Carriage Co. v. . Dowd , 155 N.C. 307 ( 1911 )

The vital question in this case arises out of the somewhat vague wording of a clause of the contract between the plaintiff and James G. Dowd, who was appointed agent at Birmingham, Ala., to sell its vehicles. The material parts of the contract are generally expressed with sufficient clearness to be easily understood, but the last clause in the seventh section is given different constructions by the respective parties. The original notes and the successive renewals thereof, except the last, were undoubtedly for the accommodation of the plaintiff, and if the last renewals, being the notes sued on, are of a like character, the plaintiff is not entitled to recover, and the verdict and judgment were right. But what does the language of that one sentence mean? "These notes (the last renewals) are to be paid at maturity without reference to the amount of work still on hand unsold at that time" (that is, at their maturity, which was twelve months from the time the vehicles were shipped). The plaintiff says that this provision changed the character of the notes and they became ordinary promissory notes, endorsed by W. C. Dowd and W. F. Dowd, not for its accommodation, but for the benefit solely of their brother, James G. Dowd, and that they were due and payable at their maturity to the plaintiff by both maker and endorsers, who were really sureties for their payment. The defendants, on the contrary, contend that, as shown by the proof, the object in giving the notes was that plaintiff might use them as a basis of credit in bank and supply the deficiency in funds for carrying on its business, which had been caused by the withdrawal of money invested in the vehicles held by their agent, James G. Dowd; that they were executed solely for the benefit of the (315) plaintiff, and not to create any liability of the defendants for their ultimate payment; and, further, if it had been intended that the defendants should, in the end, become absolutely bound for their payment, it was no advantage to them that they were originally accommodation paper. The defendants therefore insist that they continued to be accommodation notes, and that the stipulation for their payment at maturity meant a payment by the payee, who is the party legally bound to pay them, and this position is sound, provided the premise is correct that they did not cease to be accommodation notes because of that provision. "An accommodation bill or note is one to which the accommodating party has put his name, without consideration, for the purpose of accommodating some other party who is to use it, and is expected to pay it." 1 Daniel Neg. Inst., 191. They also contend that if this language is obscure, any doubt as to its meaning should be resolved in their favor, and in this connection rely on Hill v. Mfg. Co., 79 Ga. 105, in which Chief Justice Bleckley said: "We recognize that the party who wrote the contract, made it ambiguous and executed it in that condition, must explain the ambiguity in order to obtain a construction of it in his favor. The author of the ambiguity has the burden of explaining it when he seeks to take the benefit of a construction favorable to himself, and if he does not clear up the meaning beyond doubt, the doubt must be given against him." They further contend that if not accommodation paper, and the stipulation is to be considered as having changed the character of the notes so that the defendants became liable upon them as endorsers or sureties to the plaintiff, it follows that the terms upon which James G. Dowd held the vehicles were also changed, and the shipment, instead of being a consignment as originally contemplated, was converted into a sale, not absolute, but conditional, the title to vest when the notes are paid, or that the vehicles in the possession of James G. Dowd were thereafter to be held by him as a security for the payment of the notes. If this be so, it is then argued that by relinquishing the property thus held for it as security, whether by way of conditional sale or otherwise, to the trustee in bankruptcy, to become a part of the general assets of the bankrupt and by proving its claim as (316) unsecured and receiving a dividend from the general assets, plaintiff waived its lien upon the property and discharged the defendants, W. C. Dowd and W. F. Dowd. It was admitted that all the notes were executed pursuant to the terms of the contract. We are inclined to the opinion, upon a view of the entire transaction, that the notes retained their original quality of accommodation paper, notwithstanding the clause of the contract which gave rise to this litigation, but we need not decide that question, as our opinion is with the defendants upon their second proposition. We may as well state now that the contract between the plaintiff and James G. Dowd was not made in this State, nor was it to be performed here, and if the stipulation in the contract, as to the payment of the last renewals at maturity, turned the consignment into a conditional sale, or impressed a lien upon the property, by way of mortgage, or otherwise, as a security for the payment of the notes, either of which it may be conceded would require for