In re: N.L.M., T.R.M. IV, N.S.W. ( 2022 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
2022-NCCOA-335
No. COA21-608
Filed 17 May 2022
Guilford County, Nos. 10 JA 158, 10 JA 159, 15 JA 141, 19 JA 264
IN THE MATTER OF:
N.L.M., T.R.M. IV, N.S.W., C.M.
Appeal by Respondent-Mother and Respondent-Father from order entered 2
August 2021 by Judge Angela C. Foster in Guilford County District Court. Heard in
the Court of Appeals 26 April 2022.
Mercedes O. Chut for Petitioner-Appellee Guilford County Department of Social
Services.
Stam Law Firm, PLLC, by R. Daniel Gibson, for Respondent-Appellant Mother.
Richard Croutharmel for Respondent-Appellant Father.
Keith Karlsson for Guardian ad Litem.
COLLINS, Judge.
¶1 Respondent-Mother and Respondent-Father appeal the trial court’s order
adjudicating one of their children abused and neglected and their three other children
neglected, ordering the children to remain in the legal and physical custody of the
Guilford County Department of Social Services, ordering the parents to comply with
the case plan to effect reunification, and maintaining the suspension of the parents’
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visitation rights with all four juveniles. We affirm.
I. Background
¶2 Mother and Father are the parents of four children: Naomi, Timothy, Nancy,
and Cameron.1 Mother and Father are not married, and Father does not live in the
home with Mother and the four children, but he does visit the home daily and cooks
for the family members. In 2015, Nancy was adjudicated neglected, placed in foster
care, and eventually returned to her parents’ custody in March 2017.
¶3 On 27 February 2019, Guilford County Department of Social Services (“DSS”)
received a report stating that: Nancy was abused and neglected; Mother did not have
a bond with Nancy and punishes and mistreats Nancy for bonding with a white foster
mother when she was in foster care; Nancy “may be autistic, being that she does not
cry when hit by [Mother]”; Nancy was being “burned by a flat iron and cigarettes,
being locked in her room all day and she is only let out to go to the bathroom where
she is left sitting for hours at a time”; Nancy was not being fed for days; and Mother
is “believed to be an avid heroin user and keeps the drugs and the straw inside her
[bra] and that she sells drugs as well.”
¶4 That same day, a DSS social worker examined Nancy and reported that Nancy
was very small for her age, weighing only 19 pounds at the age of four. The social
1 Pseudonyms are used to protect the identities of the minor children.
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worker noticed that there were two small scars on the top of Nancy’s shoulder and
burn marks on her body. The social worker also spoke with the other three children,
who disclosed that Nancy “is left in her bedroom all the time and would eat there”
and “want[s] to come downstairs, but she was not allowed to.”
¶5 On 1 March 2019, DSS received a second report alleging that Nancy was
receiving improper medical and remedial care, had not been seen by a doctor since
November 2016, and had not gained any weight since returning to Mother’s custody
when she was approximately 18-24 months old. That day, Nancy had been admitted
to the hospital for severe malnutrition “and there were also concerns as to her having
significant developmental delays.” Nancy was diagnosed with “Severe Protein
Malnourishment, Failure to Thrive, Developmental Delays and Norovirus.” She
gained four pounds while in the hospital and was eventually released into the care of
her paternal grandmother. Mother stated, “I’ve been starving my child,” but said she
never meant to cause Nancy any harm.
¶6 Following Nancy’s hospitalization, a DSS social worker spoke twice with
Naomi and once with Timothy. Naomi stated that Nancy was “treated like a
prisoner,” that Father cooked food for Nancy and Mother brought it up to Nancy’s
room and they did not know what happens after the food is taken upstairs to Nancy,
that Nancy was left alone on the toilet for hours at a time, and that Nancy had not
left the home in 2019 until the hospitalization on 1 March 2019. She also stated that
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she witnessed Mother and Mother’s friends drink and “have needles with a ‘white
powdery stuff’” and that Mother told her they “use water to inject it and it helps
[Mother] stay awake.” Timothy also stated that he was “unsure if Nancy was getting
the food” that Mother took upstairs, that Nancy “was not allowed outside of her
bedroom unless she was going to the bathroom,” and that Mother left Nancy on the
toilet for hours at a time, and one time forgot Nancy was there.
¶7 DSS filed juvenile petitions on 8 March 2019 alleging that Nancy was abused
and neglected and that Cameron was neglected. On 12 March 2019, DSS filed
petitions alleging that Naomi and Timothy were neglected. The trial court ordered
forensic examinations of Naomi and Timothy, and it ordered Mother and Father to
have no contact with Nancy and Cameron. All four children were placed into an
emergency placement with their paternal grandmother. The forensic examinations
took place in April 2019. Sometime around 11 May 2019, Mother was charged with
felony child abuse inflicting serious bodily injury and Father was charged with aiding
and abetting felony child abuse inflicting serious bodily injury.
