Thompson v. Int'l Paper Co. , 795 S.E.2d 615 ( 2017 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA15-1383
Filed: 17 January 2017
North Carolina Industrial Commission, I.C. No. X89146
DARRELL THOMPSON, Employee, Plaintiff,
v.
INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO., Employer, SELF-INSURED (SEDGWICK CMS,
Third-Party Administrator), Defendant.
Appeal by plaintiff from opinion and award entered 11 September 2015 by the
North Carolina Industrial Commission. Heard in the Court of Appeals 10 May 2016.
Copeley Johnson & Groninger, PLLC, by Valerie A. Johnson and Narendra K.
Ghosh, for plaintiff-appellant.
Scudder Law PLLC, by Sharon Scudder, for defendant-appellee.
STROUD, Judge.
Plaintiff Darrell Thompson appeals from the Commission’s opinion and award
awarding attendant care services until 31 December 2012 and denying
reimbursement to his wife after this date. On appeal, plaintiff argues that the
Commission erred in concluding that he did not require attendant care services for
his severe burn injuries after 31 December 2012. We agree, since the Commission’s
findings do not support its conclusion of law denying payment for attendant care
services after 31 December 2012. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for entry of an
opinion and award consistent with this opinion.
THOMPSON V. INT’L PAPER CO.
Opinion of the Court
Facts
The Full Commission’s opinion and award sets forth the following uncontested
facts. Defendant operates a paper plant in Riegelwood, North Carolina, which
plaintiff began working at in 2005. Plaintiff’s job involved helping respond to calls of
the operator and helping oversee the process of wood chips being cooked into paper.
On 23 February 2012, while at work, plaintiff and a co-worker were assigned to
inspect a malfunctioning knotter, which is “a vessel in which [a chemical mixture
referred to as] black liquor, along with steam, breaks down the wood chips.” While
checking on the knotter, plaintiff heard a loud noise and instinctively turned to his
right and ran away. Plaintiff was then sprayed on the left side of his face, back of his
head, his back, and his arms with “a black liquor and pulp mixture spewing from the
knotter.” Although plaintiff’s co-workers immediately grabbed him and put him
under an emergency eye washer, he still suffered severe burns that covered more
than 23 percent of his body, most severely on his left shoulder and arm.
Plaintiff was initially taken to the New Hanover Regional Medical Center, but
was then transferred and admitted to the UNC Burn Center in Chapel Hill, North
Carolina, where he stayed from 23 February 2012 until 2 April 2012. While at the
Burn Center, plaintiff underwent three major skin graft surgeries and was treated
by several providers, including Dr. Cairns, the Director of the Burn Center.
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Opinion of the Court
The Burn Center encourages family to engage in the care of their injured
family members, so plaintiff’s wife, Marcee Swindell-Thompson (“Ms. Thompson”),
took leave from her job as a social worker and stayed with plaintiff at the Burn Center
during the months he was there to assist him with basic and specialized care,
including walking, bathing, and caring for his wounds. Defendant paid for Ms.
Thompson’s room and board so that she could be close to plaintiff while he recovered
at the Burn Center, but she was not compensated for any of the care and services she
provided plaintiff during his recovery. Plaintiff received psychological counseling
while at the Burn Center and was diagnosed with depression and post-traumatic
stress disorder as a result of the event on 23 February 2012. Plaintiff also
participated in physical therapy during his time at the Burn Center.
Plaintiff was discharged on 2 April 2012, though he was worried about “placing
the burden on his wife to care for him at home.” A social worker with the Burn
Center, Monika Atanesian, wrote a letter to Ms. Thompson’s employer asking that
her FMLA leave be extended an additional two months, until 1 June 2012, because
she “served as plaintiff’s primary caregiver and would need to provide him with
attendant and wound care for the next two to three months.” From 2 April 2012 until
1 June 2012, Ms. Thompson testified that she spent almost all of her time on a daily
basis on plaintiff’s care.
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Opinion of the Court
Plaintiff slowly regained his independence following his discharge from the
Burn Center. Ms. Thompson would change his wraps twice a day, a process which
took 45 minutes to an hour each time, and applied creams to his burns, which initially
took 30 minutes but was down to just 10 minutes a day at the time of the hearing
before the Deputy Commissioner. Plaintiff also participated in physical therapy after
his discharge, and Ms. Thompson helped him get into the car and went with him to
his sessions. Defendant provided plaintiff and Ms. Thompson with transportation to
the physical therapy sessions until 29 June 2012, when they began to drive
themselves because the Burn Center believed doing so would be therapeutic.
