v.
    Stanley Foam Corp., 
    2017 IL App (1st) 150690
    , ¶ 36 (quoting Lundberg v. Church Farm, Inc.,
    
    151 Ill. App. 3d 452
    , 461 (1986). “A principal that places an agent in a situation where the agent
    may be presumed to have authority to act is estopped as against a third party from denying the
    agent’s apparent authority.” Weil, Freiburg & Thomas, P.C. v. Sara Lee Corp., 
    218 Ill. App. 3d 383
    , 390 (1991). It is the words or conduct of the principal, not those of the alleged agent, which
    establish an agent’s authority. Wesly v. National Hemophilia Foundation, 
    2017 IL App (3d) 160382
    , ¶ 40. Furthermore, “[w]here parties silently stand by and permit an agent to act [on]
    their behalf in dealing with another in a situation where the agent may be presumed to have
    authority, the parties are estopped from denying the agent’s apparent authority as to third
    persons.” Mateyka v. Schroeder, 
    152 Ill. App. 3d 854
    , 864 (1987).
    14
    No. 1-15-3300
    ¶ 32    At trial, Friedman testified that the renovation plans and estimated costs for the premises
    had been shared with Local 726, and that Local 726 approved the plans and costs before the LPA
    was executed. Friedman also testified that John Falzone (Local 726’s president), Kenneth
    Brantley (Local 726’s vice president), John Hurley (Local 726’s recording secretary), and
    Michael Marcatante (a Local 726 trustee) all visited the property prior to the execution of the
    LPA. Clair and Diaz introduced Falzone, Brantley, Hurley, and Marcatante to Friedman as
    members of Local 726’s executive board. Friedman testified that “[t]hey thought [the premises]
    was great, perfect fit. The only comment I got was the office manager needed an office in the
    front of the building, make sure that happens.” Friedman stated that he met with Local 726
    representatives approximately 15 to 20 times between the time Local 726 started looking for
    property and the execution of the LPA, and that Clair was at most, but not all, of the meetings.
    Additionally, Clair testified that Local 726’s executive board had already given him
    authorization and approval to sign the LPA. In light of all of the evidence, the circuit court, as
    the trier of fact, could reasonably conclude that Local 726 held Clair out as having the authority
    to sign the LPA, especially considering that a majority of Local 726’s executive board visited the
    premises, made favorable statements, and continued to permit Clair to spearhead the effort to
    secure a new headquarters for Local 726.
    ¶ 33   Furthermore, we find that the LPA would be enforceable even if Clair lacked apparent
    authority to bind Local 726 because the executive board clearly intended to ratify the LPA.
    “Ratification of an unauthorized act is equivalent to an original authorization and confirms that
    which was originally unauthorized.” Yugoslav-American Cultural Center, Inc. v. Parkway Bank
    & Trust Co., 
    289 Ill. App. 3d 728
    , 738 (1997). “Since the rationale behind the doctrine of
    ratification is that the person ratifying obtains a benefit through the actions of someone who is
    15
    No. 1-15-3300
    acting in his behalf, then ratification will be found ‘[a]s long as the principal has full knowledge
    of the facts and has the choice of either accepting or rejecting the benefits of the transaction.’ ”
    