¶8 In July 2019, the trial court continued the matter for various reasons and
ordered that neither parent have visitation. The matter was continued again in
September 2019 when Mother requested to represent herself, signed a waiver of
counsel, and stated that she would be hiring her own counsel; her court-appointed
attorney was released. The matter was continued again in December 2019 when
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Mother stated that she was no longer able to retain private counsel; the trial court
appointed new counsel for Mother. Mother’s appointed counsel sought and was
granted another continuance in January 2020 to prepare for the case. There were
additional continuances granted throughout 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic,
but the trial court found on 19 January 2021 that it had continued the matter several
times at the request of Mother and that “this shall be the final continuance allowed
at the request of [Mother].” The matter was continued twice more in early 2021
because the attorneys were not available.
¶9 The adjudication hearing was held on 26 May 2021, during which Nancy was
adjudicated abused because her parents created or allowed to be created a
substantive risk of serious physical injury to her, and all four children were
adjudicated neglected as they did not receive proper care, supervision, and discipline
from their parents and lived in an environment injurious to their welfare. The trial
court proceeded directly to the dispositional hearing and found that it was in the best
interests of the children to remain in DSS custody and remain in the kinship
placement with their grandmother. The trial court maintained the suspension of
visitation as to both parents. Mother and Father timely appealed.
II. Discussion
A. Mother’s Appeal
1. Reasonable Efforts
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¶ 10 Mother first argues that because she “took responsibility for her mistakes and
was willing to correct them, the trial court erred in concluding that DSS made
reasonable efforts to prevent placement.”
¶ 11 The reasonable efforts determination is a conclusion of law because it
“require[s] the exercise of judgment.” In re Helms, 127 N.C. App. 505, 510-11, 491
S.E.2d 672, 676 (1997). “Our review of a trial court’s conclusion of law is limited to
whether they are supported by the findings of fact.” Id. at 511, 491 S.E.2d at 676
(citing In re Montgomery, 311 N.C. 101, 111, 316 S.E.2d 246, 253 (1984)).
Unchallenged findings of fact are “deemed to be supported by the evidence and are
binding on appeal.” In re J.C.M.J.C., 268 N.C. App. 47, 51, 834 S.E.2d 670, 673-74
(2019) (citation omitted).
¶ 12 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-903(a3) states that an order shall contain
specific findings as to whether the department has made
reasonable efforts to prevent the need for placement of the
juvenile. . . . The court may find that efforts to prevent the
need for the juvenile’s placement were precluded by an
immediate threat of harm to the juvenile. A finding that
reasonable efforts were not made by [DSS] shall not
preclude the entry of an order authorizing the juvenile’s
placement when the court finds that placement is
necessary for the protection of the juvenile.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-903(a3) (2021).
¶ 13 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-101(18) defines reasonable efforts as the “diligent use of
preventative or reunification services by [DSS] when a juvenile’s remaining at home
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or returning home is consistent with achieving a safe, permanent home for the
juvenile within a reasonable period of time.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-101(18) (2021).
Additionally, while our statutes do not include a definitive list of the services which
may be provided as a part of reasonable efforts, there is a
federal regulation setting forth a nonexclusive list of
services which may satisfy the reasonable efforts
requirement. . . . i.e., crisis counseling, individual and
family counseling, services to unmarried parents, mental
health counseling, drug and alcohol abuse counseling,
homemaker services, day care, emergency shelters,
vocational counseling, emergency caretaker . . . .
In re DM, 211 N.C. App. 382, 386, 712 S.E.2d 355, 357 (2011) (quoting In re Helms,
127 N.C. App. at 512 n. 3, 491 S.E.2d at 677 n. 3).
¶ 14 Here, Mother does not challenge any of the trial court’s findings of fact; they
are thus binding on appeal. The trial court’s relevant findings of fact include, inter
alia, that:
32. On March 12, 2019, the juveniles were placed in a court
approved kinship placement with their paternal
grandmother, Annie McClenton. . . .
33. [Timothy] celebrated his 14th birthday on May 16,
2020. On July 13, 2020, [Timothy] completed the Casey
Life Skills Assessment and his initial Transitional Living
Plan was created with him. [Timothy’s] Transitional
Living Plan has been updated every 90 days.
...
