State v. Oglesby ( 2022 )

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA
2022-NCSC-101
No. 683A05-3
Filed 19 August 2022
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
v.
JAAMALL DENARIS OGLESBY
Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-30(2) from the decision of a divided panel of
the Court of Appeals, 278 N.C. App. 564, 2021-NCCOA-354, affirming an order
entered on 4 September 2019 by Judge William A. Wood in Superior Court, Forsyth
County. Heard in the Supreme Court on 23 May 2022 in session in the Old Burke
County Courthouse in the City of Morganton pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7A-10(a).
Joshua H. Stein, Attorney General, by Robert C. Ennis, Assistant Attorney
General, for the State-appellee.
Glenn Gerding, Appellate Defender, by Jillian C. Katz, Assistant Appellate
Defender, for defendant-appellant.
EARLS, Justice.
¶1 Defendant Jaamall Denaris Oglesby’s motion for appropriate relief (MAR)
seeking resentencing under Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012) explicitly
requested that he be sentenced to one consolidated sentence of life with parole or to
have his sentences for first-degree murder, first-degree kidnapping, and two counts
of robbery with a dangerous weapon all run concurrently. The trial court allowed the
STATE V. OGLESBY
2022-NCSC-101
Opinion of the Court
motion, and the matter was set for a resentencing hearing. At the resentencing
hearing, Oglesby’s counsel—despite the clear language of the original motion which
listed each of the relevant file numbers—without explanation told the resentencing
court that two of the sentences were not before the Court and only requested that two
of the four sentences be run concurrently.
¶2 After hearing evidence from the defense regarding Oglesby’s age and
intellectual capacity, his diagnosed but untreated bipolar disorder at the time of the
crime, his self-improvement activities in prison, and the fact that before confessing
he was subjected to a twenty-six hour interrogation by police without a parent or
guardian present, the resentencing court resentenced defendant on the first-degree
murder conviction to life with the possibility of parole after 25 years but concluded in
its discretion that “based upon the information presented at the resentencing
hearing” it would run his first-degree kidnapping sentence consecutively with the
murder sentence. The resentencing court “specifically [found] that consecutive
sentences are warranted by the facts presented at the resentencing hearing.” On
appeal, a majority of the Court of Appeals rejected Oglesby’s claim that he received
ineffective assistance of counsel (IAC) at the resentencing hearing, concluding that
Oglesby’s counsel did not render deficient performance and that, regardless, Oglesby
could not have been prejudiced by counsel’s failure to request that all his sentences
be run concurrently. State v. Oglesby, 278 N.C. App. 564, 2021-NCCOA-354, ¶ 52.
STATE V. OGLESBY
2022-NCSC-101
Opinion of the Court
¶3 We agree with the majority below that, under the circumstances of this case,
Oglesby cannot show prejudice because “the [resentencing] court heard thorough
arguments from both parties regarding a range of mitigating and aggravating
circumstances surrounding the serious nature of Defendant’s offenses . . . [and] chose
not to consolidate the two sentences that were before it . . . instead exercising its
discretion to keep these sentences consecutive.” Id. ¶¶ 51–52. Oglesby has not
advanced any basis to support his assertion that, notwithstanding the resentencing
court’s choice to run his first-degree murder sentence consecutively with his first-
degree kidnapping sentence, there is a reasonable probability that the court would
have chosen to run his first-degree murder sentence consecutively with either or both
of his robbery sentences.
¶4 However, the majority below erred when it characterized Oglesby’s argument
that the resentencing court possessed the authority to run all of his sentences
concurrently as “speculative and untested.” Id. ¶ 49. Rather, under N.C.G.S. § 15A-
1354(a), the resentencing court possessed the authority to run any and all of Oglesby’s
sentences imposed at the same time either concurrently or consecutively.
Accordingly, we reject the reasoning of the decision below to the extent that it
incorrectly suggested that the resentencing court lacked authority to run Oglesby’s
first-degree murder sentence concurrently with his robbery with a dangerous weapon
sentences; otherwise, we affirm.