As plaintiff’s recovery progressed, the amount of care provided by Ms.
Thompson decreased. Ms. Thompson returned to work on 1 June 2012 but arranged
an alternate work schedule so that she could continue to provide care to her husband.
She continued to help plaintiff get ready for physical therapy and drove him there
and back each morning. She would then go to work at 10:00 a.m. and return home
midday to make lunch for plaintiff. In the evenings, Ms. Thompson would remove
and re-apply plaintiff’s wraps after returning home from work.
Plaintiff underwent 12 sessions of laser treatments at UNC with a plastic
surgeon, Dr. Hultman, from November 2012 through July 2014, “to reduce the impact
of the hypertrophic scarring.” Dr. Hultman testified that some level of attendant care
would be necessary for plaintiff for life. He also noted that he had never written a
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Opinion of the Court
prescription for attendant care for plaintiff and that typically a burn patient’s general
needs are addressed by the Burn Center.
Defendant filed a Form 60 Employer’s Admission of Employee’s Right to
Compensation on or about 12 April 2012, accepting plaintiff’s burn and skin graft
injuries to his neck, back, shoulders, bilateral arms, and legs as compensable, but
denied that his torn left rotator cuff was a result of the workplace accident and that
Ms. Thompson was entitled to reimbursement for attendant care services she
provided to plaintiff. On or about 10 February 2015, Deputy Commissioner Robert J.
Harris issued an opinion and award finding that the attendant care Ms. Thompson
had provided to plaintiff since 23 February 2012 was necessary and that further
attended care is also “reasonably required to effect a cure, provide relief and/or lessen
the period of Plaintiff’s disability.” The Deputy Commissioner thus concluded that
all of the attendant care provided by Ms. Thompson was medically necessary and
compensable, as is the ongoing attendant care to be provided.
Defendant appealed to the Full Commission, and on 11 September 2015, the
Commission issued its opinion and award, which affirmed much of the Deputy
Commissioner’s decision but found that plaintiff did not require attendant care
services after 31 December 2012 and denied reimbursement to Ms. Thompson after
that date. Specifically, the Full Commission found that “the attendant care services
Ms. Thompson provided plaintiff following his hospital discharge, from April 2, 2012
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Opinion of the Court
through December 31, 2012, were reasonably required to effect a cure, provide relief,
or lessen the period of plaintiff’s disability.” The Commission concluded that Ms.
Thompson should be compensated for her services from 2 April 2012 until 1 June
2012 at a rate of $9.24 per hour, for six hours a day, and at the same rate from 2 June
2012 through 31 December 2012 for two hours per day.
The Commission then found, “based upon a preponderance of the evidence in
view of the entire record, that plaintiff regained sufficient independence in his post-
discharge recovery such that he no longer needed attendant care services subsequent
to December 31, 2012.” The Commission concluded that “attendant care became
medically necessary as a result of plaintiff’s compensable burn injuries at the time of
plaintiff’s discharge from the Burn Center on April 2, 2012 and continued through
December 31, 2012. The Commission concludes that attendant care was no longer
medically necessary thereafter.” Plaintiff timely appealed to this Court.
Discussion
I. Standard of Review
This Court’s review of an opinion and award filed by the Commission is
“limited to reviewing whether any competent evidence supports the Commission’s
findings of fact and whether the findings of fact support the Commission’s conclusions
of law.” Deese v. Champion Int’l Corp., 352 N.C. 109, 116, 530 S.E.2d 549, 553 (2000).
“The findings of fact by the Industrial Commission are conclusive on appeal if
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Opinion of the Court
supported by any competent evidence.” Gallimore v. Marilyn’s Shoes, 292 N.C. 399,
402, 233 S.E.2d 529, 531 (1977). The determination of whether a plaintiff is entitled
to receive benefits for attendant care “is a conclusion of law which must be supported
by findings of fact.” Ruiz v. Belk Masonry Co., 148 N.C. App. 675, 679, 559 S.E.2d
249, 252 (2002).
On an appeal from an opinion and award from the
Commission regarding attendant care benefits, the
standard of review for this Court is limited to a
determination of (1) whether the Commission’s findings of
fact are supported by any competent evidence in the record;
and (2) whether the Commission’s findings justify its
conclusions of law.
The Commission’s conclusions of law are reviewed
de novo. If the conclusions of the Commission are based
upon a misapprehension of the law, the case should be
remanded so that the evidence may be considered in its
true legal light.
Shackleton v. S. Flooring & Acoustical Co., 211 N.C. App. 233, 244-45, 712 S.E.2d
289, 297 (2011) (citations, quotation marks, brackets, and ellipses omitted).