50. On August 20, 2019 a referral was completed to Family
Solutions. On August 26, 2019, Megan Oaks with Family
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Solutions, confirmed the referral was received and that she
will reach out to the caregiver to schedule. . . . On
September 16, 2019, a referral was completed to Saved
Foundation. On September 21, 2019, [Cameron] completed
a Comprehensive Clinical Assessment with Rhonda
Blackburn. [Cameron] was diagnosed with Generalized
Anxiety Disorder and outpatient therapy was
recommended. [Cameron] participated in therapy with Ms.
Blackburn and was successfully discharged on November
25, 2019.
....
52. The mother entered into a case plan with the
Department on January 28, 2020. The current case plan
contains the following components:
Parenting Skills: The mother agrees to
participate in a parenting psychological
assessment and comply with any
recommendations; successfully complete the
Parenting Assessment Training and Education
(PATE) Program; attend all visits, as
scheduled, and comply with the visitation
expectations once allowed by the court; and
enter into a voluntary support agreement with
Child Support Enforcement. On January 28,
2020, the Department submitted a referral to the
Guilford County Department of Health and Human
Services Clinical Team for the mother to participate
in a parenting psychological assessment and PATE
Classes. On that date, the mother indicated to the
Department that she was not willing to participate
in a psychological with the Department. It was
explained to her that the Department would pay for
the assessment [if] she uses a Department Clinician;
however, the mother declined indicating that she
will hire a clinician to complete the assessment. The
mother was asked that she provide the Department
with the contact information of the Clinician of her
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choosing, so that they can be properly vetted. It was
explained to the mother that any delay in identifying
a clinician could be a delay in reunifying with her
children. The mother participated in a parenting
psychological assessment through the Department
in 2015 for her previous foster care assessment. As
of today’s date, the mother has not completed a
recent parenting psychological assessment. The
Department emailed PATE facilitator, Demetria
Powell-Harrison on February 23, 2020 to follow up
on the status of the mother’s referral. An update
was requested from Ms. Powell-Harrison on July 20,
2020. Ms. Powell-Harrison reported that she mailed
a copy of the pre-test to the mother to complete on
May 19, 2020 and the mother was scheduled to be
seen virtually on May 26, 2020. However, the
mother claimed that she did not receive the pre-test
or the invitation to the virtual meeting. The
appointment was rescheduled for June 9, 2020. The
mother participated in the appointment on June 9,
2020; however, she talked about COVID-19 and
reported that she had not finished the pre-test.
Another appointment was scheduled for June 10,
2020; however, the mother did not participate. On
July 21, 2020, Ms. Powell-Harrison reported to the
Department that she spoke with the mother on this
date and the mother advised that she was not going
to complete the PATE due to her attorney advising
her not to do so because it will be admitting that she
is guilty. On January 21, 2021, Ms. Powell-Harrison
reported that she has not had any contact with the
mother since July 21, 2020. The Department
requested an update from Ms. Powell-Harrison;
however, has received no response as of May 17,
2021.
Substance Abuse: The mother agrees to
participate in a substance abuse assessment
and follow all recommendations; refrain from
the use of any substances, legal or illegal,
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including alcohol, for the purposes of
intoxication. If pain medication is needed, the
mother agrees to request a non-narcotic
medication; and participate in random drug
and alcohol screens at the request of the
Department. On January 28, 2020, the
Department made a referral to the Department’s
Clinician for a Substance Abuse Assessment for the
mother. The mother declined services from the
Department, indicating that she will find an[]
independent clinician. The mother agreed to provide
the identification and contact information of the
clinician of her choosing for the purposes of vetting
and was explained that any delay in providing this
information can result in a delay of reunification
with the juveniles. As of today’s date, the mother
has not provided any identifying information as to
any clinical services. On January 28, 2020, the
mother denied any recent illegal drug use although
she admitted that she used marijuana when she was
a teenager. She also denied taking any medication
that is not prescribed to her. However, she alleged
she is prescribed Percocet’s for back pain and a
hernia by Dr. Williams, but she is transferring her
care to Bethany’s Pain Clinic. The Department
requested that the mother sign consents for Dr.
Williams and Bethany’s Pain Clinic. [Mother] has
not provided any signed consents as of today’s
hearing. The Department requested that the
mother participate in a random drug screen on the
following dates:
 November 1, 2019 – did not submit
 January 28, 2020 – submit by 12 pm, January 29,
2020. The mother reported that she would test
positive for Percocet’s only. Did not submit.
 April 1, 2020 – Governor’s state wide stay at
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home order put in place on March 27, 2020. The
Department was advised that Social Workers
should not direct parents to report to drug labs
for the purpose of submitting drug screens while
the order was in effect.
 June 10, 2020 – Social Worker Supervisor Haik
received a voicemail message from [Mother] on
June 9, 2020 at 5:16pm. [Mother’s] speech was
difficult to understand – slurring and at times
incoherent. Social Worker Supervisor Haik
called [Mother] and left a voicemail message
requesting that she complete a random drug
screen no later than 11:25am on June 11, 2020;
did not submit.