STATE V. OGLESBY
2022-NCSC-101
Opinion of the Court
I. Background
¶5 On 7 and 8 September 2002, Oglesby and a group of accomplices entered two
separate convenience stores and robbed each store’s cashier at gunpoint. Two days
later, Oglesby and three other individuals abducted a man named Scott Jester from
a restaurant in Winston-Salem. After pulling over on the side of I-40, Oglesby “made
Jester get out of the car, Jester pled for his life and told [Oglesby] he had a young
child, and [Oglesby] shot Jester three times in the back of the head.” State v. Oglesby,
174 N.C. App. 658, 660 (2005), aff’d in part, vacated in part, 361 N.C. 550 (2007).
Oglesby, who was sixteen years old at the time, was later arrested and confessed his
involvement in both sets of crimes during an interrogation that lasted for twenty-six
hours without a parent or guardian present. Id.¶6 Oglesby pleaded guilty to two counts of robbery with a dangerous weapon in
relation to the convenience store incidents. After a trial, he was convicted of first-
degree murder, first-degree kidnapping, and attempted robbery with a dangerous
weapon in connection with Jester’s killing. On 28 May 2004, Oglesby was sentenced
to the following active terms of imprisonment:
File Number Offense Sentence
02 CRS 60325 (51) Robbery with a dangerous weapon 95 to 123 months
02 CRS 60325 (52) Robbery with a dangerous weapon 95 to 123 months
02 CRS 60369 (52) First-degree murder Life without parole
(mandatory)
02 CRS 60369 (51) First-degree kidnapping 29 to 44 months
02 CRS 60369 (53) Attempted robbery with a 77 to 102 months.
dangerous weapon
STATE V. OGLESBY
2022-NCSC-101
Opinion of the Court
The trial court ordered all of Oglesby’s sentences to be run consecutively. On direct
appeal, the Court of Appeals ordered the trial court to arrest judgment on either
Oglesby’s conviction for attempted robbery with a dangerous weapon or his conviction
for first-degree kidnapping to avoid a double jeopardy violation, State v. Oglesby, 174
N.C. App. 658, 665 (2005), and we did not disturb that order, see 361 N.C. 550, 556
(2007). The trial court ultimately arrested judgment on his attempted robbery with a
dangerous weapon conviction.
¶7 On 4 April 2013, Oglesby filed an MAR seeking resentencing in light of the
United State Supreme Court’s decision in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012),
which held mandatory life without parole sentences for juvenile offenders
unconstitutional under the Eighth Amendment. After the United States Supreme
Court held that Miller’s substantive Eighth Amendment rule was retroactively
applicable in state criminal post-conviction proceedings, see Montgomery v.
Louisiana, 577 U.S. 190, 212 (2016), Oglesby filed an amended MAR seeking “a
resentencing hearing in which his unconstitutional life without parole sentence is
converted to a life with parole sentence” and to be “sentenced to one consolidated
sentence of life with parole or to have all his sentences in 02-CRS60369 [murder,
kidnapping and attempted robbery] and 02-CRS-60325 [two counts of robbery with a
dangerous weapon] run concurrently because the original sentencing judge did not
STATE V. OGLESBY
2022-NCSC-101
Opinion of the Court
have the guidance of Miller and Montgomery.” On 19 May 2017, Resident Superior
Court Judge Richard S. Gottlieb entered an order allowing Oglesby’s MAR. The order
allowed the MAR without limitation, but in its initial findings referred only to
Oglesby’s sentences for first-degree murder, attempted robbery with a dangerous
weapon, and first-degree kidnapping.
¶8 Oglesby’s resentencing hearing occurred on 13 April 2021, with Judge William
A. Wood presiding. At the hearing, the court informed the parties that the original
sentencing judge had already arrested judgment on Oglesby’s 77-month minimum
sentence for attempted armed robbery. In addition, the State did not contest
Oglesby’s assertion that he was entitled to be resentenced to life with parole for his
murder conviction pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 15A-1340.19B(a)(1), which applies when
“the sole basis for conviction of a count or each count of first[-]degree murder was the
felony murder rule.” The only disputed issue at Oglesby’s resentencing hearing was
whether his remaining sentences should be run concurrently or consecutively.
¶9 In support of his argument that the convictions should be run concurrently,
Oglesby’s attorney presented mitigating evidence including Oglesby’s age at the time
of his crimes, that he was the youngest of his co-defendants, that he suffered from
untreated bipolar disorder and borderline intellectual impairment when he was
arrested, and that he had developed and submitted a proposal for a program to assist
at-risk youth while he was incarcerated. In support of its argument that the
STATE V. OGLESBY
2022-NCSC-101
Opinion of the Court
convictions should be run consecutively, the State noted the factual underpinnings of
Oglesby’s convictions and his lengthy disciplinary record while incarcerated,
including serious disciplinary incidents near to the time of the resentencing hearing,
which the State contended indicated that Oglesby had not been “reformed.”