    Id.
     (quoting Swader v. Golden Rule Insurance Co., 
    203 Ill. App. 3d 697
    , 704-05 (1990)).
    ¶ 34   Here, a majority of Local 726’s executive board members signed a consent resolution on
    May 8, 2008, six days after Clair executed the LPA. The consent resolution specifically resolved
    that “[Local 726] ratifies the actions previously taken by the officers of [Local 726] or any one of
    them acting alone, in connection with the [LPA] and all actions taken incidental thereto
    pertaining to the [LPA].” It is clear that Local 726 intended to ratify the LPA. Although there is
    nothing in the record to suggest that the executive board gave notice to Local 726’s members of
    the consent resolution or held a vote of its members to authorize the consent resolution, by
    executing and delivering the consent resolution to plaintiff, the executive board clearly purported
    to act on behalf of Local 726’s members, specifically acknowledged the LPA, and resolved to be
    bound by it. Furthermore, Local 726 accepted the benefits of the LPA by moving in to the
    premises and paying the monthly rent called for in the LPA until its dissolution.
    ¶ 35   Finally, as noted above, there was no evidence in the record that Local 726 ever enforced
    its own requirements that its members authorize a lease prior to execution or that Local 726’s
    leases be signed by both the Secretary-Treasurer and President. Defendants make no argument
    that the members of Local 726 voiced any objection to or took any action to contest the actions
    of Clair or the executive board in order to avoid being bound by the LPA. Under all of these
    circumstances, we find that Local 726 held Clair out as having the authority to execute the LPA,
    and then ratified Clair’s execution of the LPA on its behalf. Based on Local 726’s conduct,
    plaintiff had no reason to believe that Clair lacked authority to bind Local 726 under the LPA, or
    that Local 726 did not intend to be bound by the LPA.
    16
    No. 1-15-3300
    ¶ 36   In sum, Local 726 entered into a valid and enforceable agreement with plaintiff. Local
    726’s executive board held Clair out as having the authority to execute the LPA on behalf of
    Local 726, and ratified the LPA. We conclude that Local 726 was bound by the terms of the
    LPA.
    ¶ 37                B. Whether Local 700 is Liable for a Breach of the LPA
    ¶ 38   Next, defendants argue that the circuit court erred in imposing successor liability on
    Local 700 for breach of the LPA. Defendants contend that the general rule is that an entity that
    purchases the assets of a company is not liable for the predecessor’s liabilities unless an
    exception applies. Defendants argue that the de facto merger and “mere continuation” exceptions
    to the general rule do not apply here. Defendants contend that there was no continuity of
    ownership between Local 726 and Local 700 because labor unions do not have owners in the
    same way that corporations or other business entities do. Defendants further argue that Local
    700’s and Local 726’s use of the term “merger” in certain internal audit and IRS filings were
    “used for descriptive purposes only and were not intended to convey that these entities had, in
    fact, merged.” Defendants, however, do not address a letter from the International to Coli in
    which the International also referred to Local 700 as a “consolidation” of Local 726 and Local
    714. Finally, defendants argue that there was no evidence that the International dissolved Local
    726 to fraudulently escape Local 726’s obligations.
    ¶ 39   “The doctrine of successor corporate nonliability provides that when a corporation
    purchases the assets of another corporation, the purchaser is generally not liable for the debts or
    liabilities of the seller.” Workforce Solutions v. Urban Services of America, Inc., 
    2012 IL App (1st) 111410
    , ¶ 86. Four exceptions, however, have been developed to protect the rights of
    corporate creditors following dissolution: “(1) where there is an express or implied agreement of
    17
    No. 1-15-3300
    assumption [of liability]; (2) where the transaction amounts to a consolidation or merger of the
    purchaser or seller corporation; (3) where the purchaser is merely a continuation of the seller; or
    (4) where the transaction is for the fraudulent purpose of escaping liability for the seller’s
    obligations.” 
    Id.
     (quoting Pielet v. Pielet, 
    407 Ill. App. 3d 474
    , 508 (2010)). Here, defendants
    essentially argue that successor liability cannot apply to labor unions on the basis of a de facto
    merger or under a “mere continuation” theory because there will never be continuity of
    ownership, since a labor union’s members do not “own” the labor union in the same way that a
    corporation’s shareholders “own” the corporation. The circuit court observed that “Illinois courts
    determine whether a successor entity constitutes a continuation by analyzing similarity in
    ownership of the two entities[,] [b]ut this type of analysis is not aptly transferable to a labor
    union because it does not have ‘owners’ in the same way as a corporation or other business
    entity.”
    ¶ 40       In Vernon v. Schuster, 
    179 Ill. 2d 338
    , 345 (1997), our supreme court discussed the
    rationale behind the “mere continuation” exception:
    “The exception is designed to prevent a situation whereby the specific purpose of
    acquiring assets is to place those assets out of the reach of the predecessor’s
    creditors. *** To allow the predecessor to escape liability by merely changing
    hats would amount to fraud. Thus, the underlying theory of the exception is that,
    if a corporation goes through a mere change in form without a significant change
    in substance, it should not be allowed to escape liability.” Vernon, 
    179 Ill. 2d at 346
     (quoting Baltimore Luggage Co. v. Holtzman, 
    80 Md. App. 282
    , 297 (1989)).
    ¶ 41       Although numerous Illinois courts have addressed successor liability for corporations, the
    parties have not identified, nor have we found, any Illinois decision that addresses successor
    18
    No. 1-15-3300
    liability for unincorporated associations. The circuit court therefore looked to federal law on the
    issue of successor liability in the context of labor union mergers. In Equal Employment
    Opportunity Commission v. Local 638, 
    700 F. Supp. 739
     (S.D.N.Y. 1988), the federal district
    court had to determine whether Local 28 of the Sheet Metal Workers’ International was the
    successor to Local 10 of the Sheet Metal Workers’ International, and therefore whether Local 28
    was liable for Local 10’s violation of federal court orders prohibiting racial and ethnic
    discrimination. The federal district court discussed the principles of successorship in labor law,
    and examined the relationship between the two unions, (id. at 741-43), whether there was
    substantial continuity of the former Local 10 as merged into Local 28, (id. at 743-44), whether
    Local 28 had notice, prior to the merger, of Local 10’s general obligations and liabilities, (id. at
    744-45), and the federal policies at stake (id. at 745-46). The district court concluded that there
    was a merger, and that Local 28 “inherited all assets, operations, records and property of Local
    10, including over $200,000 in value, membership rolls, and CBAs.” 
    Id. at 743
    . Furthermore,
    Local 28 absorbed all of Local 10’s members. 
    Id.
     There was evidence that Local 28 had pre­
    merger notice of Local 10’s liabilities by virtue of an audit. 
    Id. at 744
    . Finally, the district court
    found that respect for the federal courts and protections for employees were important federal
    policies that favored finding successor liability. 
    Id. at 745-46
    .
    ¶ 42   We agree with the circuit court that the test employed in Local 638 provides an
    appropriate framework for determining whether an unincorporated association, such as a labor
    union, may be liable under a theory of successor liability for the liabilities of a dissolved
    association. We find that the factors to be considered when determining successor liability of a
    dissolved association include: (1) the relationship between the dissolved and successor
    associations; (2) whether there was substantial continuity of the dissolved association after a
    19
    No. 1-15-3300
    merger or consolidation; (3) whether the successor association had notice of the dissolved
    association’s liabilities; and (4) whether there are important state policies that would be affected
    by declining to impose successor liability. See also Parker v. Metropolitan Transportation
    Authority, 
    97 F. Supp. 2d 437
     (S.D.N.Y. 2000) (adopting four-factor test set forth in Local 638
    for determining successor liability between labor unions).3
