K4C6R , 828 S.E.2d 677 ( 2019 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA18-1008
Filed: 7 May 2019
New Hanover County, No. 16 CVS 1449
K4C6R, LLC, PORTERS NECK PLANTATION, INC. and FOREST CREEK
PLANTATION, INC., Plaintiffs,
v.
JOHN A. ELMORE, II, PORTERS NECK COMPANY, INC., and FOREST CREEK
VENTURES, INC., Defendants.
Appeal by defendants from order entered 29 December 2017 by Judge Charles
H. Henry in New Hanover County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals
27 March 2019.
Murchison, Taylor & Gibson PLLC, by Andrew K. McVey, for plaintiff-
appellees.
Law Offices of G. Grady Richardson, Jr., P.C., by G. Grady Richardson, Jr., for
defendant-appellants.
ARROWOOD, Judge.
John A. Elmore, II (“Mr. Elmore”), Porters Neck Company, Inc. (“PNC”), and
Forest Creek Ventures, Inc. (“FCV”) (collectively, “defendants”) appeal from an order
denying their motion for summary judgment in part, and granting it in part. For the
reasons stated herein, we affirm in part, and reverse in part.
I. Background
K4C6R, LLC V. ELMORE
DILLON, J., dissenting
Mr. Elmore and Mr. Lionel L. Yow, Jr. (“Mr. Yow”) formed PNC in or about
1991 to own and develop residential real property in Porters Neck. Thereafter, Mr.
Elmore and Mr. Yow formed FCV to own and develop residential real property in
Forest Creek. Mr. Yow filed for bankruptcy in 2011. During the administration of
the bankruptcy, K4C6R, LLC (“K4C6R”) successfully bid on Mr. Yow’s interest in
PNC and FCV, resulting in Mr. Elmore and K4C6R each owning fifty percent (50%)
of PNC and FCV.
Due to disputes between the two owners, the parties executed a written
contract (the “division agreement”) the intent of which was to distribute half of the
real estate assets each to Mr. Elmore and to K4C6R respectively. To that end, the
division agreement distributed fifty percent (50%) of PNC and FCV’s assets to K4C6R
in exchange for its shares of stock in the PNC and FCV companies. Porters Neck
Plantation, Inc. (“PNP”) was established as K4C6R’s successor entity with respect to
the properties in Porters Neck that K4C6R received in the division, and Forest Creek
Plantation, Inc. (“FCP”) was established as K4C6R’s successor entity with respect to
its properties in Forest Creek. The division agreement contained a right of first
refusal (“ROFR”), which provides:
K4C6R, on the one hand, and PNC and FCV, on the other,
each grants the other a right of first refusal with respect to
the sale of the undeveloped Forest Creek property, to be
triggered by a bona fide third[-]party offer to purchase the
undeveloped property, provided, however, that this right of
first refusal shall apply only to cash-only sales.
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DILLON, J., dissenting
On or about 30 September 2015, FCP received an offer to purchase all of FCP’s
developed and undeveloped property (“the third-party offer” or “the offer”). Although
the ROFR is only for undeveloped Forest Creek property, the third-party offer did not
allocate the amount being offered for the undeveloped property. FCP forwarded the
offer to defendants, who inquired what portion of the offer was allocated to
undeveloped property. FCP did not provide this information, and defendants did not
waive the ROFR rights or make an offer. Eventually, the offer expired.
On 2 May 2016, K4C6R, FCP, and PNP (collectively, “plaintiffs”) filed a
complaint against defendants seeking declaratory judgment as to the parties’ rights
under the division agreement and injunctive relief, and to recover damages for breach
of contract.
Defendants answered the complaint and filed counterclaims on or about
9 September 2016. Plaintiffs answered the counterclaims on 10 November 2016. On
20 November 2016, defendants moved for summary judgment. The matter came on
for hearing before the Honorable Charles H. Henry on 6 December 2017, in New
Hanover Superior Court.