 July 22, 2020 – The Department mailed [Mother]
six random drug screen forms to be used for
future drug screen requests.
 August 4, 2020 – submit by August 5, 2020.
[Mother] advised that she is not going to do a
drug screen and she does not know why the
Department continues to ask her to go. Did not
submit.
 August 6, 2020 – The mother’s attorney, Jaren
Dickerson, reported that [Mother] has refrained
from the use of any substances, legal or illegal,
including alcohol, for the purposes of
intoxication.
 October 6, 2020 – Request complete drug screen
within 24 hours. [Mother] responded “I’m not
doing shit or answering questions” then
disconnected the call. Did not submit.
 November 19, 2020 – Requested complete a
random drug screen within 24 hours. After
making this request, [Mother] disconnected the
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call. Did not submit.
 January 21, 2021 – Requested complete a
random drug screen within 24 hours. After
making this request, [Mother] asked Social
Worker Boyd to stop contacting her and she will
not do anything until the case is adjudicated. Did
not submit.
 February 26, 2021 – the Department contacted
[Mother], but the phone recording stated to
contact her at [] due to her phone not working.
Social Worker Boyd called and spoke with
[Mother]. She asked who was calling, Social
Worker told her name and Title and she hung up
the phone. Did not submit.
 In May 2020, the Department received
information, from a source who requested to
remain anonymous reporting that he had
personal knowledge of [Mother] and [Father]
dealing drugs and pills through the mail to South
Carolina. The anonymous source claimed that
[Father] buys prescription medication from other
people (pain pills, Percocet, Hydrocodone,
Oxymorphone). The source claims that [Mother]
pays half of the street cost to buy them in bulk
and then she sells them to the residents in
Hampton Homes. The source made additional
claims that [Mother] and [Father] have been
allowed to visit with the children since they have
been placed with Annie McClenton.
Domestic Violence/Family Relationships:
the mother will not violate the terms of any
new or existing 50-B protective orders;
successfully complete the Domestic
Violence Intervention Program
(hereinafter “DVIP”) for Women at Family
Service of the Piedmont (hereinafter
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“FSOP”); the mother will terminate any
existing relationships that involve
domestic violence, when it is safe to do so;
and agree to notice the Department of any
incidents of domestic violence. On January
28, 2020, the mother denied any Domestic
Violence since 2013; however, she agrees to
participate in an assessment with FSOP to
determine her need, if any for Domestic Violence
services. The mother stated that she and
[Father] are no longer in a relationship and they
have not been in a relationship since prior to the
children coming into foster care. [Mother] has
not provided any information about her
participation in services through FSOP or any
other agency. On March 22, 2021, Social Worker
Boyd contacted FSOP and left a voice message for
Gabrielle Marcoccia, DVIP group leader. On May
19, 2021, a voicemail was left for Audrey Sa,
Adult victim coordinator. On that same date,
Audrey Sa returned the call to the Department
indicating that she will check to see if the mother
is enrolled in any classes and has a release on
file, then she will send the Department an email
with her findings. On June 12, 2020, [Mother]
reported the following to Social Worker
Supervisor Haik:
- I’ve never cut him [Father]. He cut
himself.
- He beat me up so bad that day he knew he
was going to go to jail.
- There was an incident on Valentine’s Day
this year {2020}, [Father] jumped on me
and tried to choke me. There was a guy
that I let stay in my house – helping him
out – I kicked him out and he was staying
in the woods – he ended up in the hospital.
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It was out of the blue. He cannot have an
adult conversation.
- He is going to end up killing me or I am
going to kill him.
- He chased me from Greensboro to
Randolph County in my car – bumping my
car. There was a guy driving my car. The
guy was the same guy that saw [Father]
with my kids at Annie’s house.
- He keeps coming back around and acting
like we’re together.
- If I am not with him, he wants me to
suffer.
On August 6, 2020, the mother’s attorney, Jaren
Dickerson, reported that [Mother] has not
violated the terms of any 50B Protective Orders.
Attorney Dickerson also reported that there have
been no new incidents of domestic violence since
the mother entered into her case plan and she is
not in a relationship that involves domestic
violence. According to the 911 Log on February
8, 2021 there was a call to the home of [Mother]
at [] for shots fired at them in their vehicle. On
March 5, 2021, Social Worker Boyd completed a
community visit to the home and saw the Volvo
that was identified by John McClenton as the car
[Mother] drives. There was a Volvo outside of the
residence when Social Worker arrived. Social
Worker observed that the driver’s side tail light
was missing from the vehicle. On March 22,
2021, social worker spoke with Chris Patterson,
Chief Administrator about a possible police
report. She stated that 2021-0208106 is the case
report number for the incident. On March 22,
2021, Social Worker requested the 911 log for the
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home of [Mother] which was received.