    ¶ 43    Applying this framework, we find that the circuit court correctly concluded that Local
    700 was liable for breach of the LPA under a theory of successor liability. First, the International
    consolidated the functions of Local 714 and Local 726 into Local 700 by simultaneously
    revoking the charters of Local 714 and Local 726 and issuing a new charter to Local 700. It is
    undisputed that C. Thomas Keegel, the International’s Secretary General, instructed Coli, trustee
    of Local 700, that Local 700 “will be structured as a consolidation of former [Local 714] and
    [Local 726].” There was evidence that the International simultaneously dissolved Local 714 and
    Local 726 and created Local 700 so that Local 700 would acquire and continue the dissolved
    locals’ operations. Although defendants claim that there was no merger and that the use of the
    terms “merger” and “consolidation” were merely for “descriptive purposes,” defendants cannot
    escape the common sense conclusion that the practical effect of the International’s actions was to
    consolidate Local 726’s (and part of Local 714’s) membership, operations, functions, and duties
    and transfer those membership, operations, functions, and duties to the newly-chartered Local
    700.
    3
    We also believe that these factors are consistent with a number of factors used by the National
    Labor Relations Board when considering an employer’s duty to bargain with a post-merger union. See,
    e.g., May Department Stores Co., Venture Stores Division v. National Labor Relations Board, 
    897 F. 2d 221
    , 228 (7th Cir. 1990) (observing that the Board compares pre- and post-merger unions for continuity
    by looking to the “structure, administration, officers, assets, membership, autonomy, by-laws, size, and
    territorial jurisdiction, [citation] with an eye toward changes in the rights and obligations of the union’s
    leadership and membership, and in the relationships between the putative bargaining agent, its affiliate,
    and the employer.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)).
    20
    No. 1-15-3300
    ¶ 44   Second, there was sufficient evidence that there was substantial continuity of Local 726’s
    operations, identity, and functions when it merged into Local 700. The International transferred
    all of Local 726’s members, books, documents, property, and funds to Local 700. Local 700
    obtained all of Local 726’s assets, including cash, automobiles, office equipment, and furniture,
    and liabilities consisting of payroll liabilities, loans due to former officers, scholarship
    commitments, and automobile loans. Importantly, Local 726 was the exclusive collective
    bargaining representative for public sector employees in certain collective bargaining units.
    Upon revocation of the charter, the International transferred Local 726’s collective bargaining
    agreements to Local 700 and Local 700 assumed responsibility as the exclusive representative
    for the affected bargaining units, an integral and essential function previously held by Local 726.
    Furthermore, Local 700 informed plaintiff that as of January 1, 2010, the day after Local 726
    was dissolved, that Local 700 “[had] taken possession of, and has occupied the [p]remises,” and
    tendered the rent due under the LPA (which plaintiff did not accept). Finally, there was
    testimony suggesting that after January 1, 2010, Local 700 would have acted as the collective
    bargaining representative under any of former Local 726’s collective bargaining agreements,
    even though Local 700 waited until March 2010 to file petitions before the Illinois Labor
    Relations Board seeking formal recognition as the authorized collective bargaining
    representative under former Local 726’s collective bargaining agreements. Not only had Local
    700 absorbed Local 726’s business operations, assets, and liabilities, and become the successor
    representative of the public sector employees covered in collective bargaining units negotiated
    by Local 726, Local 700 occupied the very office space that Local 726 had occupied under the
    LPA. There was sufficient evidence before the circuit court to establish a substantial continuity
    of Local 726’s operations, identity, and functions after it merged into Local 700.
    21
    No. 1-15-3300
    ¶ 45    Third, there is no dispute that those responsible for creating Local 700 and Local 700’s
    trustee had notice of Local 726’s obligations under the LPA at the time of the International’s
    self-described “merger” and “consolidation” in December 2009. There was evidence that the
    LPA was given to JC25 as part of its investigation into Local 726 in May 2008. Strzechowski
    testified at the International’s September 17, 2009, hearing that the LPA imposed “a multi-
    million dollar liability on Local 726 that will inevitably bankrupt this Local unless some other
    means is found to avoid this crushing financial burden.” The International’s November 2009
    report and recommendation regarding the continuation of Local 726’s trusteeship called the LPA
    “an unconscionable and unauthorized lease-purchase agreement for a building which imposes a
    multi[-]million dollar liability that the Local cannot afford and which exceeds the fair market
    value of the building.” Clearly, the record contains abundant evidence that the authorized entities
    involved in the investigation, revocation, and dissolution of Local 726 and the simultaneous
    creation of successor Local 700 were keenly aware of the LPA and Local 726’s obligations
    under it.
    ¶ 46    Finally, we find that there are important state interests that favor finding that Local 700
    was the successor to Local 726’s obligations under the LPA. As discussed, our state’s public
    policy strongly favors enforcement of private contracts. Allowing an unincorporated labor
    association to avoid its obligations under an enforceable contract through the International’s
    dissolution and simultaneous transfer of the local’s entire operation to a newly-chartered local
    operating under the same International umbrella, would eviscerate the integrity and purpose of
    contracting, would provide unincorporated associations an escape valve unknown to established
    contract law, and would serve no legitimate commercial purpose.
    22
    No. 1-15-3300
    ¶ 47   We find that there was an adequate basis for the circuit court to conclude that Local 700
    was the successor to Local 726 and, therefore, liable for breach of the LPA. The circuit court
    properly entered judgment in favor of plaintiff on count I because the LPA was a valid and
    enforceable contract, and Local 700 was liable under a theory of successor liability.
    ¶ 48                         C. The Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act
    ¶ 49   The circuit court found, in the alternative, that Local 700 was liable to plaintiff because
    Local 726 fraudulently transferred its assets, including its CBAs, to Local 700 for no value. The
    circuit court found that “Local 726’s assets were intentionally transferred to Local 700 to avoid
    Local 726’s obligations under the [LPA].” The circuit court further found that “Local 726 had
    been considering renegotiation, litigation, or bankruptcy to avoid the [LPA] debt for some time.”
    The circuit court observed that Coli recommended dissolving Local 726 and forming Local 700.
    Furthermore, the circuit court found that “Strzechowski, with full knowledge of [Local 726’s]
    pending dissolution, continued to negotiate with [p]laintiff for lease end dates well past when
    Local 726 would be dissolved.” Upon dissolution of Local 726, Coli became the trustee of Local
    700 and “transferred all of Local 726’s assets, including cash, furniture, and CBAs, to Local 700,
    while deliberately rejecting the lease agreement.” The circuit court further found that “the value
    of [a CBA] *** is found in the ‘mandatory’ union dues which the Local receives. Much like
    accounts receivable, union dues are convertible to cash at future dates and are assets with
    significant value that can be transferred.”
    ¶ 50   On appeal, defendants argue that the circuit court erred by finding that a CBA is a
    transferable asset for the purposes of the Fraudulent Transfer Act (740 ILCS 160/1 (West 2014)).
    Defendants argue that Local 726’s CBAs were not assets that could be transferred. Defendants
    contend that under the Illinois Public Labor Relations Act, public sector members of Local 726
    23
    No. 1-15-3300
    have “the right of self-organization, and may form, join or assist any labor organization, [and] to
    bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing[.]” 5 ILCS 315/6(a) (West
    2014). Defendants argue that union dues and fair share payments “shall be paid to the exclusive
    representative” chosen by the union members, (5 ILCS 315/6(f) (West 2014)), and therefore the
