Lakins v. The Western N.C. Conf. of the United Methodist Church ( 2022 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
2022-NCCOA-337
No. COA21-415
Filed 17 May 2022
Mecklenburg County, No. 20 CVS 5985
MICHAEL LAKINS, Plaintiff,
v.
THE WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA CONFERENCE OF THE UNITED
METHODIST CHURCH (a/k/a WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA CONFERENCE);
and THE CHILDREN’S HOME, INCORPORATED (a/k/a THE CHILDREN’S
HOME, a/k/a THE CROSSNORE SCHOOL & CHILDREN’S HOME, a/k/a
CROSSNORE CHILDREN’S HOME), Defendants.
Appeal by defendants, by writ of certiorari, from order entered 22 March 2021
by Judge Lisa C. Bell in Mecklenburg County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of
Appeals 9 February 2022.
Janet Janet & Suggs, LLC, by Richard Serbin and Matthew White, for plaintiff-
appellee.
Ogletree, Deakins, Nash, Smoak & Stewart, P.C., by Kelly S. Hughes, and
Ashley P. Cuttino, pro hac vice, for defendant-appellant The Western North
Carolina Conference of the United Methodist Church (a/k/a Western North
Carolina Conference).
Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough LLP, by Lorin J. Lapidus, G. Gray Wilson,
and D. Martin Warf, for defendant-appellant The Children’s Home,
Incorporated (a/k/a The Children’s Home, a/k/a The Crossnore School &
Children’s Home, a/k/a Crossnore Children’s Home).
ZACHARY, Judge.
¶1 Defendants The Western North Carolina Conference of the United Methodist
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Church (“UMC”) and The Children’s Home, Incorporated (“TCH”) appeal from the
trial court’s order granting Plaintiff Michael Lakins’s motion to transfer Defendants’
motions to dismiss, which raised constitutional challenges to a portion of the Sexual
Assault Fast Reporting and Enforcement Act, to a three-judge panel of the Wake
County Superior Court pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 1-267.1(a1), 1-81.1(a1), and
1A-1, Rule 42(b)(4) (2021) (collectively, the “three-judge panel provisions”). After
careful review, we vacate and remand to the trial court for further proceedings.
Background
¶2 The Sexual Assault Fast Reporting and Enforcement Act (“the Act”) was
enacted in 2019 to “strengthen and modernize” our sexual assault laws. See An Act
to Protect Children from Sexual Abuse and to Strengthen and Modernize Sexual
Assault Laws, S.L. 2019-245, 2019 N.C. Sess. Laws 1231. Among other revisions, the
Act extended to ten years the statute of limitations for a civil action based on sexual
abuse suffered while a minor. Id. § 4.1, 2019 N.C. Sess. Laws at 1234; see N.C. Gen.
Stat. §§ 1-17(d), 1-52(16). Further, it provided that “a plaintiff may file a civil action
within two years of the date of a criminal conviction for a related felony sexual offense
against a defendant for claims related to sexual abuse suffered while the plaintiff was
under 18 years of age.” S.L. 2019-245, § 4.1, 2019 N.C. Sess. Laws at 1234; see N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 1-17(e). The Act also contained a provision, effective from 1 January 2020
to 31 December 2021, that revived “any civil action for child sexual abuse otherwise
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time-barred under G.S. 1-52 as it existed immediately before” the Act’s passage. See
S.L. 2019-245, § 4.2(b), 2019 N.C. Sess. Laws at 1235 (the “revival section”).
¶3 On 15 April 2020, Plaintiff filed a complaint against UMC and TCH, an
orphanage that Plaintiff alleged in his complaint was opened and operated by UMC.
Plaintiff sought damages for injuries resulting from sexual abuse by his “house
parents,” which allegedly occurred at TCH when Plaintiff was a minor in the 1970s
and residing at the orphanage. In his complaint, Plaintiff asserted claims for
negligence; negligent hiring, retention, and supervision; breach of fiduciary duty; and
constructive fraud. Plaintiff also maintained that his otherwise time-barred claims
were revived by the Act.