¶ 10 In the middle of the hearing, the court sought clarification from Oglesby’s
counsel regarding his outstanding sentences and the scope of the court’s resentencing
authority:
THE COURT: Just to make sure I understand. . . . First,
there are two consecutive armed robbery sentences that
the defendant has already served.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: It depends how DOC [the
Department of Corrections] actually would calculate that.
However, they are not at issue here because they are not
related to this particular conduct. They were sentenced at
the same time as this was, but it was not part of that trial.
THE COURT: All right. So there are two sentences that he
has served or he will have to serve.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: There are. The DOC website shows
that he would have been released in February of 2012 in
one of them. So it does show that those would be the first
sentences that he would be serving. This is from the DOC
website and from combined records as to how it was
imposed. So the two armed robbery sentences were
imposed by DOC prior to the 25 to life.
THE COURT: All right. And then he began a life without
parole sentence.
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Yes.
....
STATE V. OGLESBY
2022-NCSC-101
Opinion of the Court
THE COURT: . . . I’m curious, is there any authority under
15A-1340.19B, which I believe is what we are doing here,
that permits the Court to modify the order in which the
sentence is run, as opposed to modifying the 25 to life?
....
DEFENSE COUNSEL: . . . So the language of Miller, we
would contend, is that it fully anticipates that felonious
conduct leading to the death and that’s what’s here. And so
with that, the appropriate sentence would be a concurrent
sentence because it fully encompasses a single act, a single
progression of actions, that led to a death. So with that
single death and the felonies that led to that, that that
would indicate a 25-to-life sentence.
Later in the hearing, Oglesby’s counsel reiterated that she was “not referring to the
other armed robberies because they are not related, even though they were sentenced
at the same time.” Ultimately, Oglesby was resentenced to life with the possibility of
parole to be run consecutively with his sentence for first-degree kidnapping; in a
subsequent written order, the court noted that it “specifically finds that consecutive
sentences are warranted by the facts presented at the resentencing hearing and
consecutive sentences in this case are not violative of the Eighth Amendment to the
United States Constitution.”
II. The Court of Appeals opinion
¶ 11 On appeal, Oglesby asserted that he received IAC during the resentencing
STATE V. OGLESBY
2022-NCSC-101
Opinion of the Court
hearing.1 A majority of the Court of Appeals rejected Oglesby’s claim. According to
the majority, Oglesby’s claim failed on both prongs of the IAC standard set forth in
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).
¶ 12 With respect to the first prong of the Strickland test, deficient performance,
the majority rejected Oglesby’s contention that “his counsel acted deficiently by
‘[telling] the trial court repeatedly that the robbery convictions were unrelated and
not before the court’ ” instead of “rel[ying] on § 15A-1354(a) to persuade the trial court
that it was authorized to resentence Defendant on all of his convictions, given that
all of his convictions were originally ‘imposed . . . at the same time’ within the
meaning of the statute.” State v. Oglesby, 2021-NCCOA-354, ¶ 45. According to the
majority, the legal argument that N.C.G.S. § 15A-1354(a) granted the resentencing
court the authority to run all of Oglesby’s convictions concurrently “was, at best,
resting on unsettled law, and at worst, meritless.” Id. ¶ 48. The majority concluded
that Oglesby’s counsel “did not act deficiently by failing to raise this speculative and
untested argument.” Id. ¶ 49.
1In addition, Oglesby argued that the trial court abused its discretion in choosing to
run his sentences consecutively rather than concurrently, and that it violated the Eighth
Amendment to order him to serve sentences collectively requiring him to spend 43 years in
prison before becoming parole eligible. The Court of Appeals unanimously rejected the first
argument and dismissed his Eighth Amendment claim without prejudice “such that it may
be asserted in a subsequent MAR, in anticipation of our Supreme Court’s forthcoming
decision in [State v. Kelliher, 873 S.E. 2d. 366, 2022-NCSC-77].” State v. Oglesby, 2021
NCCOA-354, ¶ 55. Neither party sought discretionary review of these aspects of the Court of
Appeals’ decision; accordingly, neither issue is presently before this Court, and Oglesby
remains free to pursue further relief under Kelliher in a subsequent MAR.