    payment of dues is subject to the election of the union’s members. Defendants contend that
    unions have no right to the receipt of union dues, and therefore Local 726 could not transfer any
    right to its members’ union dues to Local 700. Defendants cite to In re General Teamsters,
    Warehousemen & Helpers Union Local 890, 
    225 B.R. 719
     (Bankr. N.D. Cal. 1998) to argue that
    CBAs do not entitle a union to the receipt of any union dues or any money.
    ¶ 51   Plaintiff responds that, regardless of the voluntary nature of a union member’s
    membership in a local union, here, “well over 95% of the Local 726 members in fact became
    Local 700 members and, as of January 1, 2010, paid their dues to Local 700.” Plaintiff contends
    that Hoffa testified at trial that union dues were mandatory on members if those members wished
    to have the union represent them under the CBAs. Plaintiff asserts that Local 700 received value
    from Local 726 in the form of union dues paid by former members of Local 726.
    ¶ 52   “The Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act was enacted to enable a creditor to defeat a
    debtor’s transfer of assets to which the creditor was entitled.” Northwestern Memorial Hospital
    v. Sharif, 
    2014 IL App (1st) 133008
    , ¶ 16; 740 ILCS 160/5 (West 2008); see also Rush
    University Medical Center v. Sessions, 
    2012 IL 112906
    , ¶ 20. “The purpose of the Act is to
    ‘invalidate otherwise sanctioned transactions made with a fraudulent intent.’ ” Sharif, 
    2014 IL App (1st) 133008
    , ¶ 16 (quoting In re Marriage of Del Giudice, 
    287 Ill. App. 3d 215
    , 218
    (1997)).
    24
    No. 1-15-3300
    ¶ 53    Section 2(b) of the Act defines “asset” as the “property of a debtor,” except for certain
    exclusions that do not apply here.4 740 ILCS 160/2(b) (West 2014). “Debtor” is defined as “a
    person who is liable on a claim.” 740 ILCS 160/2(f) (West 2014). “Property” is broadly defined
    as “anything that may be the subject of ownership.” 740 ILCS 160/2(j) (West 2014).
    ¶ 54    Under section 5(a) of the Act:
    “A transfer made or obligation incurred by a debtor is fraudulent as to a creditor,
    whether the creditor’s claim arose before or after the transfer was made or the
    obligation was incurred, if the debtor made the transfer or incurred the obligation:
    (1) with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any creditor of the
    debtor; or
    (2) without receiving a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the
    transfer or obligation, and the debtor:
    (A) was engaged or was about to engage in a business or a
    transaction for which the remaining assets of the debtor were
    unreasonably small in relation to the business or transaction; or
    (B) intended to incur, or believed or reasonably should have
    believed that he would incur, debts beyond his ability to pay as
    they became due.” 740 ILCS 160/5(a) (West 2014).
    ¶ 55	   Section 6(a) of the Act provides:
    “A transfer made or obligation incurred by a debtor is fraudulent as to a creditor
    whose claim arose before the transfer was made or the obligation was incurred if
    4
    Property excluded from the definition of “asset” includes “(1) property to the extent it is
    encumbered by a valid lien; (2) property to the extent it is generally exempt under laws of this State; or
    (3) an interest in property held in tenancy by the entireties to the extent it is not subject to process by a
    creditor holding a claim against only one tenant.” 740 ILCS 160/2(b)(1)-(3) (West 2014).
    25
    No. 1-15-3300
    the debtor made the transfer or incurred the obligation without receiving a
    reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the transfer or obligation and the
    debtor was insolvent at that time or the debtor became insolvent as a result of the
    transfer or obligation.” 740 ILCS 160/6(a) (West 2014).
    ¶ 56   When a transfer is voidable under the Act, “the creditor may recover judgment for the
    value of the asset transferred *** or the amount necessary to satisfy the creditor’s claim,
    whichever is less.” 740 ILCS 160/9(b) (West 2014). The creditor may obtain a judgment against
    “the first transferee of the asset or the person for whose benefit the transfer was made; or any
    subsequent transferee other than a good-faith transferee who took for value or from any
    subsequent transferee.” 740 ILCS 160/9(b)(1)-(2) (West 2014). Whether a CBA meets the
    definition of an “asset,” or whether a “transfer” has occurred for the purposes of the Act, involve
    questions of statutory interpretation, which are questions of law reviewed de novo.
    ¶ 57   Neither party provides us with any argument as to whether a CBA satisfies the definition
    of “asset” under section 2 of the Act. Nor has either party directed our attention to any case law
    that addresses whether CBAs (and the dues that accrue to the exclusive bargaining agent as a
    result) are assets of a local union for purposes of the Act. Furthermore, the parties do not address
    other significant issues, such as whether this was a “transfer” by a “debtor” for the purposes of
    the Act, since it was the International, not Local 726, that dissolved Local 726 and transferred
    Local 726’s membership, books, documents, property, and funds to Local 700. Nor do the parties
    address whether finding Local 700 liable under successor liability principles precludes a finding
    that Local 726’s assets were fraudulently transferred to Local 700—in other words, if Local 700
    absorbed Local 726 assets and liabilities, was there a “transfer” for the purposes of the Act where
    26
    No. 1-15-3300
    the transferee is already liable for the debts of the predecessor under principles of successor
    liability?
    ¶ 58    We find, under the circumstances of this case, that there was no “transfer” of an asset by
    a “debtor” as required to impose liability on Local 700 under the Act. First, as discussed above,
    the International decided to merge and consolidate Local 726 and Local 714 into new Local 700.
    There was no “transfer” for purposes of the Act because Local 700 absorbed all of Local 726’s
    assets and liabilities. Second, even assuming that a transfer occurred, there was no transfer by a
    debtor because Local 726—the “debtor”—did not transfer any of its assets. Instead, the
    International, pursuant to its authority over its affiliated locals, transferred Local 726’s assets and
    liabilities to Local 700 as part of its dissolution of Local 726 and consolidation with Local 714
    into the newly chartered Local 700. Plaintiff does not contend that the International is liable
    under the Act, and, as we discuss in more detail below, there was nothing improper about the
    International’s deliberate decision to revoke Local 726’s charter and issue a new charter to Local
    700. Therefore, assuming arguendo that a transfer occurred, the transfer was not made by a
    debtor. We conclude that, as a matter of law, under the circumstances before us, Local 700 was
    not liable to plaintiff under the Act.
    ¶ 59    Additionally, it is not clear that a CBA (and the future right to collect dues that accrue to
    the exclusive bargaining agent as a result) is an “asset” for the purposes of the Act. We find In re
    General Teamsters, Warehousemen & Helpers Union Local 890, 
    225 B.R. 719
     (Bankr. N.D. Cal.
    1998) informative. Local 890 involved a creditor’s objection to Local 890’s reorganization plan
    under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. The creditor argued that Local 890’s plan was
    noncompliant with the Bankruptcy Code because the membership dues to which Local 890 was
    entitled under its CBAs should have been included in the liquidation analysis. Local 890, 225
    27
    No. 1-15-3300
    B.R. at 733. The bankruptcy court rejected the creditor’s argument for a variety of reasons and
    found that the Chapter 7 liquidation value of the CBAs was zero. First, the CBAs could not be
    enforced by Local 890 against any member, and thus had questionable economic value to Local
    890. Id. Second, although the court acknowledged that the CBAs were “property of the debtor’s
    bankruptcy estate under 
    11 U.S.C. § 541
    (a) [(1998)],” the CBAs were not capable of liquidation
    under Chapter 7—the Chapter 7 trustee would have been responsible for operating Local 890’s
    business, but federal labor law protected the union members’ right to elect their own
    representatives. Id. at 734. The trustee, therefore, could only operate Local 890 if the members
    consented. The same would be true if the trustee attempted to sell or transfer the collective
    bargaining rights to a third party. Id.
    ¶ 60    Local 890 casts substantial doubt on whether a CBA is an “asset” of a dissolved