¶4 Defendants UMC and TCH filed their respective motions to dismiss pursuant
to Rule 12(b)(6) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure on 26 and 30 June
2020, challenging, inter alia, the constitutionality of the Act’s revival section as
applied to Defendants. UMC further asserted that the claims should be dismissed
pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.
¶5 On 15 December 2020, Plaintiff filed a motion to transfer Defendants’ motions
to dismiss challenging the Act’s constitutionality to a three-judge panel of the Wake
County Superior Court, pursuant to the three-judge panel provisions. On 22 February
2021, Plaintiff’s motion to transfer came on for hearing in Mecklenburg County
Superior Court. On 22 March 2021, the trial court entered an order granting
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Plaintiff’s motion to transfer, determining that “[t]he constitutional challenges
contained in [D]efendants[’] respective motions to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) raise
facial challenges” to the constitutionality of the Act. The trial court declined to rule
on Defendants’ remaining unnoticed and unscheduled Rule 12(b)(6) motions and
UMC’s unnoticed and unscheduled Rule 12(b)(1) motion, and ordered “a stay of these
proceedings pending a ruling from the three-judge panel.” Defendants timely filed
notices of appeal.
Grounds for Appellate Review
¶6 As a preliminary matter, we address this Court’s jurisdiction to review
Defendants’ appeals of the trial court’s order granting Plaintiff’s motion to transfer.
Plaintiff maintains that Defendants’ appeals should be dismissed as interlocutory.
Defendants concede that the appeals are interlocutory, but each initially contended
that the trial court’s order affected substantial rights and therefore was immediately
appealable.1 In the event that this Court determines that the trial court’s orders do
not affect a substantial right, Defendants have filed separate petitions for writ of
1 As discussed below, during the pendency of this case, this Court addressed the
substantial right that TCH initially alleged was affected by the trial court’s order in Cryan
v. National Council of Young Men’s Christian Association of the United States of America,
2021-NCCOA-612, ¶ 16. TCH candidly admitted in its reply to Plaintiff’s motion to dismiss
this appeal that Cryan “foreclosed” its substantial right argument. Accordingly, TCH now
relies upon its petition for writ of certiorari as its sole avenue for invoking this Court’s
jurisdiction.
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certiorari, asking this Court to assert jurisdiction and address the merits of their
arguments.
I. Interlocutory Appeals
¶7 Generally, this Court only hears appeals from final judgments. See N.C. Gen.
Stat. § 7A-27(b)(1)–(2). “A final judgment is one which disposes of the cause as to all
the parties, leaving nothing to be judicially determined between them in the trial
court.” Veazey v. City of Durham, 231 N.C. 357, 361–62, 57 S.E.2d 377, 381, reh’g
denied, 232 N.C. 744, 59 S.E.2d 429 (1950). By contrast, “[a]n interlocutory order is
one made during the pendency of an action, which does not dispose of the case, but
leaves it for further action by the trial court in order to settle and determine the entire
controversy.” Id. at 362, 57 S.E.2d at 381. Because an interlocutory order is not yet
final, with few exceptions, “no appeal lies to an appellate court from an interlocutory
order or ruling of the trial judge[.]” N.C. Consumers Power v. Duke Power Co., 285
N.C. 434, 437, 206 S.E.2d 178, 181 (1974).
¶8 Nonetheless, an interlocutory order may be immediately appealed if “the trial
court certifies, pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule 54(b), that there is no just reason
for delay of the appeal[,]” Turner v. Hammocks Beach Corp., 363 N.C. 555, 558, 681
S.E.2d 770, 773 (2009), or if “the order affects some substantial right and will work
injury to [the] appellant if not corrected before appeal from final judgment[,]”
Goldston v. Am. Motors Corp., 326 N.C. 723, 726, 392 S.E.2d 735, 736 (1990) (citation
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omitted); accord N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 1-277(b), 7A-27(b)(3)(a). Our Supreme Court has
defined a “substantial right” as “a legal right affecting or involving a matter of
substance as distinguished from matters of form: a right materially affecting those
interests which a man is entitled to have preserved and protected by law: a material
right.” Oestreicher v. Am. Nat’l Stores Inc., 290 N.C. 118, 130, 225 S.E.2d 797, 805
(1976) (citation omitted). The burden is on the appellant to affirmatively establish
this Court’s jurisdiction to accept an interlocutory appeal. Jeffreys v. Raleigh Oaks
Joint Venture, 115 N.C. App. 377, 379, 444 S.E.2d 252, 253 (1994).