STATE V. OGLESBY
2022-NCSC-101
Opinion of the Court
¶ 13 With respect to the second prong of the Strickland test, prejudice, the majority
held that Oglesby “cannot show that he was prejudiced by defense counsel’s failure
to request that the trial court consider the armed robbery convictions for
resentencing.” Id. ¶ 50. According to the majority, “proving prejudice requires a
showing of ‘a reasonable probability’ that ‘the result of the proceeding would have
been different’ if counsel had not erred.” Id. (quoting State v. Lane, 271 N.C. App. 307,
312 (2020)). Applying this standard, the majority concluded that “even if defense
counsel had requested that the trial court consider the armed robbery sentences
under § 15A-1354(a), and even if the court was persuaded by this argument, we think
it a highly remote possibility that the trial court would have actually chosen to run
these sentences concurrently as [Oglesby] now requests.” Id. In the majority’s view,
the resentencing court had already heard “thorough arguments from both parties
regarding a range of mitigating and aggravating circumstances” and, “[b]ased on the
evidence presented . . . chose not to consolidate the two sentences that were before it
(murder and kidnapping), instead exercising its discretion to keep those sentences
consecutive.” Id. ¶¶ 51–52. Thus, “[g]iven that the trial court was apparently
unwilling to reduce [Oglesby’s] sentence by approximately 29 months via
consolidation of the murder and kidnapping sentences, it seems quite unlikely that
the trial court would have chosen to reduce his sentence by approximately 190
months via consolidation of the two armed robbery sentences.” Id. ¶ 52.
STATE V. OGLESBY
2022-NCSC-101
Opinion of the Court
¶ 14 Judge Arrowood dissented from the majority’s resolution of Oglesby’s IAC
claim. Id. ¶ 57 (Arrowood, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). According to
the dissent, N.C.G.S. § 15A-1345(a) clearly provided the resentencing court with the
authority and discretion to run all of Oglesby’s sentences concurrently because “[t]he
plain meaning of the statute includes defendant, as a person with ‘multiple sentences
of imprisonment’ imposed ‘at the same time[.]’ ” Id. ¶ 62. Yet “[a]t the resentencing
hearing, defendant’s trial counsel repeatedly described defendant’s robbery
sentences, one of which defendant had served and the other which was either already
or nearly complete, as unrelated and not before the trial court.” Id. ¶ 61. Therefore,
the dissent would have concluded that Oglesby’s “trial counsel’s insistence that the
armed robbery convictions were not before the court, when in fact it was in the trial
court’s discretion to consider them, was unreasonable and constitutes deficient
performance.” Id. ¶ 62. The dissent would also have concluded that Oglesby had
shown prejudice because “[i]t is substantially likely, not just conceivable, that the
trial court would have exercised its discretion to consider all of defendant’s
convictions in resentencing had defendant’s trial counsel presented the argument.”
Id. ¶ 64.
¶ 15 Oglesby timely filed a notice of appeal in this Court based on Judge Arrowood’s
dissent.
STATE V. OGLESBY
2022-NCSC-101
Opinion of the Court
III. Oglesby’s IAC claim
¶ 16 The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees to all
defendants the right to counsel in criminal proceedings. See, e.g., Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 684 (“[T]his Court has recognized that the Sixth Amendment right to counsel
exists, and is needed, in order to protect the fundamental right to a fair trial.”). The
right to counsel necessarily encompasses “the right to effective assistance of counsel.”
McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771 n. 14 (1970). To prevail on an IAC claim,
a defendant must generally satisfy the two-prong test set forth in Strickland:
First, the defendant must show that counsel’s performance
was deficient. This requires showing that counsel made
errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the
“counsel” guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth
Amendment. Second, the defendant must show that the
deficient performance prejudiced the defense. This
requires showing that counsel’s errors were so serious as to
deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is
reliable.
466 U.S. at 687; see also State v. Fair, 354 N.C. 131, 167 (2001) (“Attorney conduct
that falls below an objective standard of reasonableness and prejudices the defense
denies the defendant the right to effective assistance of counsel.”). With this familiar
two-prong test in mind, we turn to Oglesby’s IAC claim.
A. Deficient performance.
¶ 17 To prevail on the first prong of the Strickland test, “the defendant must show
that counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.”
STATE V. OGLESBY
2022-NCSC-101
Opinion of the Court
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. There exists a “strong presumption that counsel’s
conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Id. at 689.