    unincorporated union for purposes of the Act because it calls into question whether a CBA is an
    asset that can be transferred, and, if a CBA can be transferred, whether the dues that accrue to the
    exclusive bargaining agent in the future have value for creditors. Local 890 holds that a CBA is
    “property” of the debtor’s estate under bankruptcy law, but it is incapable of valuation. A
    bargaining agent may hold legal title to a CBA but equitable title lies with the bargaining unit
    members. In other words, dues that accrue to the exclusive bargaining agent under a CBA are, on
    their own, an insufficient basis for valuation because the members control and select the
    bargaining agent. And furthermore, a CBA cannot be conveyed by the bargaining representative
    because the members dictate who their representative is, and would not be obligated to recognize
    a transferee as their bargaining representative. Local 890, however, does not squarely address the
    situation here, where the issue is not whether a CBA is capable of being liquidated for value for
    the benefit of creditors, but instead whether the dues that accrue to the exclusive bargaining
    28
    No. 1-15-3300
    agent in the future should be considered when determining the value of a transferred asset for the
    purposes of the Act.
    ¶ 61   But, even assuming that a CBA (and the right to future dues) is a transferable asset under
    the Act, we would still conclude that Local 700 is not liable to plaintiff under the Act because
    there is no evidence that plaintiff actually proved the value of the CBAs at issue here. Plaintiff
    does not direct our attention to any evidence to support a conclusion that plaintiff proved the
    value of the CBAs at trial. Under the Act, a creditor is entitled to a judgment against a debtor’s
    transferee for the lesser of the value of asset transferred or the amount necessary to satisfy the
    claim. Here, plaintiff presented no evidence, and the circuit court made no finding, as to the
    precise value that should be placed on any or all of the CBAs that Local 726 was a party to and
    that were absorbed by Local 700. In the circuit court, the parties addressed the CBAs in a general
    fashion and referred to them as “assets,” but there was no evidence presented at trial as to the
    number of CBAs Local 726 was a party to, the number of members in any related bargaining
    unit, or the term of any CBA. The mere fact that a CBA may generate some corresponding future
    dues payment does not, in itself, provide evidence of value or lend itself to a reliable
    mathematical calculation sufficient to sustain a money judgment against the transferee. Here, the
    only “value” evidence relating to an asset transfer was an audit report stating that $47,883 in
    assets and $123,299 in liabilities were transferred from Local 726 to Local 700. And merely
    arguing that Local 700 received dues under CBAs negotiated by Local 726, provides nothing
    more than speculation and conjecture regarding the value of a CBA, if any. The possible receipt
    of dues in the future says nothing about the value of the purported asset transferred sometime in
    the past. Plaintiff did not prove the value of a transferrable asset at the time of transfer, which is
    required, to support a monetary judgment against the debtor’s purported transferee under the Act.
    29
    No. 1-15-3300
    ¶ 62   In sum, the evidence does not support finding that the debtor, Local 726, fraudulently
    transferred assets where it was dissolved by the International and the International thereafter
    transferred the assets, liabilities, and functions of the dissolved local to a successor local union.
    And, under these facts, even assuming a fraudulent transfer, where there is a failure of proof
    regarding the value of the transferred asset a judgment against the debtor’s transferee cannot
    stand. We therefore reverse the circuit court’s judgments on counts II and III finding Local 700
    liable to plaintiff under the Fraudulent Transfer Act. We further note that, as plaintiff
    acknowledged at oral argument, plaintiff suffers no prejudice since it pled its Fraudulent Transfer
    Act claims in the alternative to its now-affirmed successor liability claim against Local 700.
    ¶ 63                D. Coli’s Liability for Tortious Interference with the LPA
    ¶ 64   Next, defendants argue that the circuit court erred in finding Coli liable for tortious
    interference with the LPA. The circuit court found that the defendant Teamsters officers, in
    voting to dissolve Local 726, did so with limited to no knowledge of the LPA, and that this
    decision was privileged because these defendants had a fiduciary duty to act in the best interest
    of their members. The circuit court found, however, that Coli tortuously interfered with the LPA
    because he “orchestrated” a “scheme to defraud” plaintiff, evidenced by his involvement in all
    stages of Local 726’s dissolution and his expressed refusal to perform under the LPA.
    Defendants contend that Coli could not have acted alone in dissolving Local 726, and that Coli
    did not induce the other International General Executive Board members to vote in favor of
    dissolution based on his own objections to the LPA. Defendants argue that Coli was appointed
    trustee of Local 700 after the International dissolved Local 726, so Coli’s post-dissolution
    conduct has no bearing on plaintiff’s claim that he tortiously interfered with the LPA by causing
    the dissolution. Defendants further contend that Coli was justified in rejecting the LPA “given
    30
    No. 1-15-3300
    the questions surrounding its validity, the unfair burden it would impose on Local 700
    members[,] *** and his obligation to act in the best interest of the members of Local 700.”
    ¶ 65   To prevail on a claim of tortious interference with a contract, the plaintiff must plead and
    prove: (1) the existence of a valid and enforceable contract between the plaintiff and another;
    (2) the defendant’s awareness of this contractual relation; (3) the defendant’s intentional and
    unjustified inducement of a breach of the contract; (4) a subsequent breach by the other, caused
    by the defendant’s wrongful conduct; and (5) damages. HPI Health Care Services, Inc. v. Mt.
    Vernon Hospital, Inc., 
    131 Ill. 2d 145
    , 154 (1989).
    ¶ 66   Defendants’ arguments focus on whether Coli’s conduct was privileged. When
    determining whether a defendant’s inducement of a breach of contract was unjustified, Illinois
    courts “recognize a privilege *** where the defendant was acting to protect an interest which the
    law deems to be of equal or greater value than the plaintiff’s contractual rights.” 
    Id. at 157
    . A
    common example of this privilege is where corporate officers and directors use their business
    judgment and discretion on behalf of a corporation. 
    Id.
     The privilege does not, however, extend
    to conduct that is “totally unrelated or even antagonistic to the interest which gave rise to [the]
    privilege.” 
    Id. at 158
    . Whether a privilege exists is a question of law that we review de novo.
    See, e.g., Kuwik v. Starmark Star Marketing & Administration, Inc., 
    156 Ill. 2d 16
    , 25 (1993).
    ¶ 67   We find that Coli is entitled to the same privilege that the circuit court afforded the other
    defendant Teamsters officials. The circuit court found that Coli’s conduct was not privileged,
    since he “orchestrated an unlawful act: a scheme to defraud a creditor.” We disagree.
    ¶ 68   Regarding Coli’s conduct before Local 726 was dissolved, the evidence showed that Coli
    was acting in his capacity as president of JC25 and as a member of the International’s General
    Executive Board. In February 2008, the International, aware of Local 726’s financial problems,
    31
    No. 1-15-3300
    tasked Coli with investigating the financial condition of Local 726 and reporting to the
    International the steps taken to correct any perceived irregularities. During his investigation, Coli
    worked with Clair to evaluate Local 726’s finances and to implement cost-saving measures to
    save the Local. Although Coli knew that Clair had executed the LPA approximately one week
    earlier, he did not mention this in his May 14, 2008, letter to the International outlining reforms
    that Local 726 was implementing to improve its financial condition.
    ¶ 69   During this same period, Local 726 was also being investigated by the Independent
    Review Board. The review board issued a report on July 20, 2009, that recommended placing
    Local 726 into trusteeship “because the Local is not being conducted in accordance with the
    International’s Constitution and the Local’s Bylaws and the Local has engaged in financial
    malpractice.” The report did not mention the LPA. The review board found several instances