¶9 In the instant case, the trial court did not certify for immediate appellate
review the order granting Plaintiff’s motion to transfer, pursuant to Rule 54(b). See
Turner, 363 N.C. at 558, 681 S.E.2d at 773. Nevertheless, Defendants initially argued
that the interlocutory order from which they appeal affects a substantial right and
should be immediately reviewed.
¶ 10 Originally, both Defendants contended that the trial court’s order affected
their substantial right to have the case heard in the proper venue. However, as TCH
promptly acknowledged in its reply to Plaintiff’s motion to dismiss this appeal as
interlocutory, this Court recently addressed the issue of whether the transfer of a
motion to dismiss to a three-judge panel of Wake County Superior Court implicated
a substantial right. Cryan, 2021-NCCOA-612, ¶ 16.
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¶ 11 In Cryan, the defendant argued that appellate jurisdiction was proper in this
Court because the trial court’s order changed the venue of the case, thereby affecting
a substantial right. Id. ¶ 10. Although the defendant was “correct in its contention
that the right to venue established by statute is a substantial right[,]” the Cryan
Court concluded that an order transferring a defendant’s motion to dismiss to a three-
judge panel of the Wake County Superior Court does “not grant, deny, change, or
otherwise affect venue, and therefore d[oes] not affect a substantial right.” Id. ¶ 13.
Thus, in the instant case, Defendants’ argument to the contrary is unavailing.
¶ 12 UMC presents an alternative substantial-right argument: UMC posits that the
trial court effectively denied its Rule 12(b)(1) motion by holding the motion in
abeyance, thus threatening UMC’s First Amendment right to immunity “from judicial
meddling in ecclesiastical disputes” and warranting immediate appeal as a matter of
subject-matter jurisdiction.
¶ 13 Indeed, there are numerous appellate decisions holding that, although
interlocutory, the denial of a Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss grounded in the
ecclesiastical-entanglement doctrine is immediately appealable. See, e.g., Harris v.
Matthews, 361 N.C. 265, 271, 643 S.E.2d 566, 570 (2007); Doe v. Diocese of Raleigh,
242 N.C. App. 42, 46–47, 776 S.E.2d 29, 34 (2015). However, unlike those cases, in
the present case the trial court has not yet ruled on whether the ecclesiastical-
entanglement doctrine provides UMC with immunity from this suit; UMC’s Rule
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12(b)(1) motion remains pending. See N.C.R. App. P. 10(a)(1) (“It is . . . necessary for
the complaining party to obtain a ruling upon the party’s request, objection, or
motion” in order to preserve an issue for appellate review.). Thus, the ecclesiastical-
entanglement doctrine cannot provide the basis for the substantial right needed to
confer jurisdiction upon this Court to enable our review of UMC’s interlocutory
appeal.
¶ 14 Accordingly, and consistent with our precedent, we allow Plaintiff’s motion to
dismiss this appeal. However, this does not end our inquiry. We now turn to
Defendants’ petitions for writ of certiorari requesting review of the trial court’s order.
II. Petitions for Writ of Certiorari
¶ 15 In their petitions, Defendants maintain that the trial court erred in finding
that their motions to dismiss challenged the facial validity of the Act, prompting an
erroneous decision to transfer to a three-judge panel; hence, it is proper and in the
interest of justice for this Court to issue a writ of certiorari. For the reasons explained
below, we allow Defendants’ petitions for writ of certiorari to permit review of
Defendants’ arguments.