The trial court entered an order on 29 December 2017 granting summary
judgment in part and denying it in part. Conclusion of law 5 of the order interprets
the division agreement’s ROFR as follows.
a. That the right of first refusal possessed by Porters Neck
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Company Inc. and Forest Creek Ventures, Inc. is
limited to offers that contemplate the cash sale of
undeveloped property within the Forest Creek
subdivision or the cash sale of developed property and
undeveloped property within the Forest Creek
subdivision where the offer delineates the amount of the
offer that pertains to the undeveloped property. This
same interpretation applies to K4C6R’s right of first
refusal as well.
b. The Division Agreement requires that in order to
entertain any “cash only” offers that contemplate the
sale of any undeveloped property, the offeror must
allocate the amount being offered for the undeveloped
property so a party can decide whether to exercise its
right of first refusal.
c. If presented with a cash offer to purchase undeveloped
property within the Forest Creek subdivision by a bona
fide third[-]party, Porters Neck Company Inc. and
Forest Creek Ventures, Inc. will have thirty days to
exercise their right of first refusal. This same time
limitation applies to K4C6R’s right of first refusal as
well.
d. There exists no right of first refusal in which the seller
finances all of the purchase price of the undeveloped
land.
The 29 December 2017 order did not determine all of the claims involved in the
action. The remaining claims came on for trial before the Honorable Anna Mills
Wagoner at the 19 March 2018 civil jury term in New Hanover Superior Court. The
trial court entered an order concluding all claims in dispute between the parties on
5 April 2018.
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K4C6R, LLC V. ELMORE
DILLON, J., dissenting
Defendants filed notice of appeal from the Honorable Judge Charles H. Henry’s
order on 4 May 2018.
II. Discussion
On appeal, defendants argue the trial court erroneously interpreted the ROFR
in its 29 December 2017 order because: (1) conclusion of law 5(a) could be read to
hold the ROFR applies to offers to purchase both developed and undeveloped land
only if the offer specifies the amount designated to purchase the undeveloped
property; (2) the parties’ ROFR is not limited to cash payment offers; and (3) the
division agreement does not state that there is no ROFR if the seller finances all of
the purchase price of the undeveloped land. We address each argument in turn.
“Our standard of review of an appeal from summary judgment is de novo; such
judgment is appropriate only when the record shows that ‘there is no genuine issue
as to any material fact and that any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of
law.’ ” In re Will of Jones, 362 N.C. 569, 573, 669 S.E.2d 572, 576 (2008) (quoting
Forbis v. Neal, 361 N.C. 519, 524, 649 S.E.2d 382, 385 (2007)).
“The construction of a contract is a matter of law for the courts when the
language is plain and unambiguous.” Gillespie v. DeWitt, 53 N.C. App. 252, 266, 280
S.E.2d 736, 746 (citations omitted), disc. rev. denied, 304 N.C. 390, 285 S.E.2d 832(1981). Where, as here, the parties “differ as to the interpretation of language[,]” the
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DILLON, J., dissenting
language can still be unambiguous. Walton v. City of Raleigh, 342 N.C. 879, 881-82,
467 S.E.2d 410, 412 (1996).
The parties do not dispute that the division agreement’s provision for a ROFR
is unambiguous. We agree. The division agreement provides:
K4C6R, on the one hand, and PNC and FCV, on the other,
each grants the other a right of first refusal with respect to
the sale of the undeveloped Forest Creek property, to be
triggered by a bona fide third[-]party offer to purchase the
undeveloped property, provided, however, that this right of
first refusal shall apply only to cash-only sales.
In other words, this provision grants each party a ROFR with respect to the
sale of undeveloped Forest Creek property that is triggered by a bona fide third-party
offer to purchase the undeveloped property. It does not limit the ROFR to situations
where the third-party only offers to purchase undeveloped property. Therefore, a
party is not deprived of its ROFR when a third-party offers for both undeveloped and
developed Forest Creek property in the same offer. Further, if a third-party does offer
for both undeveloped and developed Forest Creek property, that third-party must
specify which portion of its offer is allocated for the undeveloped property so that
K4C6R on the one hand, and PNC and FCV on the other, have the opportunity to
exercise its ROFR as to the undeveloped Forest Creek property. The division
agreement then limits this right by utilizing the limiting language “provided,
however,” explaining that the ROFR is only triggered by cash only sales.
A. Third-Party Offers for Both Developed and Undeveloped Land
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DILLON, J., dissenting
As defendants’ first issue on appeal, they contend conclusion of law 5(a) is in
error because it could be read to hold the ROFR applies to offers to purchase both
developed and undeveloped land only if the offer allocates the amount of the offer
offered to purchase the undeveloped property, even though the division agreement
does not contain this limitation. We agree.
