Marx v. Belgrade Volunteer Firefighters Relief Ass'n , 347 Mont. 256 ( 2008 )

December 9 2008
DA 06-0438
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2008 MT 410DANIEL MARX,
Plaintiff and Appellant,
v.
BELGRADE VOLUNTEER FIREFIGHTERS RELIEF ASSOC.,
Defendant and Appellee.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Eighteenth Judicial District,
In and For the County of Gallatin, Cause No. DV-2004-481
Honorable Holly Brown, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Michael J. San Souci, Law Office of Michael J. San Souci,
Bozeman, Montana
For Appellee:
Kristin N. Hansen, Moore, O’Connell & Refling, P.C., Bozeman, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: April 11, 2007
Decided: December 9, 2008
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice James C. Nelson delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Daniel Marx appeals from the order of the Eighteenth Judicial District Court,
Gallatin County, granting summary judgment in favor of the Belgrade Volunteer
Firefighters Relief Association (Association). We affirm.
BACKGROUND
¶2 Marx began active service with the Belgrade Rural Fire Department (Department),
on a volunteer basis, in 1979. In 1995, he requested a temporary leave of absence from
the Department in order to devote more time to family commitments and to his outside
job, where he had been recently promoted. In addition, as of July of that year, Marx had
not completed the training requirements necessary to continue serving as a volunteer
firefighter with the Department. As a result, the Department had placed him on probation
for the calendar quarter running July 1 through September 30, 1995, and had cautioned
him that “if you don’t meet the minimum requirements for the next quarter, you will be
removed from the rolls of the department.” Marx indicated in his request for a temporary
leave that he would complete the training requirements during his leave of absence.
¶3 The Department’s acting chief submitted a letter to the Association’s Board of
Trustees (Board) recommending Marx be given until the end of October 1995 to
complete a CPR refresher course and until January 1996 to meet the other minimum
training requirements. The Board considered Marx’s request at its October 3, 1995
meeting and rejected the Chief’s recommendation. The Board instead terminated Marx’s
service.
2
¶4 Following his termination, Marx claims he made a number of verbal requests to
the Board for a partial pension under § 19-18-602(5), MCA (1995).1 That provision
states, in pertinent part, that a member of a pure volunteer fire department who has
completed 10 years’ service as an active member of the department but who is prevented
from completing 20 years’ service by “any . . . factor beyond his reasonable control may
nevertheless qualify for a partial or reduced pension in an amount and to the extent
determined by the board of trustees of the association.” Section 19-18-602(5), MCA.
¶5 According to Marx’s affidavit filed in the District Court, the first of his requests
for a partial pension occurred within six months after his termination, and he was
“assured” that the Board would act on the request and notify him of its decision. Marx
states that he reiterated his request a number of times over the next few years and that the
Board repeatedly assured him of its intent to act upon the request. However, because he
was “continually left in a state of limbo,” Marx finally sent a written “follow-up request”
for the partial pension to the Board on December 21, 2002.
¶6 In March 2004, the Board denied Marx’s request in a letter, explaining that “[t]he
trustees believe that your request does not meet the criteria for giving benefits.” The
Board enclosed with the letter a copy of § 19-18-602, MCA, which the Board stated was
“the basis for [its] decision.” Subsection (5) of § 19-18-602, MCA, was highlighted and
the language “other factor beyond the member’s reasonable control may qualify for a
partial or reduced pension” was underlined. The Board included no other justification or
explanation for denying Marx’s pension request.
1
All statutory references are to the 1995 version of the Montana Code Annotated.
3
¶7 Marx filed the instant action against the Association on August 25, 2004, seeking
damages and declaratory relief. He alleged that he qualified for a partial or reduced
pension under § 19-18-602(5), MCA, and that the Board had abused its discretion and
acted arbitrarily and capriciously in denying him this pension. In August 2005, the
Association filed a motion for summary judgment, relying in part on a statute of
limitations defense. The Association argued that under § 27-2-211(1), MCA, Marx was
required to have filed suit within two years of his termination, i.e., “not later than October
5, 1997, some eight years ago.”
¶8 The District Court agreed with the Association and granted its motion on May 11,
2006. The court first observed that Marx had raised a genuine issue of material fact “as
to [the] reason for his termination.” Accordingly, the court assumed for purposes of its
analysis that Marx had been terminated from the Department “for reasons beyond his
control” and, thus, could qualify for a partial or reduced pension under § 19-18-602(5),
MCA. The court identified the next issue as “how long a claimant has to claim his or her
pension.” Observing that § 19-18-602, MCA, and the surrounding provisions do not
provide an answer, the court turned to § 27-2-211(1)(c), MCA, which establishes a two-
year statute of limitations for claims arising out of “a liability created by statute other
than . . . a penalty or forfeiture; or a statutory debt created by the payment of public
assistance” (paragraph breaks omitted). The court decided that a volunteer firefighter’s
potential right to a service pension is “a liability created by statute that is not a penalty,
forfeiture, or statutory debt created by the payment of public assistance.” Accordingly,
the court concluded that the two-year statute of limitations applied to Marx’s claim.