¶ 16 Pursuant to Rule 21(a)(1) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure,
this Court may in its discretion issue a writ of certiorari “in appropriate
circumstances . . . to permit review of the judgments and orders of trial tribunals . . .
when no right of appeal from an interlocutory order exists[.]” N.C.R. App. P. 21(a)(1).
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Such “appropriate circumstances” exist when “review will serve the expeditious
administration of justice or some other exigent purpose.” Amey v. Amey, 71 N.C. App.
76, 79, 321 S.E.2d 458, 460 (1984) (citation omitted). Further, the writ of certiorari
“is a discretionary writ, to be issued only for good and sufficient cause shown.” State
v. Grundler, 251 N.C. 177, 189, 111 S.E.2d 1, 9 (1959), cert. denied, 362 U.S. 917, 4 L.
Ed. 2d 738 (1960). “A petition for the writ must show merit or that error was probably
committed below.” Id.¶ 17 For the reasons that follow, we conclude that Defendants’ appeals present the
appropriate circumstances contemplated by Rule 21(a)(1), and that Defendants have
shown the requisite “good and sufficient cause” for this Court to issue the writ. Id.Thus, in our discretion, we allow Defendants’ petitions for writ of certiorari pursuant
to Rule 21(a)(1), and proceed to the merits of their appeals.
Discussion
¶ 18 On appeal, Defendants argue that the trial court erred by concluding that they
raised facial constitutional challenges to the Act. UMC further argues that the trial
court erred by granting Plaintiff’s motion to transfer prior to hearing UMC’s Rule
12(b)(1) motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.
I. Standard of Review
¶ 19 Under the three-judge panel provisions, when a party properly advances a
facial challenge to the constitutionality of a statute, the trial court lacks jurisdiction
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to rule on the facial challenge “because sole jurisdiction to decide that matter resides
with the Superior Court of Wake County, and the matter is required to be heard and
determined by a three-judge panel of the Superior Court of Wake County,” as
provided by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-267.1(b2). Holdstock v. Duke Univ. Health Sys., Inc.,
270 N.C. App. 267, 281, 841 S.E.2d 307, 317 (2020) (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted). The trial court’s order thus raises issues concerning subject-matter
jurisdiction and statutory construction, each of which this Court reviews de novo.
McKoy v. McKoy, 202 N.C. App. 509, 511, 689 S.E.2d 590, 592 (2010). When
conducting de novo review, the appellate court “considers the matter anew and freely
substitutes its own judgment for that of the lower tribunal.” Craig v. New Hanover
Cty. Bd. of Educ., 363 N.C. 334, 337, 678 S.E.2d 351, 354 (2009) (citation and internal
quotation marks omitted).
II. The Three-Judge Panel Provisions
¶ 20 The three-judge panel provisions create special procedures for hearing facial
challenges to the constitutionality of certain acts of our General Assembly.
¶ 21 Section 1-267.1(a1) provides that, except for actions challenging an act that
apportions or redistricts state legislative or congressional districts, “any facial
challenge to the validity of an act of the General Assembly shall be transferred
pursuant to G.S. 1A-1, Rule 42(b)(4), to the Superior Court of Wake County and shall
be heard and determined by a three-judge panel of” that court. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-
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267.1(a1). Section 1-81.1(a1) similarly provides that venue for such facial challenges
“lies exclusively with the Wake County Superior Court” in accordance with §§ 1-
267.1(a1) and 1A-1, Rule 42(b)(4). Id. § 1-81.1(a1).