its validity probate and registration, if the contract had been subject to our registration law, the contract is nevertheless valid without registration, as there is no evidence in the record that registration of such a contract is required to be in writing and registered in order to be valid against creditors, either by the law of Ohio or Alabama. The case, therefore, is not affected by what is said in Godwin v. Bank, 145 N.C. 320; Lance v. Tainter,137 N.C. 249. At common law, such contracts were not required to be registered, and not in this State until required by statute, and we presume that the common law exists in other jurisdictions until the contrary is shown. We do not take judicial notice of the statutes of other States, but they must be brought to our attention by proof. It was said by Judge Pearson, in Hooper v. Moore, 50 N.C. 130: "What is the law of another State or of a foreign country is as much a question of law as what is the law of our own State. There is this difference, however: the court is presumed to know judicially the public laws of our State, while in respect to private laws and the laws of other States and foreign countries this knowledge is not presumed; it follows that the existence of the latter must be alleged and proved as facts, for otherwise the (317) court can not know or take notice of them. This is a familiar learning. 3 Woddeson Lec., 175." To the same effect are the following cases: Knight v. Wall, 19 N.C. 125; Moore v. Gwynn, 27 N.C. 187;S. v. Jackson, 13 N.C. 564; Hilliard v. Outlaw, 92 N.C. 266; Minor on Conflict of Laws, p. 531, where it is said that "if the foreign law in issue is the unwritten law of a State not originally subject to the common law, or, in any event, if it is a statute or written law, the presumption (as in the case of the common law) does not apply." In Hall v.R. R., 146 N.C. 345, we said: "It was stated by counsel for the plaintiff that the law of Virginia was similar in its provisions to our statutes, but there is nothing in the record to show what the law of that State is. We do not take judicial notice of the statutes of another State. They must be pleaded and proven." Griffin v. Carter, 40 N.C. 413; Brownv. Pratt, 56 N.C. 202. However, therefore, the fact may be, we must hold, in the absence of proof showing the contrary, that the new contract, if we may so call it, did not require registration, and consequently the vehicles in the hands of James G. Dowd at the time he was adjudged a bankrupt did not pass to the trustee. When the verdict upon the sixth and seventh issues is read and interpreted in the light of the evidence and the charge of the court, it means that the plaintiff intentionally abandoned the property to the trustee, and when taken in connection with the admission that it proved its claim as an unsecured creditor and received a dividend paid by him from the general assets, it further means that the plaintiff, quietly and without a protest, and certainly without any assertion of its right to the property, assented to, if it did not ratify, the act of the trustee in taking and appropriating the property for the benefit of the bankrupt's general creditors.

There is but one question remaining for our consideration, and that requires us to determine the legal effect of the conduct of the plaintiff with reference to the property upon both its and the defendant's rights. In the first place, if the provision of the contract as to the payment of the last renewals at maturity changed the relation of the defendants to the note as accommodation endorsers, did the plaintiff still retain a lien on the property for the security of the debt? It is impossible to read the contract throughout without concluding that it was the (318) clear intention of the plaintiff to retain control of the vehicles in the possession of James G. Dowd until their claim was satisfied in full. Referring to the first series of notes, the contract provided as follows: "Said notes being considered as accommodation notes only, and no title in said vehicles to pass to said agent by reason of giving same, nor does the fiduciary relation established by this contract change on that account." The stipulation as to the payment of the final renewals is in the seventh section of the contract, and it is followed by the tenth section, which positively and emphatically declares that the vehicles,until sold by James G. Dowd, shall remain the property of the plaintiff, with full control thereof, and the proceeds of any sale to the amount of the invoice price, shall be paid to it. If the plaintiff intended to wipe out this provision and part entirely with all its interest in the property and all control thereof, and to surrender it altogether, as a security, to James G. Dowd, when the last renewals were executed, why did it not say so in plain and unmistakable language? If the provision that the notes should be considered as accommodation paper, and the giving of them should not have the effect of passing the title of the property to their agent, extends to the renewals, and is not confined to the original notes, and a majority of the Court is disposed to think so, though we do not decide the point, the contract would retain