II. Attendant Care Services
On appeal, plaintiff argues that no competent evidence supports the
Commission’s finding that plaintiff has not required attendant care services since 1
January 2013.
Defendant, by contrast, argues that the Commission did not err in refusing to
extend attendant care beyond 31 December 2012 because a written prescription is
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Opinion of the Court
required in order to receive compensation for attendant care services, and plaintiff
did not have one for care beyond 31 December 2012. Defendant contends that
[t]he note from Ms. Atanesian that is the “prescriptive
instrument” clearly states the time frame permitted. . . .
There is no evidence, in the almost 1000 pages of medical
records, that any additional prescription, letter or order
was ever written to extend or renew this time, or that any
specific, additional dates during which attendant care
would be medically necessary have been enlarged beyond
that date by the testimony or notes of any medical provider.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-2(19) (2011), defines “Medical Compensation” as follows:
(19) Medical Compensation. -- The term “medical
compensation” means medical, surgical, hospital, nursing,
and rehabilitative services, including, but not limited to,
attendant care services prescribed by a health care provider
authorized by the employer or subsequently by the
Commission, vocational rehabilitation, and medicines, sick
travel, and other treatment, including medical and surgical
supplies, as may reasonably be required to effect a cure or
give relief and for such additional time as, in the judgment
of the Commission, will tend to lessen the period of
disability; and any original artificial members as may
reasonably be necessary at the end of the healing period
and the replacement of such artificial members when
reasonably necessitated by ordinary use or medical
circumstances.
(Emphasis added).
In Shackleton, this Court reversed and remanded a portion of the
Commission’s opinion and award requiring a physician’s prescription as “a
prerequisite to attendant care compensation,” finding that such requirement
“constitutes a misapprehension of law[.]” 211 N.C. App. at 251, 712 S.E.2d at 301.
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Opinion of the Court
The Shackleton Court found that “the liberal construction of the Workers’
Compensation Act suggests, and the prior decisions by our appellate courts require,
that the test for attendant care be less restrictive than that imposed by the Full
Commission in this case.” Id. at 250, 712 S.E.2d at 300. Ultimately, this Court
concluded:
The law of this State does not support an approach in which
a physician’s prescription is the sole evidence upon which
the question of attendant care compensation hinges.
Instead, we explicitly adopt what we believe has already
been the practice in North Carolina -- a flexible case-by-
case approach in which the Commission may determine the
reasonableness and medical necessity of particular
attendant care services by reviewing a variety of evidence,
including but not limited to the following: a prescription or
report of a healthcare provider; the testimony or a
statement of a physician, nurse, or life care planner; the
testimony of the claimant or the claimant’s family member;
or the very nature of the injury.
Id. at 250-51, 712 S.E.2d at 300-01.
Yet Shackleton was published on 19 April 2011, just a few weeks before an
amendment to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-2(19) added the language: “including, but not
limited to, attendant care services prescribed by a health care provider authorized by
the employer[.]” See N.C. Sess. Law 2011-287 § 2 (eff. 24 June 2011). We have been
unable to find any decisions by this Court addressing this issue since the amendment
took effect. But the amendment does reject Shackleton’s “flexible case-by-case
approach” to determining the “reasonableness and medical necessity of particular
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Opinion of the Court
attendant care services[,]” 211 N.C. App. at 250, 712 S.E.2d at 301, by requiring that
these services be “prescribed by a health care provider authorized by the employer[.]”
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-2(19).
The Commission addressed the need for attendant care in its “Findings of Fact”
as follows:
65. Based upon a preponderance of the evidence
in view of the entire record, the Commission finds
plaintiff’s need for attendant care services declined as his
recovery progressed and his wife returned to full-time work
on June 1, 2012. Accordingly, the Commission finds
plaintiff needed attendant care services from Ms.
Thompson for two hours per day from June 2, 2012 through
December 31, 2012. The Commission finds reasonable
compensation for such services to be $9.24 per hour.
66. The Commission finds, based upon a
preponderance of the evidence in view of the entire record,
that plaintiff regained sufficient independence in his post-
discharge recovery such that he no longer needed
attendant care services subsequent to December 31, 2012.