Mental Health: the mother will participate
in a mental health assessment and/or
psychiatric assessment to determine her
need for mental health services and comply
with all recommendations; take any
medication that is prescribed to her in the
manner that it is prescribed. On January 28,
2020, the mother reported that she is not
currently participating in any mental health
services and she has never been diagnosed with
any mental health disorder. She also reported
that she is not currently prescribed any
medication for mental health reasons. Social
Work Supervisor Haik inquired if the mother will
participate in an assessment at FSOP or
Monarch to determine her need, if any for mental
health services. The mother reported that she
probably needs the service, but she is not sure if
she is willing to participate in an assessment or
service. The Department discussed with the
mother that FSOP and Monarch are options for
this service and both providers have walk-in
hours to initiate services. On May 7, 2020, the
mother reported that she has not participated in
any services due to COVD-19. The mother was
advised by that Monarch is able to work with
clients via telephone or virtually. The mother
stated that she will contact Monarch so that they
can document her thoughts. As of today’s date,
the mother has not provided any information
regarding her participation in mental health
services.
....
65. The barriers to achieving reunification are:
 CPS history including prior foster care cases
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 severity of medical neglect for [Nancy]
 the mother executed an Out of Home Family
Services agreement; however she has declined to
work with [DSS], contracted providers and elected to
hire independent providers. The mother has not
engaged in any services
 both parents have pending criminal charges in
relation to the abuse and neglect that [Nancy]
suffered
 The father has incurred additional criminal charges
since the children have been in foster care
 [Father] has failed to admit that he has been the
perpetrator of domestic violence despite the criminal
convictions for Felony Assault by Strangulation and
Assault on a Female
 The parents have provided conflicting information
about the status of their relationship and
engagement in domestic violence
 Both parents fail to acknowledge the abuse/neglect
that the juveniles have suffered
 Both parents fail to acknowledge their role in the
abuse/neglect that the juveniles have suffered.
66. Since the filing of the Petition and assumption of
custody of the juvenile, [DSS] has made the following
reunification efforts:
 Foster Care Case Management
 Child Forensic Evaluation
 Kinship assessment and placement
 CFT meetings
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 Presentation of Out of Home Family Services
Agreement
 Referrals of Services for the parents
 Record requests for parent’s treatment providers
 Contact with the parents
 Review of CPS records
66. The above-referenced efforts are reasonable.
¶ 15 These unchallenged findings support the trial court’s conclusion of law that
DSS “made reasonable efforts to prevent the need for placement, taking into
consideration the juveniles’ health and safety as the paramount concern, and the
Department made and should continue to make reasonable efforts toward
reunification.” See In re Rholetter, 162 N.C. App. 653, 662, 592 S.E.2d 237, 242-43
(2004).
¶ 16 Mother further argues that Nancy was “not at an imminent risk of harm”
because the petition alleged abuse and “the only evidence of physical harm to Nancy”
were hearsay statements made by Naomi and Timothy. Mother argues that “the trial
court erred by admitting those statements because they were hearsay that did not
fall within an exception.” However, the trial court’s unchallenged findings show that
a DSS social worker observed that Nancy was “very small” for her age and only
weighed 19 pounds at the age of four, she had “two small scars on the top of [Nancy’s]
right shoulder, her skin was very dry, and there were burn marks observed on her.”
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Additionally, the findings show that Nancy was admitted to the hospital and
diagnosed with severe protein malnourishment, failure to thrive, developmental
delays, and Norovirus and that “[a]ll medical testing results were consistent that
[Nancy] was suffering from severe malnutrition deficits.” These findings support the
trial court’s conclusion that DSS made reasonable efforts to prevent placement while
taking into consideration Nancy’s health and safety as the paramount concern.
2. Due Process
¶ 17 Mother next argues that (1) the denial of her motion to continue denied her
effective counsel and violated her due process and (2) the trial court’s commentary
and questions denied Mother an impartial hearing.
¶ 18 First, Mother misrepresents what took place at the hearing, as Mother never
made a motion to continue. At the beginning of the adjudicatory hearing, Mother’s
court-appointed attorney informed the trial court that Mother did not want him to be
her attorney for the hearing or moving forward and Mother confirmed that she
wished to release her attorney and represent herself at the hearing. The trial court
then engaged in a colloquy with Mother about her choice to proceed pro se; Mother
confirmed and stated, “Yes. I feel like that’s in my best interest.” The trial court
informed Mother of how the hearing would be conducted and confirmed with Mother
again that she understood the process; Mother confirmed that she understood and
replied, “Awesome.”