¶ 22 Rule 42(b)(4)—which “is written in such a manner that not all its requirements
are clear on a first reading[,]” Holdstock, 270 N.C. App. at 272, 841 S.E.2d at 312—
sets forth the procedural requirements for the transfer of a facial challenge to an act
of the General Assembly to a three-judge panel. Rule 42(b)(4) provides, in pertinent
part:
Pursuant to G.S. 1-267.1, any facial challenge to the
validity of an act of the General Assembly . . . shall be heard
by a three-judge panel in the Superior Court of Wake
County if a claimant raises such a challenge in the
claimant’s complaint or amended complaint in any court in
this State, or if such a challenge is raised by the defendant
in the defendant’s answer, responsive pleading, or within
30 days of filing the defendant’s answer or responsive
pleading. In that event, the court shall, on its own motion,
transfer that portion of the action challenging the validity
of the act of the General Assembly to the Superior Court of
Wake County for resolution by a three-judge panel if, after
all other matters in the action have been resolved, a
determination as to the facial validity of an act of the
General Assembly must be made in order to completely
resolve any matters in the case. The court in which the
action originated shall maintain jurisdiction over all
matters other than the challenge to the act’s facial validity.
For a motion filed under Rule 11 or Rule 12(b)(1) through
(7), the original court shall rule on the motion, however, it
may decline to rule on a motion that is based solely upon
Rule 12(b)(6). If the original court declines to rule on a Rule
12(b)(6) motion, the motion shall be decided by the three-
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judge panel. The original court shall stay all matters that
are contingent upon the outcome of the challenge to the
act’s facial validity pending a ruling on that challenge and
until all appeal rights are exhausted.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 42(b)(4).
III. Facial or As-Applied Challenge
¶ 23 Prior to invoking the three-judge panel provisions, “it is the duty of the trial
court to first determine whether [the party] raised a facial challenge” to the validity
of a statute in accordance with Rule 42(b)(4). Holdstock, 270 N.C. App. at 281, 841
S.E.2d at 317 (internal quotation marks omitted). “A facial challenge is an attack on
a statute itself as opposed to a particular application.” Id. at 272, 841 S.E.2d at 311
(quoting City of Los Angeles v. Patel, 576 U.S. 409, 415, 192 L. Ed. 2d 435, 443 (2015)).
“[A]n as-applied challenge represents a [party]’s protest against how a statute was
applied in the particular context in which [the party] acted or proposed to act, while
a facial challenge represents a [party]’s contention that a statute is incapable of
constitutional application in any context.” LeTendre v. Currituck Cty., 259 N.C. App.
512, 534, 817 S.E.2d 73, 89 (2018), appeal dismissed, supersedeas and disc. review
denied, 372 N.C. 54, 822 S.E.2d 641 (2019).
¶ 24 On appeal, Defendants argue that the trial court erred by concluding that they
raised facial, rather than as-applied, challenges to the constitutionality of the Act in
their motions to dismiss. For example, UMC alleged, in pertinent part:
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1. Plaintiff’s claims are time-barred. While he
alleges that this is a revival action brought pursuant to
[the Act], the Act does not salvage Plaintiff’s untimely
claims. The Act impermissibly amends preexisting (and
expired) limitations and repose periods. See N.C. Gen.
Stat. §§ 1-17(e), 1-52(5), (16), and (19), and 1-56 (2019).
As such, these sections of the Act should be declared
unconstitutional as applied to [UMC] under the facts as
alleged in this case, and . . . Plaintiff’s claims should be
dismissed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) as barred under the
statutes of limitations and repose.
2. The plain language of the statutory
amendments establishes that the Act reopens any
statutes of limitations or repose to bring claims against
the alleged abusers only for the assault and abuse, and
not against third parties for ancillary claims, and so
Plaintiff’s claims against [UMC] fail.
3. Plaintiff makes no allegation that either of his
alleged abusers has a criminal record, and so he cannot
meet a condition precedent to pleading his claims under
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-17(e).
(First emphasis added).
¶ 25 Similarly, in its motion to dismiss, TCH moved the trial court “for an order
decreeing that the General Assembly’s 2019 amendments” to N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 1-52and 1-56(b) “are unconstitutional as applied to this defendant[.]” (Emphasis added).
In support of its motion to dismiss, TCH alleged, in pertinent part:
1. Plaintiff’s claims are time barred and thus fail
as a matter of law. The General Assembly amended
portions of, inter alia, N.C. Gen. Stat[.] §§ . . . 1-52 and
1-56 in [the Act]. These statutory amendments purport
to revive civil claims that were otherwise time barred
under the preexisting statutes of limitation and repose.