According to conclusion of law 5(a),
the right of first refusal possessed by Porters Neck
Company Inc. and Forest Creek Ventures, Inc. is limited to
offers that contemplate the cash sale of undeveloped
property within the Forest Creek subdivision or the cash
sale of developed property and undeveloped property
within the Forest Creek subdivision where the offer
delineates the amount of the offer that pertains to the
undeveloped property. This same interpretation applies to
K4C6R’s right of first refusal as well.
(Emphasis added). Because this conclusion states that the ROFR is limited to: (1) a
third-party offer only for undeveloped land; or (2) a third-party offer for both
undeveloped and developed land where the offer allocates the amount offered to
purchase the undeveloped property, the conclusion erroneously suggests that the
division agreement does not provide a ROFR if a third-party offer for both
undeveloped and developed land fails to delineate the amount of the offer that
pertains to the undeveloped property. This interpretation of the ROFR would go
against the purpose of the ROFR, contradict the plain language of the division
agreement, and conflict with conclusion of law 5(b).
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K4C6R, LLC V. ELMORE
DILLON, J., dissenting
The purpose of the ROFR in the division agreement is to give either party the
right to purchase undeveloped property before it can be sold to a third-party. The
plain language of the division agreement supports this purpose, and does not limit
offers for both undeveloped and developed land to those offers that allocate the
amount of the offer intended to purchase the undeveloped property. Such a limitation
cannot be read into the division agreement. Otherwise, a party could be deprived of
their ROFR simply by the third-party offeror offering for both undeveloped and
developed land, and failing to allocate the funds offered between the two types of land.
This result would create a loophole in conflict with conclusion of law 5(b), which
concludes: “The Division Agreement requires that in order to entertain any ‘cash
only’ offers that contemplate the sale of any undeveloped property, the offeror must
allocate the amount being offered for the undeveloped property so a party can decide
whether to exercise its right of first refusal.”
Therefore, because we agree with defendant that there is a potential for
conclusion of law 5(a) to be read as causing the order to be inconsistent both with the
agreement’s purpose, plain language, and conclusion of law 5(b), we hold that to the
extent conclusion of law 5(a) could be read to say the ROFR applies to offers to
purchase both developed and undeveloped land only if the offer delineates the amount
designated to the undeveloped property, it is reversed. In all other respects, it is
affirmed.
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K4C6R, LLC V. ELMORE
DILLON, J., dissenting
B. Cash Sales
Next, defendants argue the trial court’s conclusion of law 5(a) that the parties’
ROFR is limited to third-party offeror’s cash payment offers is erroneous because the
division agreement’s provision that the “right of first refusal shall apply only to cash-
only sales” should be interpreted to mean that the party exercising the ROFR must
pay cash to purchase the property at issue. We disagree.
The plain language of the division agreement’s requirement that the “right of
first refusal shall apply only to cash-only sales” clearly provides that the parties’
ROFR only applies when a third-party offeror makes a cash offer to purchase
undeveloped property. Defendants’ argument that this plain language interpretation
undermines the parties’ intent is without merit. “The intent of the parties is
determined by examining the plain language of the contract[,]” Brown v. Ginn, 181
N.C. App. 563, 567, 640 S.E.2d 787, 790, disc. rev. denied, 361 N.C. 350, 645 S.E.2d
766 (2007), which, here, plainly limits the ROFR’s applicability to cash only sales.
Accordingly, defendants’ argument is without merit.
C. Seller-Financing
Because the trial court did not err in concluding that the division agreement
limits the parties’ ROFR to third-party offers of cash payment, it follows that
defendants’ third argument, that the trial court erred by limiting the parties’ right of
first refusal to offers not involving seller-financing, as described by conclusion of law
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5(d), is without merit. The agreement explicitly limits the ROFR’s applicability to
cash only sales; thus, there exists no right of first refusal in which the seller finances
all of the purchase price of the undeveloped land.
III. Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s order in part, and reverse
in part to the extent that conclusion of law 5(a) could be read to hold that the division
agreement’s ROFR only applies to offers to purchase both developed and undeveloped
property only if the offer delineates the amount designated to the undeveloped
property.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART.