its legal designation and character as a simple consignment for sale, or upon a del credere commission, and the plaintiff must fail in this suit, or if the endorsers of the notes are to be regarded as simple guarantors of the good conduct and fidelity of plaintiff's agent, James G. Dowd, the same result would follow, unless some delinquency of the agent had been shown, i. e., that he had sold vehicles and had not accounted for the proceeds. As tending to support this view of the case, it may well be suggested, as it was by the defendant's counsel, that the stipulation for the payment of the last renewals at maturity could not have been intended to change the liability of the endorsers, as it requires payment "without reference to the amount of work on hand and unsold at that time," and the parties could not have contemplated that James G. Dowd and his (319) endorsers should pay the notes in full if nearly all the property had been sold and the plaintiff had received the proceeds of the sale, and only an inconsiderable part of the property remained in the hands of the agent. But however this may be, it is evident that the plaintiff did not intend to release the property — to let it go — until the notes had been paid, even if the liability of the endorser was changed by giving the last renewals. This idea pervades the whole contract. If the endorsers had become insolvent, their nominal principal having become a bankrupt, we apprehend the plaintiff would be in court and claiming that it had never parted with its right to the property and seeking to recover it, or at least to charge it with a lien or as security for the payment of the notes, upon the ground that title to the property did not pass from it by the giving of the last renewals and not until the payment of the same. They would have been surprised by the suggestion, and justly so, that they had relinquished all of their rights therein, as they did not intend a sale to their agent. If this be the correct view to take of the case, we think the endorsers were discharged by the conduct of the plaintiff with regard to the property. In Brandt on Suretyship (3 Ed.), sec. 480, the doctrine is thus stated: "If the creditor has a surety for the debt, and also has a lien on property of the principal for the security of the same debt, and he relinquishes such lien, or by his act such lien is rendered unavailable for the payment of the debt, the surety is, to the extent of the value of the lien thus lost, discharged from liability. This rule does not depend upon contract between the surety and creditor, but results from equitable principles inherent in the relation of principal and surety. It is equitable that the property of the principal, pledged for the payment of the debt, should be applied to that purpose, and it is grossly inequitable that in such case the property should be diverted from that purpose, and the debt thrown upon a mere surety. Upon obtaining such a lien the creditor becomes a trustee for all parties concerned, and is bound to apply the property to the purposes of the trust." The creditor, it is true, must have the means of satisfaction in his hands or under his control, either a lien on the property or something equivalent to it and just as effective, conferred by law or by agreement, or a right with respect to the (320) property, which the law requires him to assert and preserve or enforce for the benefit of the endorser. "The creditor must part with no security for the payment of the debt; but the security must be a mortgage, pledge or lien — some right or interest in the property which the creditor can hold in trust for the surety, and to which the surety, if he pay the debt, can be subrogated; and the right to apply or hold must exist and be absolute." Brandt, sec. 484. The endorser, when he pays the debt, is entitled to and assignment of the securities held by the creditor, and if the latter has voluntarily rendered himself unable to make it, or has caused the securities to become unavailing to the endorser, the latter is discharged, at least pro tanto. In this case it appears that there was enough property on hand to pay the notes. A familiar illustration is a release by a creditor of a lien acquired by the levy of an execution upon the property of the principal debtor. "If the creditor recovers a judgment against principal and surety, or against the principal alone, and execution is issued thereon and levied upon real or personal property of the principal subject thereto, and such property is, by act of the creditor, released from the levy and lost as a security, the surety is discharged to the extent that he is injured thereby." Brandt, sec. 489; Cooper v. Wilcox, 22 N.C. 90, in which it is said: "Between the creditor and a surety, the former is not bound to active diligence to protect the latter; but if by his act he deprives him of a security, the latter is pro tanto discharged; and where, upon an appeal from the County to the Superior Court, the judgment was affirmed, and execution issued against the defendant and the sureties to the appeal bond, and was levied upon property of the principal debtor sufficient to satisfy it, and the plaintiff discharged the levy, he discharges