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¶ 19 At the beginning of the dispositional hearing, the trial court and Mother again
engaged in a discussion of whether she would represent herself or whether she would
like to retain her court-appointed attorney for assistance. The trial court told Mother
that she would not be getting additional time, and Mother stated to the trial court
that she was “not asking for extra time.” When the trial court stated that it would
not grant a continuance in the future unless there was an exceptional circumstance,
Mother replied, “You know, you misunderstood me,” and then she clearly stated that
she was ready to go forward with disposition. As Mother did not make a motion to
continue, the trial court could not have erred by denying her motion. Accordingly,
the trial court did not deny her effective counsel or violate her due process rights.
¶ 20 We next address Mother’s argument that the trial court’s commentary and
questions denied her an impartial hearing. Mother argues that the trial court
“violated her constitutional rights” by “denying [her] due process by denying her a
fundamentally fair hearing.” We note that Mother did not raise this issue at the trial
court and has thus failed to properly preserve this issue for appeal. As Mother failed
to present “to the trial court a timely request, objection, or motion, stating the specific
grounds for the ruling the party desired the court to make,” as required by N.C. R.
App. P. 10(a)(1), she has waived appellate review of the issue. See In re A.B., 272
N.C. App. 13, 16, 844 S.E.2d 368, 371 (2020) (determining that “mother’s failure to
raise a timely objection” was a failure to properly preserve the issue for appeal and
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“thus waives the issue on appeal”).
¶ 21 Furthermore, even if we did consider Mother’s argument, it is without merit.
Trial courts have “broad discretionary power to supervise and control the trial” which
we will not disturb absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Mack, 161 N.C. App. 595,
598, 589 S.E.2d 168, 171 (2003) (citation omitted). This Court has held that even
“extremely pointed” comments by the trial court did not “show a preexisting bias
against plaintiff or a prejudging of her case” when its opinions and remarks were
based upon evidence at trial. Hancock v. Hancock, 122 N.C. App. 518, 528, 471 S.E.2d
415, 421 (1996).
¶ 22 Mother contends that various remarks by the trial court showed a bias against
her, but we disagree. Our review of the record shows that the trial court’s remarks,
even if considered “pointed,” were made to all parties, including a DSS social worker
who testified at the hearing, and not just Mother. Moreover, the comments pertained
to the proceedings in her case and were based on the evidence it heard during the
hearing; the trial court’s comments did not show a bias against her or a prejudging of
her case. Hancock, 122 N.C. App. at 528, 471 S.E.2d at 421.
3. Visitation
¶ 23 Mother lastly argues that “the trial court had discretion to grant [Mother]
visitation. But it believed it did not, so it erred by denying [Mother’s] visitation.”
¶ 24 We review disposition orders for abuse of discretion only. In re CM, 183 N.C.
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App. 207, 215, 644 S.E.2d 588, 595 (2007). “A trial court may be reversed for abuse
of discretion only upon a showing that its ruling was so arbitrary that it could not
have been the result of a reasoned decision.” In re J.B., 172 N.C. App. 1, 14, 616
S.E.2d 264, 272 (2005) (citation omitted).
¶ 25 “An order that . . . continues the juvenile’s placement outside the home shall
provide for visitation that is in the best interests of the juvenile consistent with the
juvenile’s health and safety, including no visitation.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B–905.1(a)
(2021). The order must establish a visitation plan for parents unless the trial court
finds “that the parent has forfeited their right to visitation or that it is in the child’s
best interest to deny visitation.” In re T.H., 232 N.C. App. 16, 34, 753 S.E.2d 207,
219 (2014) (quotation marks and citation omitted). This Court has previously held
that a trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying visitation when the “Mother
was awaiting trial on criminal charges for her alleged [] abuse” of her child and when
“the court received evidence that Mother remained subject to a no contact order in
her criminal case.” In re T.W., 250 N.C. App. 68, 78, 796 S.E.2d 792, 798 (2016).
¶ 26 While Mother’s argument is not clear, we construe her argument to be that the
trial court’s remarks from the bench indicate that it acted under a misapprehension
of law when “it believed it lacked discretion to grant [Mother] visitation.” Mother
specifically notes that the trial court stated that “there cannot be any visitation due
to what’s set forth by superior court” and claims that this misapprehension of law
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constitutes an abuse of discretion. However, we do not construe the trial court’s
remarks as an indication that it acted under a misapprehension of law, particularly
in light of its unchallenged findings of fact which are binding on appeal.