“Counsel is given wide latitude in matters of strategy, and the burden to show that
counsel’s performance fell short of the required standard is a heavy one for defendant
to bear.” State v. McNeill, 371 N.C. 198, 218–19 (2018) (cleaned up). At the same time,
“this presumption is rebuttable.” State v. Allen, 378 N.C. 286, 2021-NCSC-88, ¶ 32.
“Once a defendant presents evidence rebutting the presumption of reasonableness,
the court is not at liberty to invent for counsel a strategic justification which counsel
does not offer and which the record does not disclose.” Id. (citing Wiggins v. Smith,
539 U.S. 510, 526–27 (2003)). Instead, when “further investigation” is required to
resolve a defendant’s IAC claim—for example, when further factual development is
needed because the “cold record” does not disclose information relevant to assessing
the reasonableness of counsel’s performance—the proper course is generally to
dismiss the claim without prejudice to allow for a hearing and further factfinding.
Fair, 354 N.C. at 166.
¶ 18 In this case, Oglesby contends that his counsel rendered deficient performance
at his resentencing hearing by failing to ask the court to consider running all of his
sentences concurrently and instead asserting that his two robbery convictions were
“not before this [c]ourt.” In rejecting this claim, the majority below relied principally
on its assessment of the legal merits of the argument Oglesby contends his counsel
STATE V. OGLESBY
2022-NCSC-101
Opinion of the Court
improperly failed to present: the argument that N.C.G.S. § 15A-1354(a) provided the
resentencing court with the authority to run Oglesby’s first-degree murder and first-
degree kidnapping sentences concurrently with his robbery with a dangerous weapon
sentences. Oglesby, 2021-NCCOA-354, ¶ 48. Based on its conclusion that the
argument Oglesby asserted his counsel should have raised was “speculative and
untested” and unsupported by precedent, the majority below held that Oglesby’s
counsel did not “act deficiently” at the resentencing hearing. Id. ¶ 49.
¶ 19 However, the majority’s assessment of N.C.G.S. § 15A-1354(a) is inconsistent
with the plain meaning of the statute. The relevant statutory provision provides in
full:
(a) Authority of Court.—When multiple sentences of
imprisonment are imposed on a person at the same time or
when a term of imprisonment is imposed on a person who
is already subject to an undischarged term of
imprisonment, including a term of imprisonment in
another jurisdiction, the sentences may run either
concurrently or consecutively, as determined by the court.
If not specified or not required by statute to run
consecutively, sentences shall run concurrently.
N.C.G.S. § 15A-1354(a) (2021) (emphasis added). Here, Oglesby’s sentences for first-
degree murder, first-degree kidnapping, and two counts of robbery with a dangerous
weapon—although arising out of two separate criminal transactions and underlying
proceedings—were “imposed . . . at the same time” by the trial court on 28 May 2004.
Accordingly, after converting Oglesby’s life without parole sentence to a life with
STATE V. OGLESBY
2022-NCSC-101
Opinion of the Court
parole sentence pursuant to North Carolina’s Miller-fix statute, N.C.G.S. § 15A-
1340.19A (2021), the resentencing court possessed the authority to choose to run his
life with parole sentence consecutively or concurrently with the other sentences
“imposed on [him] at the same time” as his original sentence, including his robbery
sentences. Cf. State v. Conner, 275 N.C. App. 758, 771 (2020), rev’d on other grounds,
2022-NCSC-79 (McGee, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (“[A]s a
statutory matter, the trial court may sentence a defendant for murder under the
Miller-fix statutes to life with parole and run that punishment consecutively [or
concurrently] to another sentence under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1354(a) so long as
doing so does not otherwise conflict with the provisions of the Miller-fix statutes.”).
¶ 20 Naturally, the Court of Appeals’ interpretation of N.C.G.S. § 15A-1354(a)
significantly influenced its assessment of the strength of Oglesby’s IAC claim: when
determining whether an attorney’s decision not to raise an argument during a
proceeding was “a matter of reasonable trial strategy,” Fair, 354 N.C. at 167, it
matters whether the argument the attorney chose to forego was plausible or fanciful,
see, e.g., State v. Garcell, 363 N.C. 10, 54 (2009) (concluding that counsel was not
deficient for failing to raise a particular legal argument “as [the argument] has no
application to this case”). Still, even operating under a correct understanding of the
significance of N.C.G.S. § 15A-1354(a), it is not certain at this stage that Oglesby’s
counsel performed deficiently.