    where Local 726’s officers were in breach of their fiduciary duties in connection with certain
    unauthorized loans from its pension fund. The review board also took issue with the officers’
    attempts to repay loans from the pension fund with the proceeds of personal loans secured by
    Local 726’s assets, in violation of Local 726’s bylaws; failures to keep proper records of
    meetings; and the failure to create reports accurately reflecting Local 726’s financial condition.
    The report identified two occasions where Clair had “misled the International regarding steps the
    Local had taken to improve its financial affairs.” Specifically, the report noted that Coli’s May
    14 letter stated that a reduction of officer and business agent salaries had been implemented, but
    that Clair had not in fact reduced those salaries. The report reflected additional reasons for
    imposing a trusteeship related to financial disclosures and numerous unauthorized waivers of
    membership dues.
    32
    No. 1-15-3300
    ¶ 70   A reading of the review board’s report makes clear that as of July 2009, the International
    was aware of serious managerial and financial problems plaguing Local 726 resulting in the
    International imposing an emergency trusteeship in early August 2009. Strzechowski was
    appointed as Local 726’s trustee. She immediately met with plaintiff to discuss the LPA, and
    addressed the LPA during the International’s September 17, 2009, hearing on whether to
    continue Local 726’s trusteeship. Strzechowski also discussed Local 726’s mismanagement of its
    pension fund and other financial improprieties. On November 23, 2009, the International’s
    hearing board recommended continuing the trusteeship, finding that Local 726’s “finances are in
    shambles, and significant liabilities that were never disclosed to the membership or to the
    International continued to be discovered, even after the emergency trusteeship was imposed.”
    The LPA was just one of the many factors presented to the International’s hearing board for its
    consideration.
    ¶ 71   The International’s General Executive Board met from December 1 to December 3, 2009.
    Coli made a brief presentation but did not mention the LPA. The GEB voted to revoke the
    charters of Local 714 and Local 726 and to form Local 700. The parties do not direct our
    attention to any transcript of that hearing and, other than presenting evidence of what Coli did
    not say, they do not provide us with a sufficient understanding of what the International
    considered prior to voting to dissolve Local 726. The circuit court found that the International’s
    General Executive Board members had little to no knowledge of the LPA when they voted to
    dissolve Local 726. It is also undisputed that Coli was one of several members voting on the fate
    of Local 726.
    ¶ 72   Regarding Coli’s post-dissolution conduct, Coli was appointed trustee of Local 700 in
    January 2010. Shortly after Local 700’s charter became effective he met with plaintiff and
    33
    No. 1-15-3300
    informed plaintiff that “he would do nothing for [plaintiff],” and rejected plaintiff’s offer to sell
    the premises to Local 700 for cost. In April 2010, Coli moved Local 700 out of the premises and
    into a building owned by Local 727’s pension fund. Coli and his son were officers of Local 727’s
    pension fund.
    ¶ 73   Every action taken by Coli was done in his capacity as either an officer of the
    International, president of JC25, or as trustee of Local 700. Each action had a legitimate business
    purpose and was in furtherance of Coli’s fiduciary duty as an International trustee, member of
    JC25 and, as trustee of Local 700. Although the circuit court concluded that Coli orchestrated a
    scheme to defraud a creditor, there is no evidence that Coli alone had the power to place Local
    726 under trusteeship, revoke its charter, and dissolve Local 726. Coli alone could not and did
    not transfer the local’s functions to or charter Local 700. The circuit court found that actions
    taken by the defendant Teamsters officers were made with limited to no knowledge of the LPA,
    which can only be viewed as conclusive evidence that the International, in dissolving Local 726,
    acted with knowledge of serious problems facing Local 726 as a result of its leadership’s
    “financial malpractice,” including being a party to the LPA, and other repeated breaches of their
    fiduciary duties. It was the dissolution of Local 726 that caused Local 726 to breach the LPA.
    After dissolution, Coli, as trustee of Local 700, took the position that Local 700 did not enter
    into, and had no obligations under, the LPA. Although we have ruled Local 700 is liable as a
    successor entity, Coli’s position was not tortious. The record does not support a conclusion that
    Coli’s conduct was substantially different than that of the other defendant Teamsters officers. His
    conduct was in the exercise of his fiduciary duty and business judgment, and therefore falls
    within the same privilege afforded the other defendant Teamsters officers. We therefore reverse
    34
    No. 1-15-3300
    the circuit court’s judgment on count VIII finding that Coli was liable for tortiously interfering
    with the LPA.
    ¶ 74                     E. Enforceability of Section 14(B)(i) of the LPA
    ¶ 75   Finally, defendants argue that the circuit court erred in calculating plaintiff’s damages
    because section 14(B)(i) of the LPA contains an unenforceable liquidated damages provision.
    We disagree.
    ¶ 76   Section 2 of the LPA, entitled “Rent,” contains a formula for calculating the monthly
    rent: monthly rent was one twelfth of the “Annual Base Rent,” which equaled the product of the
    final development cost, $1,434,214, and 10.5%, for a first year base rent of $150,592. Annual
    Base Rent increased each year by 2% during the 15-year term of the LPA. Section 14(B) sets
    forth plaintiff’s remedies in the event of the lessee’s default. Section 14(B)(i) provided in part:
    “Landlord may terminate this Lease and the Term by giving Tenant written notice
    of Landlord’s election to do so and the effective date thereof, in which event
    Landlord may forthwith repossess the Premises and be entitled to recover
    forthwith, in addition to any other sums or damages for which Tenant may be
    liable to Landlord, as liquidated damages, a sum of money equal to the value of
    the Rent provided to be paid by Tenant for the balance of the Term.”
    ¶ 77   Section 14(B)(i) did not provide any method for calculating “the value of the Rent
    provided to be paid.” Section 14(B)(ii) provided that plaintiff “may terminate the right of Tenant
    to possession without terminating this Lease” by giving written notice. Local 726 would then be
    obligated:
    “[T]o pay the present value of the rent (at the then current rates therefor) for the
    period from the date stated in the notice terminating possession to the Expiration
    35
    No. 1-15-3300
    Date (such present value to be computed on the basis of a per annum yield on
    U.S. Treasury obligations maturing closest to the Expiration Date calculated on
    the date specified in said notice) ***.”
    ¶ 78   At trial, plaintiff called Michael Goldman, a certified public accountant and certified
    valuation analyst, to testify as an expert in the field of valuation. Goldman calculated the present
    value of the rent payments that would have been made under the LPA starting in June 2010 (the
    first month following plaintiff’s termination of the LPA) through 2023. Goldman calculated the
    applicable discount rate to be applied to the monthly rent payments called for under the LPA by
    looking to the discount rate set forth in section 14(B)(ii). He concluded that the present value of
    the lost rent from June 2010 through the end of the lease term was $1,839,019. Goldman did not
    perform any lost profits analysis, and only calculated the net present value of rent payments
    called for under the LPA.5
    ¶ 79   “Whether a contractual provision for damages is a valid liquidated damages provision or
    is an unenforceable penalty clause is a question of law reviewed de novo.” GK Development, Inc.
    v. Iowa Malls Financing Corp., 
    2013 IL App (1st) 112802
    , ¶ 44 (citing Penske Truck Leasing
    Co. v. Chemetco, Inc., 
    311 Ill. App. 3d 447
    , 454 (2000)).
    ¶ 80   No fixed rule applies to all liquidated damages provisions, and courts must evaluate each
    one on its own facts and circumstances. Karimi v. 401 N. Wabash Venture, LLC, 
    2011 IL App (1st) 102670
    , ¶ 16 (citing Jameson Realty Group v. Kostiner, 
    351 Ill. App. 3d 416
    , 423 (2004)).
    When a contract provision specifies damages, we must determine whether the provision amounts
    to an enforceable liquidated damages provision, or an unenforceable penalty. GK Development,
    