Judge BRYANT concurs.
Judge DILLON concurs in part and dissents in part by separate opinion.
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No. COA18-1008 – K4C6R, LLC, v. Elmore
DILLON, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
Plaintiff and Defendant were partners in a partially-developed subdivision,
known as Forest Creek.1 Because of a dispute, the parties entered into a division
agreement which provided, in relevant part, that each would receive about half of the
developed and undeveloped properties in Forest Creek. The division agreement
contained a right of first refusal (“ROFR”), to apply to “cash-only sales” of the
“undeveloped Forest Creek property.” That is, the ROFR granted each party the first
right to purchase the other party’s undeveloped property in Forest Creek should the
other party ever decide to sell it. The ROFR did not apply to any of the developed
property. Sometime later, Plaintiff received an offer from a third party to purchase
both its developed and undeveloped Forest Creek property. A question presented is
whether such an offer triggers the ROFR.
The majority holds that the ROFR is triggered where Plaintiff agrees to sell its
undeveloped property (burdened by the ROFR) along with its developed property
(unburdened by the ROFR) to a third party; that, to exercise the ROFR, Defendant is
only required to purchase Plaintiff’s undeveloped property; and that, to accommodate
Defendant’s purchase, should Defendant exercise its ROFR, Plaintiff and the third
party must delineate what portion of the purchase price in their contract is
attributable to the undeveloped property.
1 They were also partners in another subdivision, which is not the subject of this present
dispute.
K4C6R, LLC V. ELMORE
DILLON, J., dissenting
I agree that the ROFR is triggered where Plaintiff agrees to sell its
undeveloped property as part of a package deal to a third party, but I disagree with
the remedy fashioned by the majority. For the reasons stated below, I conclude that,
to exercise the ROFR, Defendant must generally match the third-party offer, by
agreeing to purchase both Plaintiff’s developed and undeveloped properties, for the
price agreed to in the third-party offer. But if Defendant can show that the packaging
of the properties was done by Plaintiff in bad faith, the Defendant may exercise its
ROFR by purchasing the undeveloped property alone for its fair market value.
The majority further holds that the ROFR is never triggered where the third-
party offer involves any amount of seller financing, based on the “cash-only”
language. Though I generally agree with the majority on this point, for the reasons
stated in section II. below, I conclude that the ROFR may also be triggered where a
financing provision is included by Plaintiff in a deal with a third-party in bad faith.
I. Right of First Refusal
North Carolina allows ROFR’s, also known as preemptive rights. Smith v.
Mitchell, 301 N.C. 58, 61, 269 S.E.2d 608, 610-11 (1980). However, to be enforceable,
the ROFR must be “reasonable,” as a ROFR is a restraint on alienation, which are
generally disfavored in the law. Id. at 62, 269 S.E.2d at 611.
North Carolina has yet to opine as to whether and how a ROFR is triggered
when “the owner of the property attempts to sell [the property burdened by the
2
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DILLON, J., dissenting
ROFR] as part of a larger package of properties and the preemptive right agreement
is silent on this matter.” 1 Webster’s Real Estate Law in North Carolina § 9.04 (2017).
Nationally, “[c]ourts have chosen from among five different forms of relief in resolving
[this] problem.” Bernard Daskal, NOTE: RIGHTS OF FIRST REFUSAL AND THE
PACKAGE DEAL, 22 Fordham Urb. L.J. 461, *469 (1995).
One approach, followed most notably by the Nevada Supreme Court, holds that
the ROFR is not triggered at all where the owner of land burdened by a ROFR
contracts to sell the land with other land: the right-holder precludes himself from
exercising such a right by failing to account for this situation in the agreement which
grants him the ROFR. See Crow-Spieker v. Helms Constr., 731 P.2d 348 (Nev. 1987).
One criticism with this approach is that a seller of burdened property could avoid
triggering the ROFR when selling burdened property by simply including some
nominal, unburdened property as part of the deal with the third-party offeror,
thereby bypassing the obligation of having to offer the property first to the right-
holder.
A second approach also holds that the ROFR is not triggered but that the right-
holder does have the right to enjoin the sale to the third-party. See, e.g., Manella v.