STATE V. OGLESBY
2022-NCSC-101
Opinion of the Court
¶ 21 The record does not disclose whether counsel’s failure to urge the resentencing
court to use its discretion to run Oglesby’s murder and kidnapping sentences
concurrently with his robbery sentences reflected a conscious strategic choice on
counsel’s part or counsel’s own misapprehension of the relevant law. In theory,
counsel could have concluded that further consideration of the facts surrounding the
other two offenses would be extremely prejudicial to her client and that a more
modest request to simply run the murder and kidnapping sentences concurrently was
more likely to be successful. Oglesby now argues that such a factual inquiry is
unnecessary because on its face it could not have been a reasonable strategy to take
the armed robbery charges off the table, but that is the kind of determination that an
appellate court should leave to a factfinder. Ordinarily, the proper course under these
circumstances would be to remand for an evidentiary hearing on the question of
whether counsel made a strategic choice not to make this argument. See McNeill, 360
N.C. at 251–52 (“[W]hen an appellate court determines further development of the
facts would be required before application of the Strickland test, the Court should
dismiss the defendant’s [claim] without prejudice.”); cf. State v. Cozart, 260 N.C. App.
96, 103 (2018) (dismissing a defendant’s IAC claim without prejudice because “[t]here
is insufficient evidence in the record on appeal to reach the merits of Defendant’s IAC
claim”).
¶ 22 But remand is unnecessary in this case because, for reasons more fully
STATE V. OGLESBY
2022-NCSC-101
Opinion of the Court
explained below, the record and the trial court’s order are sufficient to assure us that
Oglesby could not have been prejudiced by his counsel’s failure to raise this particular
legal argument at his resentencing hearing. Of course, it is not always possible to
resolve a defendant’s prejudice claim by looking to a cold record that was itself shaped
by counsel’s allegedly deficient performance. When “the result of the particular
proceeding is unreliable because of a breakdown in the adversarial process that our
system counts on to produce just results,” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 696, denying a
defendant’s IAC claim on direct appeal on the grounds that he cannot show prejudice
based on a suspect record is inconsistent with the right the Sixth Amendment
protects.
¶ 23 Thus, an appellate court’s decision to deny or dismiss an IAC claim depends in
part on that court’s confidence in the record produced during the underlying
proceeding. See State v. Phillips, 365 N.C. 103, 122 (2011) (concluding that it was
appropriate to assess a defendant’s IAC claim by applying Strickland because “the
facts do not make it impractical to determine whether defendant suffered prejudice”).
By extension, the nature of the deficient performance an attorney allegedly rendered
may be relevant in deciding whether it is appropriate to dispose of an IAC claim on
direct appeal on prejudice grounds alone. If a defendant alleges that counsel
performed deficiently in a manner that could plausibly undermine the validity of the
adversarial proceeding as a mechanism for ascertaining facts—for example, by a
STATE V. OGLESBY
2022-NCSC-101
Opinion of the Court
failure to call witnesses who would have contributed to the evidentiary record or by
a failure to raise a legal argument that deprived the defendant of an opportunity to
introduce supporting evidence—then it may not be feasible to resolve an IAC claim
on direct appeal on prejudice grounds alone. Cf. In re B.B., 2022-NCSC-67, ¶ 43
(resolving IAC claim on prejudice grounds in case where “[t]he trial court had the
totality of the evidence before [it]”).
¶ 24 By contrast, in this case, Oglesby does not allege that his counsel was deficient
in a way that would undermine the validity of the resentencing hearing as a means
of eliciting the facts and information necessary for the court to exercise its discretion
to decide between ordering Oglesby to serve consecutive or concurrent sentences.
Oglesby alleges solely that his counsel rendered deficient performance by failing to
advance a discrete legal argument that was implicitly rejected by the trial court’s
specific findings that consecutive sentences were warranted. Accordingly, given the
nature of Oglesby’s IAC claim here and the logic of the resentencing court’s ultimate
decision, we need not remand for further factual findings because we can assess
whether Oglesby could have been prejudiced by his counsel’s failure to make the
argument that all four sentences should have run consecutively as requested in his
MAR.