    2013 IL App (1st) 112802
    , ¶ 47 (citing Checkers Eight Ltd. Partnership v. Hawkins, 
    341 F.3d 5
    Defendants raise no argument on appeal challenging Goldman’s qualifications as an expert or
    the methods he employed in reaching his calculations.
    36
    No. 1-15-3300
    558, 562 (7th Cir. 2001)). To make that determination, we are guided by section 356 of the
    Restatement (Second) of Contracts, which provides:
    “Damages for breach by either party may be liquidated in the agreement but only
    at an amount that is reasonable in the light of the anticipated or actual loss caused
    by the breach and the difficulties of proof of loss. A term fixing unreasonably
    large liquidated damages is unenforceable on grounds of public policy as a
    penalty.” Restatement (Second) of Contracts, § 356 (1979).
    ¶ 81   Three elements must be present in order for a liquidated damages clause to be
    enforceable: “(1) the parties intended to agree in advance to the settlement of damages that might
    arise from the breach; (2) the amount of liquidated damages was reasonable at the time of
    contracting, bearing some relation to the damages which might be sustained; and (3) actual
    damages would be uncertain in amount and difficult to prove.” (Internal quotation marks
    omitted.) Jameson Realty Group, 351 Ill. App. 3d at 423. We look to the time of contracting, not
    the time of the breach, to determine whether actual damages would be uncertain or difficult to
    prove. Id. A liquidated damages provision that operates as a penalty for nonperformance or as a
    threat to secure performance is unenforceable. Id. at 426.
    ¶ 82   Defendants first contend that section 14(B)(i) of the LPA serves no purpose other than to
    penalize nonperformance because it provides that in the event of a default, plaintiff is “entitled to
    recover forthwith, in addition to any other sums of damages for which Tenant may be liable to
    Landlord, as liquidated damages, a sum of money equal to the value of the Rent provided to be
    paid by Tenant for the balance of the Term.” We disagree.
    ¶ 83   The plain language of section 14(B)(i) allows plaintiff to “recover forthwith, in addition
    to any other sums or damages for which Tenant may be liable to Landlord, as liquidated
    37
    No. 1-15-3300
    damages, a sum of money equal to the value of the Rent provided to be paid by Tenant for the
    balance of the Term.” (Emphasis added.) The use of the phrase “in addition to any other sums or
    damages” means that the recoverable “sums or damages” under this provision are for losses
    incurred by plaintiff that were different or distinct from the loss caused by the nonpayment
    breach. The LPA contained several provisions under which Local 726 might owe plaintiff
    damages. Section 5(B), entitled “Condition of Premises,” included a provision that Local 726
    “shall keep the [p]remises and all appurtenances in good repair in and clean and healthful
    condition *** at Tenant’s expense.” Section 7, entitled “Alterations,” provided that upon
    termination of the LPA term, either by a default or at the end of the lease term, plaintiff could
    direct Local 726 to remove all alterations or additions and return the premises in the same
    condition as at the commencement of the LPA, excepting ordinary wear and tear, “at Tenant’s
    sole cost and expense.” Section 17 provided that Local 726 would pay all attorney fees and costs
    incurred by plaintiff in enforcing the LPA. It is clear that section 14(B)(i)’s use of the phrase “in
    addition to any other sums or damages” sought to capture any sums or damages that Local 726
    owed plaintiff under the LPA that would otherwise not be included in the liquidated damages
    provision. We find that section 14(B)(i) of the LPA did not enable plaintiff to recover actual
    damages from the breach in addition to liquidated damages.
    ¶ 84   Furthermore, we find that defendants’ reliance on H&M Driver Leasing Services,
    Unlimited, Inc. v. Champion International Corp., 
    181 Ill. App. 3d 28
     (1989) unpersuasive.
    There, the parties entered into a contract whereby the plaintiff would lease truck drivers to the
    defendant as needed. Id. at 30. The parties agreed that the defendant would not hire any of the
    plaintiff’s drivers until at least one year after the agreement terminated. Id. The parties’ contract
    provided that:
    38
    No. 1-15-3300
    “In the event that [defendant] does hire any of the drivers in violation of the terms
    of this Agreement, then [defendant] shall pay to [plaintiff] all costs and expenses,
    including attorney’s fees incurred by [plaintiff] in enforcing the provisions of this
    Agreement including injunctive relief. [Defendant] also agrees to pay $10,000.00
    liquidated damages to [plaintiff], plus any and all actual damages resulting to
    [plaintiff].” (Emphasis in original.) Id.
    ¶ 85   We observed that the contract “expressly provided that the $10,000 ‘liquidated damages’
    was recoverable in addition to ‘any and all actual damages’ resulting from the breach,” which
    “imposed a clear penalty which cannot be enforced.” Id. at 31. There, the liquidated damages
    provision was unenforceable because it clearly sought to secure the defendant’s performance,
    and sought to provide plaintiff with actual damages for the breach in addition to a $10,000
    penalty. Here, as we explained, section 14(B)(i) does not provide plaintiff with the right to
    recover actual damages for the breach in addition to a penalty.
    ¶ 86   Defendants further argue that the liquidated damages provision in section 14(B)(i) was
    not reasonable at the time of contracting and therefore does not bear a relation to the damages
    that plaintiff might sustain. Defendants contend that plaintiff’s “actual damages” were the profits
    it expected to make under the LPA, which would have been the rental payments minus mortgage
    and real estate taxes, and which would not have been difficult to calculate at the time of
    contracting.
    ¶ 87   We again disagree. Although defendants argue that section 14(B)(i), at the time of
    contracting, did not bear any relation to damages plaintiff might sustain, defendants fail to
    explain what damages were foreseeable, or how those damages should be calculated. On appeal,
    defendants provide no citations to the record to show what plaintiff’s “actual” damages were,
    39
    No. 1-15-3300
    and provide no argument as to what damages could have reasonably been anticipated at the time
    of contracting. Any argument that section 14(B)(i)’s “did not bear a relation to the damages
    plaintiff might sustain” requires some argument as to what plaintiff, at the time of contracting,
    could or should reasonably have expected damages to be. Nor have defendants advanced any
    developed argument supported by citations to the record that, at the time of contracting, the
    amount of plaintiff’s actual damages would be certain or easy to prove. Obviously, if these
    damages were ascertainable and easy to prove the parties could have so provided in the
    agreement. Having failed to advance and develop any such argument, defendants have forfeited
    their substantive challenge to the enforceability of section 14(B)(i) of the LPA.
    ¶ 88   Forfeiture aside, the present value of future lost rent is an appropriate measurement of a
    commercial lessor’s damages. Here, the LPA provided for monthly rent payments based on a
    formula designed to recoup plaintiff’s initial development costs. The Annual Base Rent
    comprised 10.5% of those development costs, increasing annually by 2%. Therefore, for plaintiff
    to recoup the initial development costs (irrespective of any unanticipated market forces) would
    take about ten years of the LPA’s 15-year term. The liquidated damages provision in part
    accounts for plaintiff’s substantial initial development costs, and thus bears a reasonable relation
    to damages that plaintiff would sustain in the event of a breach. Additionally, assuming that a
    tenant vacates a leased premises, the landlord is still entitled to rent under the terms of the lease,
    unless and until the landlord re-lets the premises, thus mitigating his damages. Here, at the time
    of contracting, the parties agreed to fix plaintiff’s damages to the present value of the rent due, as
    of the date of the breach, for the remainder of the lease term. This is not unreasonable since, in
    the event of a breach, that is exactly what plaintiff would be entitled to. And in the event of a
    breach, the landlord’s duty to mitigate damages would arise—either the tenant would be entitled
    40
    No. 1-15-3300
    to a set-off for any actual mitigation, or the tenant would be absolved from paying damages if the
    landlord failed to take reasonable steps to mitigate. Nothing in the section 14(B)(i) damages
    provision precluded defendants from seeking such a set-off, and here, the circuit court
    specifically found plaintiff did attempt to mitigate damages. We find that the liquidated damages
    provision in section 14(B)(i) bore a reasonable relationship to the actual damages the plaintiff
    might sustain in the event of a breach. We affirm the circuit court’s award of damages in favor of
    plaintiff.
    ¶ 89                                     CONCLUSION
    ¶ 90    For the foregoing reasons, we find that the LPA was a valid and enforceable agreement,
    and that Local 700 was liable to plaintiff for Local 726’s breach of the LPA under a theory of
    successor liability. We therefore affirm the circuit court’s judgment in favor of plaintiff on count
    I. We reverse the circuit court’s Fraudulent Transfer Act judgments in favor of plaintiff on
    counts II and III because there was no transfer of an asset by a debtor within the meaning of the
    Fraudulent Transfer Act, and even if there was, plaintiff failed to prove the actual value of the
    CBAs at issue here. We reverse the circuit court’s judgment in favor of plaintiff on counts II and
    III. We further find that Coli is not liable for tortious interference with the LPA because his
    conduct was privileged. The circuit court’s judgment in favor of plaintiff and against Coli on
    count VIII of the complaint is reversed. Finally, section 14(B)(i) of the LPA is an enforceable
    liquidated damages provision, and the circuit court’s damages award of $1,996,853 and for
    postjudgment interest and costs is affirmed.
    ¶ 91    Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
    41
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 1-15-3300