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2. In this case, the General Assembly’s
amendments to [N.C. Gen. Stat.] §§ 1-52 and 1-56(b),
are unconstitutional only as applied to this defendant on
the particular facts of this case because they contravene
fundamental state substantive due process
requirements enshrined in N.C. CONST. Art. 1, § 19
and N.C. CONST. Art. IV, § 13(2).
3. Specifically, under these portions of the North
Carolina Constitution, [TCH] has a vested
constitutional right to freedom from civil liability after
an existing statutory limitation or repose period on
claims has already expired. Here, the preexisting three-
year limitation and ten-year repose periods applicable
to [P]laintiff’s claims filed against [TCH] have long
since expired. Even liberally construing the complaint,
that pleading conclusively establishes that the events
alleged therein occurred between 1970 and 1973. Such
previously terminated civil liability cannot be revived
now by an act of the General Assembly without
violating North Carolina’s substantive due process
protections, particularly when such revival attempts to
reinstate claims against [TCH] that are almost fifty
years old.
4. Accordingly, [P]laintiff’s claims against
[TCH] are barred by the applicable statutes of
limitations and repose codified in N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 1-
52(5), (16), (19), and 1-56(a) prior to the enactment of
the legislation which is subject to this applied state
constitutional challenge.
WHEREFORE, [TCH] respectfully prays the Court
for an order decreeing that the 2019 amendments to
N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 1-52 (Session Laws 2019-245 s. 4(b)[)]
and 1-56(b) are unconstitutional as applied to [TCH] in
this case . . . .
(Second and third emphases added).
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¶ 26 In each of these motions to dismiss, Defendants repeatedly state that their
constitutional challenges are as-applied. UMC argued that the relevant provisions “of
the Act should be declared unconstitutional as applied to [UMC] under the facts as
alleged in this case,” and specifically contended that “the Act reopens any statutes of
limitations or repose to bring claims against the alleged abusers only for the assault
and abuse, and not against third parties for ancillary claims[.]” (First emphasis
added). UMC thus did not contend that the Act “is incapable of constitutional
application in any context.” LeTendre, 259 N.C. App. at 534, 817 S.E.2d at 89 (citation
omitted). Rather, UMC argued “against how [the Act] was applied in the particular
context” of Plaintiff’s claims. Id. (citation omitted).
¶ 27 Similarly, TCH moved the trial court to dismiss on the grounds that the Act
was “unconstitutional as applied to this defendant[.]” TCH further argued that the
Act was “unconstitutional only as applied to this defendant on the particular facts of
this case” and explained its specific objections to Plaintiff’s invocation of the Act as
applied to the facts of this case. As with UMC, TCH plainly argued “against how [the
Act] was applied in the particular context” of the present case and did not assert that
the Act was “incapable of constitutional application in any context.” Id. (citation
omitted).
¶ 28 Nevertheless, the trial court concluded that “[t]he constitutional challenges
contained in [D]efendants[’] respective motions to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) raise
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facial challenges” to the Act. Yet in Cryan—which was released after the trial court
entered its transfer order in this case and which opinion the court accordingly did not
have the benefit of reviewing when it ruled on this issue—this Court reversed a trial
court’s determination that a defendant had raised a facial challenge to N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 1-17(e) where the defendant “d[id] not challenge the authority of the General
Assembly to create disabilities as a means of extending the time during which a
sufferer of sexual abuse may sue. Rather, [the d]efendant only challenge[d]
subsection (e)’s application to claims that had already become time-barred prior to its
enactment in 2019.” Cryan, 2021-NCCOA-612, ¶ 22.
¶ 29 Defendants urge us to conclude that the constitutional challenges raised in
their motions to dismiss were as-applied challenges and not facial challenges.