B. Prejudice.
¶ 25 In order to prevail on an IAC claim, “a defendant must [also] demonstrate that
STATE V. OGLESBY
2022-NCSC-101
Opinion of the Court
[counsel’s] deficient performance prejudiced the defense, which requires a showing
that ‘counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial
whose result is reliable.’ ” State v. Todd, 369 N.C. 707, 710–11 (2017) (quoting
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687). “To prove prejudice, ‘[t]he defendant must show that
there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.’ ” Allen, 2021-NCSC-
88, ¶ 27 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).
¶ 26 Here, Oglesby contends that he was prejudiced by his counsel’s assertedly
deficient performance at the resentencing hearing because he “may have received a
shorter sentence had his counsel presented” the argument that the court could
“reconsider how the robbery convictions were run.” The problem with this argument
is that the resentencing court heard all of Oglesby’s mitigating evidence and chose
not to run his murder sentence concurrently with his kidnapping sentence. As noted
above, when presented with the opportunity to run Oglesby’s life with parole sentence
concurrently with his kidnapping sentence of 29 to 44 months, the resentencing court
expressly concluded that “consecutive sentences are warranted by the facts presented
at the resentencing hearing.” In essence, Oglesby asks us to speculate that the court,
presented with the exact same evidence, would have chosen to run his life with parole
sentence concurrently with at least one of his robbery sentences of 95 to 123 months.
STATE V. OGLESBY
2022-NCSC-101
Opinion of the Court
We would have to conclude it was a reasonable probability that while choosing not to
shorten his sentence by two and a half to three and a half years, the trial court
nevertheless would have chosen to shorten his sentence by at least eight to ten years.
This counterintuitive assertion is insufficient to demonstrate prejudice.
¶ 27 Furthermore, the sentences that the resentencing court chose not to run
concurrently both arose out of the same criminal transaction. The resentencing court
chose to reject counsel’s argument that running the life with parole and kidnapping
sentences concurrently was appropriate because “the kidnapping charge is part of . . .
that felony murder,” in that the kidnapping formed part of the “felonious conduct
leading up to a death.” This choice indicates that the resentencing court believed
Oglesby should be punished separately for each of his crimes. Oglesby offers no basis
for his assertion that there is any “reasonable probability” that the resentencing court
would have deviated from its approach had it also been asked to consider his
sentences imposed for separate crimes he committed on different days.
¶ 28 Finally, Oglesby echoes the dissenting opinion at the Court of Appeals in
arguing that “[i]t is substantially likely, not just conceivable, that the trial court
would have exercised its discretion to consider all of defendant’s convictions in
resentencing had defendant’s trial counsel presented the argument.” Oglesby, 2021-
NCCOA-354, ¶ 64 (Arrowood, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). But the
possibility that the court would have considered Oglesby’s robbery sentences when
STATE V. OGLESBY
2022-NCSC-101
Opinion of the Court
exercising its discretion is not enough under the second prong of Strickland: while “a
defendant need not show that counsel’s deficient conduct more likely than not altered
the outcome in the case,” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693, the possibility that a court may
have arrived at the same result by way of a slightly different path does not
demonstrate that “the result of the particular proceeding is unreliable because of a
breakdown in the adversarial process that our system counts on to produce just
results,” id. at 696.
IV. Conclusion
¶ 29 The Court of Appeals erred in characterizing as “speculative and untested”
Oglesby’s argument that the resentencing court could have run his murder and
kidnapping sentences concurrently with his robbery sentences arising out of a
different criminal transaction. Oglesby, 2021-NCCOA-354, ¶ 49. In a Miller
resentencing hearing, the resentencing court possesses the authority and the
discretion to run any sentences “imposed . . . at the same time or . . . imposed on a
person who is already subject to an undischarged term of imprisonment . . . either
concurrently or consecutively, as determined by the court.” N.C.G.S. § 15A-1354(a).
Nevertheless, the Court of Appeals correctly concluded that Oglesby could not
demonstrate prejudice even if his counsel rendered deficient performance by failing
to advance this argument at the resentencing hearing. Because the resentencing
court was not deprived of any evidence or argument that could have influenced its
STATE V. OGLESBY
2022-NCSC-101
Opinion of the Court
decision to run Oglesby’s murder and kidnapping sentences consecutively, Oglesby’s
IAC claim is properly disposed of on prejudice grounds alone. Accordingly, we modify
and affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals denying Oglesby’s IAC claim.
MODIFIED AND AFFIRMED.