the sureties. The rights of a surety to protection are recognized in all courts, if his character as a surety can be averred; as at law, in cases between the holder and drawer of a bill, if the former release the acceptor he thereby discharges the latter." And, again: "So, in Law v. East India Co., 4 Ves., 829, it was considered as incontestible that where a creditor has a fund of a principal debtor sufficient for the payment of a debt, and gives it back to the debtor, the surety can never afterwards be called upon. The creditor, by (321) virtue of the seizure in execution, or of the deposit, becomes a trustee of the security so acquired, or of the fund for the benefit of all concerned, and is responsible to any party injured by unfaithfulness in execution of that trust. For it is a rule that if he be not only creditor, but trustee, then even his neglect, if it occasion the loss of that to the benefit of which the surety is entitled will pro tanto discharge the surety. Capel v. Butler, 2 Sim. Stew., 457 (1 Cond. Eng. Chan., 543)." The principle is clearly defined by Chief Justice Brickett inKnighton v. Curry, 62 Ala. 404: "The principle upon which the whole doctrine of subrogation, not only as it is applied for the protection of sureties, but as it is applied to compel him who is primarily liable, or the thing which may be primarily liable to bear a burthen, to continue to bear it for the relief of him, or another thing, secondarily liable, does not depend upon contract, but has its foundation in natural justice, and is said by Chancellor Kent to be `recognized in every cultivated system of jurisprudence.' No doctrine can be more firmly established than that a surety who has paid the debt of the principal is entitled to stand in the place of the creditor, as to all securities for the debt, held or acquired by the creditor, and to have the same benefit from them as the creditor might have had, if the surety had not paid, and the creditor had resorted to them. 1 Story's Eq., sec. 499, et seq.; 1 Lead. Eq. Cases (4 Ed.), 136; 2 ibid., 277; Brandt on Suretyship, secs. 260-282. As a necessary consequence of this right of the surety, it is well settled on authority, that if the creditor, without the consent of the surety, parts with or renders unavailable any security of fund, which he has the right to apply in satisfaction of the debt, the surety is exonerated to the extent of the value of such securities. The reason is, that such securities or fund are impressed with a trust for the payment of the debt, and the creditor is bound to apply them, or hold them as a trustee, ready to be applied for the benefit of the surety. Cheeseborough v.Millard, 1 Johns. ch. 409; Hayes v. Ward, 4 Johns. ch. 123; Brandt on Suretyship, secs. 370-372. The principle is sometimes expressed in another form: `That when a creditor has the means of (322) satisfaction in his own hands, and chooses not to retain it, but suffers it to pass into the hands of the principal, the surety to that extent will be discharged.'" Cullom v. Emmanuel, 1 Ala. 29. It would be useless to multiply authorities to support so familiar a doctrine.

The plaintiff contends, though, that it was lulled into security and induced to part with the property by a promise of the endorsers to pay the notes and the court refused an issue intended to present this phase of the matter. We do not see how a promise to pay the notes could impair the right of the endorsers to have the property preserved and applied to their exoneration. If they had actually assumed their principal's obligation or paid the notes, the right of subrogation would arise at once, and it would be, if anything, more the duty of the creditor to protect them when it is known that they must suffer, or when they have actually been subjected to loss. It can make no difference what kind of endorsers the Dowds were, or whether they were guarantors or sureties for in either of those relations to the notes, they were entitled to the protection of the creditor, and plaintiff should not have slept upon their rights, nor should it have relaxed its energies in their behalf, simply because they promised to pay the debt. As we have said, its obligation to them was increased thereby, for they were in greater jeopardy of loss, and the plaintiff's solicitude for their protection should have been correspondingly increased and quickened. At any rate, plaintiff failed in its duty, and it would be most inequitable for the consequent loss to fall upon the endorsers. This contract was not intended as a sale, either in its inception or development, but as something far different. The plaintiff surely did not propose to let go the property before it had actually received, not merely notes or a promise to pay, but all of its money. This is apparent, if we give its words, for the contract was prepared by plaintiff, their natural meaning, but settling all doubts against it and fairly and reasonably construing it as a harmonious whole, so as to effectuate the real intention and to do justice and right, and square our decision with the principles of equity, we can not but conclude that the defendants have been released, as endorsers or promisors, by the fault of the plaintiff.