Brown Co., 537 F. Supp. 1226, 1229 (D. Mass. 1982); see also Chapman v. Mutual Life
Ins. Co., 800 P.2d 1147, 1152 (Wyo. 1990); Myers v. Lovetinsky, 189 N.W.2d 571, 576
(Iowa 1971). That is, under this approach, the ROFR right-holder would have no
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DILLON, J., dissenting
right to purchase the burdened land; but he could seek an injunction to prevent the
seller from selling to a third party. This approach, though, heightens the restraint
on alienation. It may be that the seller wants to sell all his property, not just the
burdened portion, or may have a difficult time selling all his property if it must be
broken up. Further there may be an economic benefit of selling the burdened
property with the unburdened property that would be lost if the seller was not able
to sell all his property to a single buyer.
The third approach recognizes that the ROFR is triggered and that the right-
holder’s remedy is to seek specific performance to purchase the burdened property
without having any obligation to purchase the unburdened property. See, e.g., Pantry
Pride Enters. v. Stop & Shop Cos., 806 F.2d 1227, 1229 (4th Cir. 1986); see also Berry-
Iverson Co. v. Johnson, 242 N.W.2d 126, 134 (N.D. 1976). However, jurisdictions
following this approach differ on how to establish the price for the burdened land
alone, since triggering offers from third parties often do not break down the price
between the burdened and unburdened properties. Id. For instance, a California
court has held that, to exercise his ROFR in the burdened property, the price to be
paid by the right-holder is its fair market value, irrespective of whether the third
party offered a fair market value for the entire package. See Maron v. Howard, 258
Cal App. 2d 473, 488 (1968). The Michigan Supreme Court, though, has held that
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DILLON, J., dissenting
the right-holder must pay the pro rata portion attributable to the burdened property
of the price offered by the third party for the entire package.2
It is this third approach which the majority follows in the present case.
However, I have not found a case which follows the approach the majority takes in
establishing the price Defendant must pay for the burdened property to exercise its
ROFR. Specifically, the majority directs Plaintiff and the third-party offeror to
determine which portion of the purchase price in the triggering offer is attributable
to the burdened property. This approach is problematic, in my view, for a number of
reasons. First, Plaintiff could easily thwart Defendant’s right simply by attributing
an unreasonably greater portion of the purchase price to the burdened property. On
the other hand, even if Plaintiff made an “honest” pro rata delineation, this approach
fails to recognize the possibility that Plaintiff was willing to sell multiple properties
at a discount if sold together. See, e.g., Smith v. Troxler, 90 S.E.2d 482, 488 (S.C.
1955) (stating that a seller should “not be compelled to sell one of these lots if he only
desired to sell them as a whole”).
2 Suppose that a third party offered the seller $3 million for burdened and unburdened
property and suppose that the unburdened property was worth twice as much as the burdened
property. Under the California approach, the right-holder would have the right to purchase the
burdened property for its fair market value, taking no account of the $3 million offer. Under the
Michigan approach, the right-holder would have the right to purchase the burdened property for $2
million, as this assumes that $2 million of the purchase price is attributable to the burdened property
and $1 million is attributable to the unburdened property.
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The fourth approach3 is similar to the third approach, recognizing that the
ROFR provision is triggered, but that the right-holder must agree to purchase the
entire package of properties, even those not burdened by the ROFR. See Capalongo
v. Giles, 425 N.Y.S.2d 225, 228 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1980), rev’d on other grounds 425
N.Y.S.2d 225 (1981); see also First Nat'l Exch. Bank v. Roanoke Oil Co., Inc., 192 S.E.
764 (Va. 1937) (recognizing the right-holder’s right to purchase the burdened and
unburdened lands where a third party has offered to purchase both as a package).
This approach, in essence, applies a “mirror image” rule. See Bramble v. Thomas,
914 A.2d 136, 144 (Md. Ct. App. 2007) (applying “mirror image rule” to the exercise
of a ROFR); Miller v. LeSea Broad, 87 F.3d 224, 226 (7th Cir. 1996) (endorsing a
mirror image rule in the context of a ROFR).