Plaintiff argues that he is challenging the Commission’s “finding” that he is not
entitled to attendant care benefits past 31 December 2012. He does not challenge
any of the other findings of fact, nor has defendant cross-appealed or challenged any
other findings. Although the Commission has labelled its determination of
entitlement to attendant care benefits as a finding of fact, it is actually a conclusion
of law which we review de novo. Shackleton, 211 N.C. App. at 244-45, 712 S.E.2d at
297. See also Barnette v. Lowe’s Home Centers, Inc., __ N.C. App. __, __, 785 S.E.2d
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161, 165 (2016) (“Regardless of how they may be labeled, we treat findings of fact as
findings of fact and conclusions of law as conclusions of law for purposes of our
review.”). The Commission also addressed the basis for its determination in its
conclusions of law, as noted below. We therefore must determine as a matter of law
whether the Commission’s findings of fact support its legal conclusion that plaintiff’s
entitlement to attendant care ended as of 31 December 2012.
In reviewing the order on appeal in light of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-2(19), we have
been unable to determine, based upon the evidence and findings of fact, why the
Commission chose 31 December 2012 as the ending date for plaintiff’s attendant care.
While to some extent it appears that the Commission may have interpreted the
phrase “prescribed by a health care provider” to require a written prescription, as
defendant contends would be proper, the Commission addressed this issue in its
conclusions of law and determined quite correctly that a written prescription was not
required. The Commission concluded as follows:
8. Section 97-2(19) of the Workers’
Compensation Act does not require that a written
prescription be issued by a medical provider in order for
attendant care services to be payable by the employer. The
statute merely requires that attendant care services be
“prescribed” by the medical provider. “[S]tatutory
interpretation properly commences with an examination of
the plain words of a statute.” Radzisz v. Harley Davidson
of Metrolina, 346 N.C. 84, 89, 484 S.E.2d 566, 569 (1997).
“An analysis utilizing the plain language of the statute and
the canons of construction must be done in a manner which
harmonizes with the underlying reason and purpose of the
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statute.” Electric Supply Co. v. Swaim Electrical Co., 328
N.C. 651, 656, 403 S.E.2d 291, 294 (1991). “[W]hen
language used in a statute is clear and unambiguous, [the
Court] must refrain from judicial construction and accord
words undefined in the statute their plain and definite
meaning.” Heib v. Lowery, 244 N.C. 403, 409, 474 S.E.2d
323, 327 (1996) (quoting Poole v. Miller, 342 N.C. 349, 351,
464 S.E.2d 409, 410 (1995)). See also Grant Constr. Co. v.
McRae, 146 N.C. App. 370, 376, 553 S.E.2d 89, 93 (2001).
9. The Workers’ Compensation Act does not
define “prescribed” as used within N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-
2(19). Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary, which
includes the main A-Z listing of Merriam-Webster’s
Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition, defines
“prescribed” as “to officially tell someone to use (a medicine,
therapy, diet, etc.) as a remedy or treatment” or “to make
(something) an official rule.” As an intransitive verb, it
means “to lay down a rule” or “to write or give medical
prescriptions.” As a transitive verb, it means “to lay down
as a guide, direction, or rule of action,” “to specify with
authority,” or “to designate or order the use of as a remedy.”
Merriam-Webster, An Encyclopaedia Britannica Company,
available at http://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/prescribe. Similarly, The American
Heritage Dictionary of the English Language defines
prescribed as “To set down as a rule, law, or direction,” “To
order the use of (a medicine or other treatment).” The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language,
Fifth Edition, available online at
https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=prescribed.
10. Dr. Cairns testified that, while plaintiff
required specialized wound care post-discharge from the
Burn Center, he leaves it to Ms. Atanesian, the hospital
social worker, to determine whether admission to a long-
term care facility is needed or if the patient’s family is able
to provide the necessary wound care. Only if someone
directly approaches Dr. Cairns about the issue does he
make a personal decision about such matters. In this case,
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Ms. Atanesian determined that plaintiff’s wife, Ms.
Thompson, was able to provide wound care for plaintiff at
home. On April 3, 2012, one day after plaintiff's hospital
discharge, Ms. Atanesian wrote a letter to Ms. Thompson’s
employer advising that Ms. Thompson would serve as
plaintiff’s “primary caregiver” for purposes of providing
“attendant and wound care.” Ms. Atanesian provided this
written directive in her capacity as Case Manager for Adult
and Pediatric Burn Surgery at UNC Hospitals, under the
supervision and direction of Dr. Cairns. Accordingly, the
Commission concludes that a preponderance of the
evidence in view of the entire record shows Dr. Cairns
prescribed at-home attendant care for plaintiff and, in the
absence of a written prescription by Dr. Cairns, the April
3, 2012 letter written by Ms. Atanesian qualifies as a
prescriptive instruction issued in accordance with the
medical directives of Dr. Cairns.