¶ 27 The trial court made the following relevant findings of fact:
53. [Mother] does not have any court ordered visitation
with the juveniles. Neither the Department nor the
Guardian ad Litem are recommending a change in the
visitation. It is not in the juveniles’ best interests to have
visitation with the mother as it would be contrary to the
health and safety of the juveniles.
....
56. The mother has pending criminal charges in Randolph
County as follows: Unsafe Movement (2counts); DWLR Not
Impaired Revocation (2 counts) with a pending trial date of
June 14, 2021; and Child Abuse in which the last court date
was held on April 22, 2021. The Child Abuse charge is
related to the allegations contained in the Petition. . . .
....
63. On March 17, 2021, ADA Thompson informed Social
Worker Boyd that she is preparing plea offers and
discovery for the Felony Child Abuse case. She is moving
forward to fully prosecute [Mother]. . . .
¶ 28 The trial court then concluded as law that it was “not in the best interests of
the juveniles to have visitation with the mother or father pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 7B-905.1.” As the trial court’s findings of fact support its conclusion of law support
that it was not in the best interests of the children to see Mother, the trial court did
not abuse its discretion when it declined to grant visitation to Mother. See In re T.H.,
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232 N.C. App. at 34, 753 S.E.2d at 219.
B. Father’s Appeal
1. Visitation
¶ 29 Father first argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it suspended
Father’s visitation with the children “because the evidence failed to support the
suspension of his visits with those children.”
¶ 30 We review disposition orders for abuse of discretion only. In re CM, 183 N.C.
App. at 215, 644 S.E.2d at 595. “A trial court may be reversed for abuse of discretion
only upon a showing that its ruling was so arbitrary that it could not have been the
result of a reasoned decision.” In re J.B., 172 N.C. App. at 14, 616 S.E.2d at 272(citation omitted). Unchallenged findings of fact are “deemed to be supported by the
evidence and are binding on appeal.” In re J.C.M.J.C., 268 N.C. App. at 51, 834
S.E.2d at 673-74 (citation omitted).
¶ 31 A disposition order must establish a visitation plan for parents unless the trial
court finds “that the parent has forfeited their right to visitation or that it is in the
child’s best interest to deny visitation.” In re T.H., 232 N.C. App. at 34, 753 S.E.2d
at 219 (quotation marks and citation omitted). An order denying visitation must
contain sufficient findings to explain why visitation is not in the child’s best interests.
In re N.K., 274 N.C. App. 5, 11, 851 S.E.2d 389, 394 (2020). This Court has affirmed
orders denying visitation when parents have failed to comply with mental health and
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substance abuse treatment services. See In re T.W. And this Court has recognized
that a parent’s pending criminal charge can justify a denial of visitation where the
charge arose from the alleged abuse of the parent’s child. Id. at 78, 796 S.E.2d at 798.
¶ 32 Father challenges portions of finding of fact 64; the remaining unchallenged
findings are binding on appeal. The trial court’s relevant, unchallenged findings of
fact include:
27. Based on the above Findings of Fact, the juvenile
[Nancy] is ADJUDICATED ABUSED, as the parents
created or allowed to be created a substantive risk of
serious physical injury to the juvenile by other than
accidental means. In addition, the parents have created or
allowed to be created serious emotional damage to the
juvenile. Testimony was uncontroverted that the juvenile
was diagnosed with severe malnourishment, failure to
thrive with significant cognitive delays and non-verbal
issues. [Nancy] gained four pounds during her
hospitalization and it was not medically possible for her to
have lost the amount of weight due to Norovirus. There
was no medical reason for [Nancy’s] lack of gaining weight
while in the custody of [Mother and Father] and she gained
weight during her hospital stay.
28. Based on the above Findings of Fact, the juveniles:
[Naomi, Timothy, and Cameron] are ADJUDICATED
NEGLECTED, as the juveniles did not receive proper care,
supervision and discipline from the parents, and live in an
environment injurious to their welfare. [Naomi] did not
receive appropriate medical care and the juveniles were in
the home when [Nancy] was malnourished and kept in her
room. [Naomi, Timothy, and Cameron] all witnessed their
sister’s maltreatment and both [Timothy and Naomi] gave
statements as to the mistreatment.
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....
36. [Timothy] completed a Comprehensive Clinical
Assessment (CCA) on June 21, 2019 with Danielle Harper.
On April 29, 2019, a forensic interview was completed
indicating the allegations contained in the petition were
true and charges have since been filed on both parents. . . .
....
57. The father entered into a case plan with the
Department on July 15, 2019; and most recently updated
on April 12, 2021. The current case plan contains the
following components:
 Parenting Skills: Participate in a parenting
psychological assessment and comply with
any recommendations; successfully complete
the Parenting Assessment Training and
Education (PATE) Program; attend all visits,
as scheduled, and comply with the visitation
expectations once allowed by the court; and
enter into a voluntary support agreement with
Child Support Enforcement. . . . [Father] has not
provided a copy of [his] assessment nor signed a
Release of Information in order for the Department
to obtain this information. . . . As of today’s date, no
consents have been provided to the Department. . . .