4
Lastly, the court noted that the statute of limitations does not start to run until the claim
accrues. In this regard, § 27-2-102(1)(a), MCA, states that “a claim or cause of action
accrues when all elements of the claim or cause exist or have occurred, the right to
maintain an action on the claim or cause is complete, and a court or other agency is
authorized to accept jurisdiction of the action.” In light of this definition, the court
reasoned that once Marx was dismissed from the Department in October 1995, “his
potential entitlement to a partial pension vested under the provisions of § 19-18-602,
MCA. That is, nothing more had to happen in order for him to be able to request the
partial pension.”
¶9 Based on the foregoing analysis, the District Court concluded the Association had
established a valid statute of limitations defense under § 27-2-211(1)(c), MCA; that Marx
had not met his burden as the party opposing summary judgment to show a genuine issue
of material fact related to the application of § 27-2-211, MCA; and that under the
undisputed relevant facts, the Association was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. In
reaching this conclusion, the court rejected Marx’s arguments under a separate statute,
§ 27-2-301, MCA, on the grounds that this statute was inapplicable and that, even if the
statute did apply, Marx’s claim was still untimely. (The District Court’s reasoning with
respect to § 27-2-301, MCA, is discussed below.)
¶10 Marx now appeals.
ISSUES
¶11 Broadly speaking, the issue on appeal is whether the District Court erred in
granting the Association’s motion for summary judgment. In challenging the District
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Court’s decision, Marx asserts three theories. First, he contends that the accrual date of
his cause of action is controlled by § 27-2-301, MCA, and that the District Court erred in
its analysis under this statute. Second, he contends that the doctrines of estoppel and
waiver precluded the Association from asserting a statute of limitations defense in the
first place. Third, he contends that under the doctrine of equitable tolling, the statute of
limitations applicable to this action could be “equitably modified” or simply “precluded.”
¶12 As to the second and third theories, Marx’s arguments consist of nothing more
than conclusory assertions. He neither lays out the elements of estoppel, waiver, and
equitable tolling nor explains, based on a proper application of law to facts, why he is
entitled to relief under these doctrines. With respect to the tolling theory in particular, we
note that Marx’s arguments in his appellate briefs are dedicated almost exclusively to the
question of when his cause of action accrued, not whether the statute of limitations was
tolled, and he cites no authority whatsoever for the proposition that, in the absence of an
applicable statute, a mere informal request for action or relief tolls a statute of limitations
indefinitely.
¶13 This approach is an utterly inadequate presentation of an issue to this Court. See
M. R. App. P. 12(1)f. (requiring the argument section of the appellant’s brief to contain
“the contentions of the appellant with respect to the issues presented, and the reasons
therefor, with citations to the authorities, statutes, and pages of the record relied on”); see
also e.g. State v. Mackrill, 2008 MT 297, ¶ 49, 345 Mont. 469, ¶ 49, 191 P.3d 451, ¶ 49;
Jackson v. Jackson, 2008 MT 25, ¶ 18, 341 Mont. 227, ¶ 18, 177 P.3d 474, ¶ 18. It is not
this Court’s job to conduct legal research on a party’s behalf or to develop legal analysis
6
that may lend support to the position he advances. See In re Marriage of McMahon,
2002 MT 198, ¶ 6, 311 Mont. 175, ¶ 6, 53 P.3d 1266, ¶ 6; State v. Gomez, 2007 MT 111,
¶ 33, 337 Mont. 219, ¶ 33, 158 P.3d 442, ¶ 33. Accordingly, we will not further address
Marx’s estoppel, waiver, and equitable-tolling theories.
¶14 The sole issue on appeal, therefore, is whether the District Court erred in granting
summary judgment in favor of the Association based on an incorrect determination of the
accrual date of Marx’s cause of action.