We have not considered the correspondence between the parties, (323) which was introduced to show that defendants were actually regarded as accommodation endorsers, though we think the court erred in admitting secondary evidence as to the contents of the lost letter, the proof as to search and loss not being sufficient to dispense with the primary proof — the letter itself. But this is not material, in the view we have taken of the case, as we think the rights of the parties can be sufficiently determined by the contract itself and the undisputed facts, without the aid of extraneous proof.

Perhaps we should further inquire whether the relinquishment of the property to the trustee is such a dealing with the security by the plaintiff as to discharge the endorsers of the notes, but this would seem to be too plain to need any demonstration. The very question was presented in Fleming v. Odum, 59 Ga. 362, and the creditor held to have forfeited his right of recourse to the surety for payment. The Court said: "In respect to this property so levied on, the assignee stood in the shoes of the defendant, and the sheriff had no more right to deliver up the property to the assignee than he would have had to deliver it to the defendant himself; therefore Lumsden v. Leonard controls this case. Indeed, this case is stronger for the surety than that. In that case the defendant still had the property, and another levy might have been made, and the only hurt the surety sustained was the danger that defendant, his principal, might have run it off. This risk was increased, because the creditor, through the sheriff, had in hand enough to pay the debt from the principal's property, and let it go; but in this case much more has the surety been hurt; for the property has gone to another — the assignee has it, and probably has disposed of it to pay other debts — at least it has not been heard of since. This creditor has not pursued it, either against the sheriff or the assignee, or claimed the proceeds in the bankrupt court. It is gone — a dead loss to this judgment — and the surety is hurt to the extent of its value, and that is enough to pay the whole judgment. So that the result is that the surety's property is levied on to pay a judgment which the creditor had enough of the principal's property to pay, but, by his fault and the sheriff's — one or both — let it unlawfully get away from under (324) the levy. We think it clear that the surety is discharged." It is not suggested and can not successfully be contended, that, if the property was held on consignment at the time of the bankruptcy, it passed to the trustee.

We have reached our conclusion in this matter with less hesitation, because we believe it accords, not only with well settled rules of law, but with the very justice of the case. Had the plaintiff intended to change the character of the notes and convert what was a consignment into an absolute sale, and not a conditional one, nor into a lien or security, it should have expressed that intention clearly and not left it to uncertain, if not unwarranted, inference. If the plaintiff expects the courts to enforce this kind of contract according to its present contention, it should use language which more plainly carries that idea with it, or, at least, should free it of its present ambiguity; otherwise it can not complain if it is construed favorably to endorsers. Our rendering of its provisions makes it consistent, while that of the plaintiff, we think, produces discord and repugnancy and frustrates its leading purpose. We would not be understood as even intimating that the plaintiff inserted the disputed clause in the contract for a double purpose, and so that, in certain eventualities, it might claim either way that might subserve its interests, though such a suggestion is made in this case and was made in Bank v. Scott, 123 N.C. 539, cited by the defendant's counsel, in regard to a contract somewhat similar. It is not necessary that we should search for a bad motive, when the rights of the parties must depend upon the contract as it is written, there being no allegation of fraud. The plaintiff has merely failed to state in the written instrument what it now says was its intention, and that is all. It is not a question of motive, but of construction. We find no reversible error.

No error.

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