....
On July 9, 2020, [Father] was arrested and charged
for possession of drug paraphernalia. . . . [Father]
has indicated that he will not change his narcotic
medication.
....
On August 15, 2019, Social Worker . . . spoke with
Benita Hoover, Program Coordinator of DVIP. Ms.
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Hoover confirmed that the last time [Father]
participated in DVIP was in 2010 and he did not
complete the program at that time, as he would not
admit to being the perpetrator of abuse. [Father]
indicated that he will still not admit to being the
perpetrator of abuse. . . . [Father] has failed to admit
that he has been the perpetrator of domestic violence
despite criminal convictions for Felony Assault by
Strangulation and Assault on a Female.
....
....
62. [Father] is currently on probation and has pending
criminal charges with upcoming hearing dates as follows:
Aiding and Abetting and Child Abuse-Inflicting Serious
Mental or Physical. . . . .
63. On March 17, 2021, ADA Thompson informed Social
Worker Boyd that she is preparing the plea offers and
discovery for the Felony Child Abuse case. She is moving
forward to fully prosecute [Mother]. She stated that
[Father’s] case is not dropped or dismissed. He is still
facing the charges of Aiding and Abetting Child Abuse.
ADA Thompson stated that she does not have any intent of
dropping the case. . . .
¶ 33 The trial court then concluded as law that it was “not in the best interests of
the juveniles to have visitation with the mother or father pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 7B-905.1.” The findings show that: Father created or allowed to be created a
substantive risk of serious physical injury and serious emotional damage for Nancy;
Naomi, Timothy, and Cameron all witnessed Nancy’s mistreatment and
malnourishment; Father had complied with only some of his case plan tasks; Father
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did not follow through with recommended psychiatric care; Father would not sign
releases to allow DSS to learn about Father’s participation in counseling; and that
Father had a pending criminal charge for felony aiding and abetting child abuse.
These unchallenged findings of fact amply support the trial court’s conclusion of law
that visitation with Father was not in the best interests of the juveniles, and we thus
determine that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying visitation. See
In re T.H., 232 N.C. App. at 34, 753 S.E.2d at 219.
2. Review of Visitation Plan
¶ 34 Father lastly argues that “the trial court reversibly erred by failing to inform
[Father] of his right to move for a review of the trial court’s visitation plan.”
¶ 35 This Court reviews de novo whether a trial court correctly adhered to a
statutory mandate and, if there was error, whether such error was harmless. In re
E.M., 263 N.C. App. 476, 478-79, 823 S.E.2d 674, 676 (2019).
¶ 36 At the time of the hearing on 26 May 2021, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-905.1(d)
required that if “the court retains jurisdiction, all parties shall be informed of the
right to file a motion for review of any visitation plan[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-905.1(d)
(effective until 30 September 2021). It also required the trial court review the case
“within 90 days from the date of the initial dispositional hearing[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 7B-905(b) (effective until 30 September 2021). This Court has held that failing to
inform the parties of their right to file a motion for review is reversible error, even
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though the trial court is required to hold a hearing within 90 days in any case. In re
K.W., 272 N.C. App. 487, 497, 846 S.E.2d 584, 591 (2020). Recognizing the
inconsistency, the General Assembly amended the statute; it now provides, “If the
court waives permanency planning hearings and retains jurisdiction, all parties shall
be informed of the right to file a motion for review of any visitation plan[.]” N.C. Gen.
Stat. § 7B-905.1(d) (effective 1 October 2021) (emphasis added).
¶ 37 We agree with Father that the trial court was required to, but did not, inform
him of his right for review of any visitation plan; however, this error was harmless
because the trial court immediately scheduled the next hearing date and Father was
aware of the newly scheduled hearing date. The trial court did not fail to inform
Father of his right for review and waive permanency planning hearings, a situation
for which the updated statute contemplates and provides. Thus, while the trial court
erred in failing to inform Father of his right for review of any visitation plan, the
error was harmless. In re E.M., 263 N.C. App. at 479-80, 823 S.E.2d at 676-77.
III. Conclusion
¶ 38 The trial court’s unchallenged findings of fact support its conclusions of law
that DSS made reasonable efforts to prevent placement of the juveniles outside the
home and that it was not in the best interest of the juveniles to have visitation with
Mother and Father. Additionally, while the trial court erred in failing to inform
Father of his right for review of visitation, such error was harmless.
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AFFIRMED.
Judges HAMPSON and GORE concur.