STANDARDS OF REVIEW
¶15 We review a district court’s ruling on a motion for summary judgment de novo,
applying the criteria set forth in M. R. Civ. P. 56. Willden v. Neumann, 2008 MT 236,
¶ 13, 344 Mont. 407, ¶ 13, 189 P.3d 610, ¶ 13; Corporate Air v. Edwards Jet Center,
2008 MT 283, ¶ 24, 345 Mont. 336, ¶ 24, 190 P.3d 1111, ¶ 24. Rule 56(c) provides that
the judgment sought “shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a
judgment as a matter of law.” The party moving for summary judgment has the initial
burden of establishing both the absence of genuine issues of material fact and entitlement
to judgment as a matter of law. Corporate Air, ¶ 25. The evidence must be viewed in the
light most favorable to the nonmoving party, and all reasonable inferences are to be
drawn therefrom in favor of the party opposing summary judgment. Peterson v.
Eichhorn, 2008 MT 250, ¶ 12, 344 Mont. 540, ¶ 12, 189 P.3d 615, ¶ 12. If the moving
party meets its initial burden, then the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to establish
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with substantial evidence, as opposed to mere denial, speculation, or conclusory
statements, that a genuine issue of material fact does exist. Peterson, ¶ 13; Willden, ¶ 13.
If no genuine issue of material fact exists, then the court determines whether the moving
party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Corporate Air, ¶ 25. This determination
is a conclusion of law, which we review for correctness. Corporate Air, ¶ 25.
¶16 Whether the Association is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on its statute of
limitations defense requires an interpretation and application of pertinent statutes. This
Court reviews for correctness a district court’s interpretation and application of a statute.
In re A.W., 1999 MT 42, ¶ 6, 293 Mont. 358, ¶ 6, 975 P.2d 1250, ¶ 6; Williams v.
Zortman Mining, Inc., 275 Mont. 510, 512, 914 P.2d 971, 972-73 (1996).
DISCUSSION
¶17 Did the District Court err in granting summary judgment in favor of the
Association based on an incorrect determination of the accrual date of Marx’s
cause of action?
¶18 Marx does not address the preliminary steps in the District Court’s analysis. As
noted, the court assumed, for the sake of argument, that Marx could qualify for a partial
or reduced pension under § 19-18-602(5), MCA. The court then decided that the “right
to a service pension” is “a liability created by statute” as contemplated by
§ 27-2-211(1)(c), MCA. Thus, the court concluded that the two-year statute of
limitations in § 27-2-211(1)(c), MCA, applied to Marx’s cause of action.
¶19 Marx begins the Argument section of his brief with the statement, “Even assuming
that the two-year limitations period for statutory obligations under §27-2-211[(1)](c),
MCA, applies in this case . . . .” It is not clear from Marx’s use of the prefatory words
8
“Even assuming” whether (1) he does not believe that § 27-2-211(1)(c), MCA, is the
appropriate statute of limitations here or (2) he is making an offhand reference to his
theory that the Association is precluded by estoppel and waiver from asserting a statute of
limitations defense in the first place. Either way, he presents no argument that a different
statute of limitations provision should apply, and his estoppel and waiver contentions are
not properly before us for the reasons discussed above. Thus, we proceed on the premise
that § 27-2-211(1)(c), MCA, is the applicable statute of limitations.
¶20 The crux of the issue raised by Marx is when the two-year limitations period began
to run, i.e., when his cause of action against the Association accrued. In answering this
question, the District Court relied on § 27-2-102(1)(a), MCA, which, as noted, states that
a cause of action accrues “when all elements of the claim or cause exist or have occurred,
the right to maintain an action on the claim or cause is complete, and a court or other
agency is authorized to accept jurisdiction of the action.” Based on this statute, the court
concluded that Marx’s cause of action accrued in October 1995 when he was dismissed
from the Department and that the statute of limitations, therefore, expired in October
1997. It is on this point that Marx contends the District Court erred.
¶21 Specifically, Marx articulates a “theory of delayed accrual.” He first asserts that
§ 27-2-211(1)(c), MCA, is “subject to the accrual rules” set forth in Title 27, chapter 2,
part 3, MCA. In particular, he relies on § 27-2-301, MCA, which states as follows:
Where a right exists but a demand is necessary to entitle a person to
maintain an action, the time within which the action must be commenced
must be computed from the time when the demand is made, except where
the right grows out of the receipt or detention of money or property by an
agent, trustee, attorney, or other person acting in a fiduciary capacity, the
9
time must be computed from the time when the person having the right to
make the demand has actual knowledge of the facts upon which that right
depends.