For the following reasons, I believe that this fourth approach is more in
harmony with North Carolina law. To be sure, this issue is one of first impression in
North Carolina. And in fashioning a rule, we must remember that ROFR’s are
restraints against alienation, which are generally disfavored in our State. See Smith,
301 N.C. at 62, 269 S.E.2d at 611. We must also remember that any seller who
attempts to sell land burdened by a ROFR to a third party has a duty of good faith
3 The law review article cites this fourth approach as its fifth approach. The article describes
as its fourth approach the remedy generally available in any contract claim, the right to seek monetary
damages rather than specific performance, citing a Kansas Supreme Court opinion. Anderson v.
Armour & Co., 473 P.2d 84, 89 (Kan. 1970). I believe that this remedy is available in lieu of specific
performance, where a ROFR provision as been breached.
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and fair dealing to the right-holder. See, e.g., Blondell v. Ahmed, 247 N.C. App. 480,
484, 786 S.E.2d 405, ___ (2016), aff’d per curiam, 370 N.C. 82, 804 S.E.2d 183 (2017)
(recognizing that every contract includes an implied covenant of good faith and fair
dealing).
I conclude that a right-holder must match all of the terms of the third-party
offer, applying a “mirror image” rule, unless the landowner packages the burdened
property with unburdened property in bad faith. See Weber v. Wilde, 575 P.2d 1053,
1055 (Utah 1978) (implying that when terms are added in good faith to a triggering
offer, and not with the ulterior purpose of defeating a ROFR, the terms of the
triggering offer must be matched exactly); Brownies Creek v. Asher Coal, 417 S.W.2d
249, 252 (Ky. 1967) (holding that the “defeat of the [ROFR] should not be allowed by
use of special, peculiar terms or conditions not made in good faith”). This approach
recognizes our policy that ROFR’s should be construed as to provide the least
impediment on a seller’s right to alienate property. Also, this approach is harmonious
with the general contract principle that a “meeting of the minds [] requires an offer
and acceptance in the exact terms[.]” Normile v. Miller, 313 N.C. 98, 103, 326 S.E.2d
11, 15 (1985). And, at the same time, this approach recognizes that any contract
provision contains an implied duty of good faith and fair dealing.
Therefore, I conclude that in the present case, where the ROFR provision is
silent on package sales, there is a strong presumption that Defendant may only
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exercise its ROFR by matching the terms of the triggering offer. 1 Webster’s Real
Estate Law in North Carolina § 9.04 (2017) (defining a preemptive right as the right-
holder having the right “to match bona fide offers” (emphasis added)). But I also
conclude that this presumption may be overcome by Defendant – whereby Defendant
may be allowed to exercise the ROFR by purchasing only the burdened property – if
it shows that Plaintiff packaged the burdened property with the unburdened property
in bad faith.
II. “Cash-Only”/Seller Financing
The majority concludes that the ROFR is only triggered by third-party offers
that are for cash; i.e., offers that do not require a trade or any amount of seller
financing. It could be argued that the “cash-only” provision in the ROFR at issue does
not prevent the ROFR from triggering where a triggering offer includes seller
financing, but that the “cash-only” language only requires that Defendant make a
cash tender of equal value to properly exercise the ROFR. But it could also be argued
that the parties meant for the ROFR to be triggered only where Plaintiff has accepted
a “cash-only” offer because there may be situations where Plaintiff may want to
employ seller financing for a portion of the price for tax reasons or other reasons.
This ambiguity should be resolved by strictly construing the provision against
creating a restraint on alienation. As such, I generally agree with the majority that
the ROFR is only triggered where the third-party offer is a cash-only offer. But I
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DILLON, J., dissenting
conclude that the ROFR may also be triggered even where a third-party offer is not
for all cash if the alternate form of payment in the triggering offer is included in bad
faith. In such case, Defendant should be allowed to purchase the property for an
equivalent value in cash.
I do note that the trial court’s conclusions are inconsistent. Specifically, while
paragraph 5(a) of the order concludes that only cash sales trigger the ROFR, 5(d)
concludes that the ROFR fails to trigger only where “the seller finances all of the
purchase price[.]” That is, 5(a) restricts the right of first refusal to cash-only deals,
but 5(d) seems to allow for the ROFR to be triggered even where the seller agrees to
finance a portion (but not all) of the purchase price. I would reverse these
inconsistent conclusions based on my view that only cash sales trigger the ROFR,
except where a non-cash tender provision is included in a triggering offer in bad faith.
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