However, to the extent that this Court’s opinion in Cryan provides new and additional
insight on this question of law, the proper disposition is for our Court to vacate the
trial court’s order and remand for the trial court’s reconsideration in light of Cryan.
See Blitz v. Agean, Inc., 197 N.C. App. 296, 312, 677 S.E.2d 1, 11 (2009) (“Where a
ruling is based upon a misapprehension of the applicable law, the cause will be
remanded in order that the matter may be considered in its true legal light.” (citation
omitted)), disc. review and cert. denied, 363 N.C. 800, 690 S.E.2d 530 (2010).
Accordingly, we vacate the trial court’s order and remand for reconsideration of
Plaintiff’s motion to transfer in light of Cryan.
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IV. UMC’s Rule 12(b)(1) Motion
¶ 30 Below, UMC moved to dismiss Plaintiff’s action pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) for
lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, but did not notice or schedule it for hearing. In its
appellate brief to this Court, UMC explains that “for a judge or a jury to determine
what, if any, employment relationship existed” between UMC and the individuals
who Plaintiff alleges abused him as a minor, that judge or jury “will have to engage
in examinations of The Book of Discipline, religious doctrine, doctrines and practices
regarding ordination of clergy, Christian principles, and governing structures and
processes of The United Methodist Church in 1970.”
¶ 31 Because the trial court declined to rule on UMC’s Rule 12(b)(1) motion, we
express no opinion on the merits of UMC’s ecclesiastical-entanglement argument. As
UMC acknowledges, the merits of this argument are “not the point at this juncture.”
Rather, UMC merely argues on appeal that, as a challenge to the trial court’s subject-
matter jurisdiction to even hear this action, its Rule 12(b)(1) motion is “not contingent
upon the outcome of the challenge to the act’s facial validity.” Holdstock, 270 N.C.
App. at 278, 841 S.E.2d at 315 (citation omitted). Accordingly, UMC argues that the
trial court was required to resolve its Rule 12(b)(1) motion prior to transferring any
portion of this matter pursuant to Rule 42(b)(4). We agree.
¶ 32 Once a trial court determines that a party has sufficiently raised a facial
constitutional challenge in order to invoke the three-judge panel provisions, Rule
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42(b)(4) sets forth the procedure that the trial court must follow in transferring the
facial challenge to a three-judge panel of the Wake County Superior Court. Under
Rule 42(b)(4), the trial court “shall, on its own motion, transfer that portion of the
action” raising the facial challenge “if, after all other matters in the action have been
resolved, a determination as to the facial validity of an act of the General Assembly
must be made in order to completely resolve any matters in the case.” N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 1A-1, Rule 42(b)(4) (emphasis added).
¶ 33 Rule 42(b)(4) thus “requires [that] the transfer for the facial constitutional
challenge should not happen until after a trial on the other unaffected claims in the
lawsuit.” Hull v. Brown, 2021-NCCOA-525, ¶ 12 (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted). “ ‘All other matters’ under Rule 42(b)(4) means ‘all matters that are
not contingent upon the outcome of the challenge to the act’s facial validity.’ ”
Holdstock, 270 N.C. App. at 278, 841 S.E.2d at 315 (citation omitted).
¶ 34 The ecclesiastical-entanglement doctrine is rooted in the First Amendment to
the Constitution of the United States. “The Establishment Clause and the Free
Exercise Clause of the First Amendment prohibit any ‘law respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.’ ” Doe, 242 N.C.
App. at 47, 776 S.E.2d at 34 (quoting U.S. Const. amend. I). “As applied to the states
through the Fourteenth Amendment, the First Amendment also restricts action by
state governments and the servants, agents and agencies, of state governments.” Id.