Citation Numbers: 2017 IL App (1st) 153300, 91 N.E.3d 444

Filed Date: 11/13/2017

Precedential Status: Non-Precedential

Modified Date: 1/12/2023

Authorities (19)

may-department-stores-company-venture-stores-division-v-national-labor , 897 F.2d 221 ( 1990 )

In Re General Teamsters, Local 890 , 225 B.R. 719 ( 1998 )

Vine Street Clinic v. HealthLink, Inc. , 222 Ill. 2d 276 ( 2006 )

Kuwik v. Starmark Star Marketing & Administration, Inc. , 156 Ill. 2d 16 ( 1993 )

Eychaner v. Gross , 202 Ill. 2d 228 ( 2002 )

Huszagh v. City of Oakbrook Terrace , 41 Ill. 2d 387 ( 1968 )

State Security Insurance v. Burgos , 145 Ill. 2d 423 ( 1991 )

Perlstein v. Wolk , 218 Ill. 2d 448 ( 2006 )

Geise v. Phoenix Co. of Chicago, Inc. , 159 Ill. 2d 507 ( 1994 )

K. MILLER CONST. CO., INC. v. McGinnis , 238 Ill. 2d 284 ( 2010 )

H&M Commercial Driver Leasing, Inc. v. Fox Valley ... , 209 Ill. 2d 52 ( 2004 )

HPI Health Care Services, Inc. v. Mt. Vernon Hospital, Inc. , 131 Ill. 2d 145 ( 1989 )

Berge v. Berge , 366 Ill. 228 ( 1937 )

Chicago Grain Ass'n v. Murphy , 389 Ill. 102 ( 1945 )

Rush University Medical Center v. Sessions , 2012 IL 112906 ( 2012 )

Schumann-Heink v. Folsom , 328 Ill. 321 ( 1927 )

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Local 638 , 700 F. Supp. 739 ( 1988 )

Parker v. Metropolitan Transp. Authority , 97 F. Supp. 2d 437 ( 2000 )

United States v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters , 22 F. Supp. 2d 131 ( 1998 )

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