In addition, Marx cites Viers v. Webb, 76 Mont. 38, 245 P. 257 (1926), as standing for the
rule that “in fiduciary relationships, such as a bailment or trust, the statute of limitations
does not begin to run until a demand or request has been made which is then denied or
rejected.” He also cites State ex rel. Central Auxiliary Corporation v. Rorabeck, 111
Mont. 320, 108 P.2d 601 (1940), for the proposition that “the statute of limitations does
not run until a trustee formally repudiates his obligation.” Applying these rules and
§ 27-2-301, MCA, to the case at hand, Marx argues that “the Association’s position did
not become clear or irretrievable until its trustees and officers had finally issued a formal
or official notification of their determination to deny his request, with the same being
mailed on March 18, 2004.” In Marx’s view, therefore, his “obligation to commence
litigation did not accrue and/or was not triggered until that time - the intervening delays
of the Association notwithstanding.”
¶22 We are not persuaded by Marx’s reliance on § 27-2-301, MCA, and his rule of
“formal” repudiation/denial. At the outset, Marx does not point to any statutory language
(and we have found none) stating that the two-year limitations period prescribed by
§ 27-2-211(1)(c), MCA, is “subject to” the accrual rule in § 27-2-301, MCA. Rather, the
statutory scheme states that, “[u]nless otherwise provided by statute, the period of
limitation begins when the claim or cause of action accrues,” § 27-2-102(2), MCA, and
“a claim or cause of action accrues when all elements of the claim or cause exist or have
10
occurred, the right to maintain an action on the claim or cause is complete, and a court or
other agency is authorized to accept jurisdiction of the action,” § 27-2-102(1)(a), MCA.
¶23 The accrual provisions set out in §§ 27-2-301 to -304, MCA, apparently supersede
§ 27-2-102(1)(a), MCA, in the particular circumstances addressed in §§ 27-2-301 to -304,
MCA. For instance, § 27-2-301, MCA, applies to situations in which a demand is
necessary to entitle a person to maintain an action; § 27-2-302, MCA, applies to mutual
accounts; § 27-2-303, MCA, applies to actions for waste, trespass, or injury committed
during mining work or exploration; and § 27-2-304, MCA, applies to actions involving
personal property accruing after death and before issuance of letters of administration.
However, nothing in § 27-2-211(1), MCA, indicates that an action upon a liability created
by statute is “subject to” the specific accrual provisions in §§ 27-2-301 to -304, MCA, as
opposed to the general accrual provision in § 27-2-102(1)(a), MCA.
¶24 The only remaining question, therefore, is whether § 27-2-301, MCA, supersedes
§ 27-2-102(1)(a), MCA, on the facts of this case. The language of § 27-2-301, MCA,
suggests it does not for at least two reasons. First, this provision applies “[w]here a right
exists but a demand is necessary to entitle a person to maintain an action.” Section
27-2-301, MCA. Marx cites no authority for the proposition that “a demand” was
necessary before he could maintain an action against the Association for a partial
pension.
¶25 Second, and at the heart of Marx’s arguments, § 27-2-301, MCA, prescribes a
special accrual rule where “the right grows out of the receipt or detention of money or
property by an agent, trustee, attorney, or other person acting in a fiduciary capacity.” In
11
that situation, “the time [within which the action must be commenced] must be computed
from the time when the person having the right to make the demand has actual
knowledge of the facts upon which that right depends.” Section 27-2-301, MCA. Marx’s
position appears to be that the Board was acting in a fiduciary capacity vis-à-vis the
partial pension for which he claims he qualified under § 19-18-602(5), MCA. The
District Court accepted this premise for the sake of analysis.2 The court then reasoned
that Marx’s repeated requests for a partial pension, which he began making within six
months of his October 1995 termination, evidenced his “actual knowledge of his right to
apply for a partial pension” and the two-year limitations period, therefore, began to run
sometime in 1996. Furthermore, the court concluded that the Association’s alleged delay
in providing Marx with a definite answer to his verbal requests was irrelevant in light of
our statement in Pincus v. Pincus’ Estate, 95 Mont. 375, 26 P.2d 986 (1933), that the
statute of limitations commences to run “from the time that plaintiff knew the facts which
would have justified him in making demand” for the profits to which he claimed he was
entitled. Pincus, 95 Mont. at 386-87, 26 P.2d at 991 (citing § 9058, RCM (1921), which
is now § 27-2-301, MCA).
¶26 Marx, however, argues that he could not have had “actual knowledge of the facts
upon which [his] right depends” until the Board sent him the repudiation letter in March
2
The issue of whether Marx in fact qualified for a partial pension, which the
Board (allegedly) arbitrarily and capriciously denied, was not resolved in the District
Court since the court dismissed his complaint at the summary judgment stage based on
the statute of limitations. Likewise, here, for the sake of argument, we accept, but do not
resolve, the premise that that the Board was acting in a fiduciary capacity vis-à-vis a
partial pension to which Marx was entitled.