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(citation omitted). “As such, the civil courts of North Carolina are prohibited from
becoming entangled in ecclesiastical matters and have no jurisdiction over disputes
which require an examination of religious doctrine and practice in order to resolve
the matters at issue.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). This
prohibition arises under both the Free Exercise and Establishment Clauses, as “(1)
by hearing religious disputes, a civil court could influence associational conduct,
thereby chilling the free exercise of religious beliefs; and (2) by entering into a
religious controversy and putting the enforcement power of the state behind a
particular religious faction, a civil court risks establishing a religion.” Id. at 48, 776
S.E.2d at 34 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
¶ 35 Accordingly, the ecclesiastical-entanglement doctrine potentially implicates
the subject-matter jurisdiction of the courts of this state in this case. It is a “universal
principle as old as the law” that the proceedings of a court without subject-matter
jurisdiction “are a nullity.” Burgess v. Gibbs, 262 N.C. 462, 465, 137 S.E.2d 806, 808
(1964). “Put another way, subject[-]matter jurisdiction is the indispensable
foundation upon which valid judicial decisions rest, and in its absence a court has no
power to act.” 4U Homes & Sales, Inc. v. McCoy, 235 N.C. App. 427, 433, 762 S.E.2d
308, 312 (2014) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
¶ 36 The issue of the trial court’s subject-matter jurisdiction over this case is “not
contingent upon the outcome of the challenge to the act’s facial validity.” Holdstock,
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270 N.C. App. at 278, 841 S.E.2d at 315 (citation omitted). Instead, the issue of the
facial challenge is arguably contingent upon the outcome of the Rule 12(b)(1) motion:
if the trial court determines that UMC’s ecclesiastical-entanglement arguments have
merit, the trial court has the “duty to take notice of the defect and stay, quash or
dismiss the suit[,]” at least with respect to UMC. Burgess, 262 N.C. at 465, 137 S.E.2d
at 808.
¶ 37 Further, Rule 42(b)(4) itself explicitly envisions Rule 12(b) motions as not being
matters “contingent upon the outcome of the challenge to the act’s facial validity.”
Holdstock, 270 N.C. App. at 278, 841 S.E.2d at 315 (citation omitted). Discussing the
procedure for “all matters other than the challenge to the act’s facial validity[,]” Rule
42(b)(4) states:
For a motion filed under Rule 11 or Rule 12(b)(1) through
(7), the original court shall rule on the motion, however, it
may decline to rule on a motion that is based solely upon
Rule 12(b)(6). If the original court declines to rule on a Rule
12(b)(6) motion, the motion shall be decided by the three-
judge panel.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 42(b)(4).
¶ 38 “Under the doctrine of expressio unius est exclusio alterius, when a statute lists
the situations to which it applies, it implies the exclusion of situations not contained
in the list.” Cooper v. Berger, 371 N.C. 799, 810, 822 S.E.2d 286, 296 (2018) (citation
omitted). Rule 42(b)(4) specifically authorizes the trial court to decline to rule on a
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motion that is based solely upon Rule 12(b)(6), in which case, “the motion shall be
decided by the three-judge panel.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 42(b)(4). By
implication, however, Rule 42(b)(4) does not authorize a trial court to decline to rule
on a Rule 12(b)(1) motion, as the trial court did here. See id.
¶ 39 The trial court has neither heard nor ruled on UMC’s Rule 12(b)(1) motion to
dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction; instead, the present appeal is from the
trial court’s order on Plaintiff’s motion to transfer Defendants’ motions to dismiss.
However, when the trial court concluded that Defendants sufficiently raised facial
challenges to warrant the invocation of the three-judge panel provisions, under the
order of operations established by Rule 42(b)(4) and this Court’s precedents in Hull
and Holdstock, the trial court should have ruled on UMC’s Rule 12(b)(1) motion prior
to ordering any transfer. See Hull, 2021-NCCOA-525, ¶ 12; Holdstock, 270 N.C. App.
at 278, 841 S.E.2d at 315.
Conclusion
¶ 40 For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the trial court’s transfer order and
remand this case to the trial court for reconsideration of Plaintiff’s motion to transfer,
in light of Cryan. On remand, the trial court shall also consider UMC’s Rule 12(b)(1)
motion to dismiss as a threshold issue with regard to UMC.
VACATED AND REMANDED.
Judges COLLINS and CARPENTER concur.