12
2004. He likens the instant action against the Association to an action “for breach of a
trust or fiduciary obligation,” and he asserts that such an action does not accrue until the
trustee/fiduciary “formally repudiates” its obligation and the beneficiary has knowledge
of that repudiation. Notably, none of the authorities cited by Marx in support of this
argument uses the term “formally repudiates” or “formal repudiation,” see Rorabeck, 111
Mont. 320, 108 P.2d 601; Viers, 76 Mont. 38, 245 P. 257; Blackford v. City of Libby, 103
Mont. 272, 62 P.2d 216 (1936); Cobell v. Norton, 260 F. Supp. 2d 98 (D.D.C. 2003);
Oeth v. Mason, 56 Cal. Rptr. 69 (Cal. App. 2d Dist. 1967); April Enterprises, Inc. v.
KTTV, 195 Cal. Rptr. 421 (Cal. App. 2d Dist. 1983); Restatement (Second) of Trusts
§ 219 (1992), and Marx cites no authority holding that a repudiation of a fiduciary
obligation must be accomplished by written letter (as opposed to conduct amounting to a
repudiation). But the ultimate flaw in Marx’s argument is that he essentially would have
us insert a requirement of “formal repudiation” or “formal denial of a claim” into
§ 27-2-301, MCA. This we may not do. See § 1-2-101, MCA (“In the construction of a
statute, the office of the judge is simply to ascertain and declare what is in terms or in
substance contained therein, not to insert what has been omitted or to omit what has been
inserted.”).
¶27 Again, the statutory language under consideration states that “the time [within
which the action must be commenced] must be computed from the time when the person
having the right to make the demand has actual knowledge of the facts upon which that
right depends.” Section 27-2-301, MCA (emphasis added). Marx’s right depends on the
facts that he was a member of a pure volunteer fire department who completed 10 years’
13
service as an active member of the department but was prevented from completing 20
years’ service by a “factor beyond [his] reasonable control.” Section 19-18-602(5),
MCA. Marx had actual knowledge of these facts in October 1995. Even assuming the
Board was acting in a fiduciary capacity and it detained money or property to which
Marx was entitled, Marx has failed to show error in the District Court’s determination
that, under § 27-2-301, MCA, his action accrued in October 1995.
¶28 Before concluding, we note Marx’s reliance on Martin v. Construction Laborer’s
Pension Trust, 947 F.2d 1381 (9th Cir. 1991), Wetzel v. Lou Ehlers Cadillac Group, 222
F.3d 643 (9th Cir. 2000), and Kosty v. Lewis, 319 F.2d 744 (D.C. Cir. 1963), for the
proposition that a suit to enforce rights under a pension plan accrues when there has been
“a clear and continuing repudiation” of rights made known to the beneficiary, and not
while the trustees are “giving continuing consideration” to the applicant’s eligibility. We
find these cases inapposite for the simple reason that “federal law determines the time at
which the cause of action accrues,” Martin, 947 F.2d at 1384, whereas here we are
concerned with the rules of accrual provided under Montana law in §§ 27-2-102(1)(a)
and -301, MCA.
¶29 We also note Marx’s argument that under the District Court’s interpretation and
application of the foregoing statutes, “participants, beneficiaries and claimants effectively
could be required to file suit before their administrative remedies have been exhausted.”
Marx likens this to a “shoot first and ask questions later” approach, and he speculates that
had he filed suit prior to the March 2004 written denial, the Association would have
complained that his suit was “premature.” Marx also claims it was not “his fault” the
14
Association “consistently put [him] off” and it was not “fair” for the Association to
ignore his requests. Whether or not these statements are true, however, they ultimately
miss the mark. Marx identifies no statutory provision requiring him to exhaust
“administrative remedies” before pursuing an action for a partial pension. Moreover, his
assertions in this regard seem to relate more to his estoppel and waiver theories than the
application of §§ 27-2-102(1)(a) and -301, MCA.
CONCLUSION
¶30 With respect to the Association’s statute of limitations defense, we conclude that
the Association met its initial burden, as the moving party, of establishing both the
absence of genuine issues of material fact and its entitlement to judgment as a matter of
law. Furthermore, Marx did not meet his burden as the nonmoving party of establishing,
with substantial evidence, the existence of a genuine issue of material fact. Based on the
application of §§ 27-2-102(1)(a), -211(1)(c), and -301, MCA, to the undisputed relevant
facts, the Association was entitled to judgment as a matter of law on its statute of
limitations defense. Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the District Court.
¶31 Affirmed.
/S/ JAMES C. NELSON
We Concur:
/S/ KARLA M. GRAY
/S/ PATRICIA COTTER
/S/ JOHN WARNER
/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART
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