11. Additionally, the North Carolina appellate
courts have recognized certain instances in which common
sense dictates that a particular result be reached when the
facts of a case infer a logical conclusion. For instance, the
state Supreme Court has held that, in some instances, the
cause of a claimant’s injuries will be evident to the “layman
of average intelligence and experience” such that expert
medical testimony is unnecessary to determine causation.
Click, 300 N.C. at 167, 265 S.E.2d at 391. The state
appellate court has also held that “[t]he ordinary person
knows, without having to consult a medical expert, when it
is necessary to lie down and rest because his or her own
body is tired, exhausted, or in pain. . . .” Perkins v.
Broughton Hosp., 71 N.C. App. 275, 279, 321 S.E.2d 495,
497 (1984) (cited by Britt v. Gator Woo Inc., 185 N.C. App.
677, 682, 648 S.E.2d 917, 921 (2007)). Given the extent of
plaintiff’s burn injuries, which necessitated approximately
two months of in-patient care at the Burn Center, it
logically follows that plaintiff continued to require
specialized wound care for a period of time following his
discharge therefrom and that he did, in fact, receive wound
care from his wife who obtained training in how to provide
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such care from medical professionals at the Burn Center.
Based upon a preponderance of the evidence in view of the
entire record, and reasonable inferences drawn therefrom,
the Commission concludes that Dr. Cairns prescribed
attendant care for plaintiff by directing the Burn Center’s
social worker, Ms. Atanesian, to evaluate Ms. Thompson’s
ability to provide such care in lieu of transferring plaintiff
to a long-term care facility. The Commission concludes
that Dr. Cairns “prescribed” at-home attendant care for
plaintiff by providing this medical directive to Ms.
Atanesian, who, in turn, approved Ms. Thompson to
provide the at-home attendant care. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-
2(19).
We agree with the Commission’s determination that a written prescription is
not necessary. As the order noted, one of the most basic rules of statutory
interpretation is that courts may not delete or add words to clear statutory language.
The primary objective of statutory interpretation is to
ascertain and effectuate the intent of the legislature. If the
language of the statute is clear and is not ambiguous, we
must conclude that the legislature intended the statute to
be implemented according to the plain meaning of its
terms. Thus, in effectuating legislative intent, it is our
duty to give effect to the words actually used in a statute
and not to delete words used or to insert words not used.
Lunsford v. Mills, 367 N.C. 618, 623, 766 S.E.2d 297, 301 (2014) (citations and
quotation marks omitted).
Yet since all of plaintiff’s physicians said that plaintiff required and would
continue to require attendant care for his burn injuries, it appears that the
Commission relied upon the social worker’s letter, at least to some extent, precisely
because it was the only written directive regarding attendant care. But as we have
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already noted, the Commission also recognized that N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-2(19) does
not require a written prescription for attendant care. Id. The statute simply requires
that attendant care be prescribed by an authorized “health care provider,” and this
term is defined in the next subsection:
(20) Health care provider. -- The term “health care
provider” means physician, hospital, pharmacy,
chiropractor, nurse, dentist, podiatrist, physical therapist,
rehabilitation specialist, psychologist, and any other
person providing medical care pursuant to this Article.
N.C. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 97-2 (20).
Dr. Cairns was plaintiff’s “health care provider authorized by the employer[,]”
and he ordered that plaintiff receive care initially under the supervision of the Burn
Center and then with attendant care continuing at home. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-2(19).
Chapter 97, which contains the Worker’s Compensation Act in full, does not provide
a definition for a “prescription” or “prescribe.” Elsewhere in state and federal law,
certain controlled substances do specifically require a written prescription from an
authorized medical provider. See, e.g., N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-106(a) (2015) (“Except
when dispensed directly by a practitioner, other than a pharmacist, to an ultimate
user, no controlled substance included in Schedule II of this Article may be dispensed
without the written prescription of a practitioner.”); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-87(23) (2015)
(defining “prescription” under the Controlled Substances Act as “[a] written order or
other order which is promptly reduced to writing for a controlled substance as defined
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in this Article[.]”). The most general definition of “prescription order” we can find in
the North Carolina General Statutes is found in the North Carolina Pharmacy
Practice Act:
“Prescription order” means a written or verbal order for a
prescription drug, prescription device, or pharmaceutical
service from a person authorized by law to prescribe such
drug, device, or service. A prescription order includes an
order entered in a chart or other medical record of a
patient.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-85.3(t) (2015).
Although the Commission did not, according to its findings and conclusions,
interpret the phrase “prescribed by a health care provider” to require a written
prescription, its conclusions still seem to rely upon the FMLA letter from the social
worker, Ms. Atanesian, as a written expression of the physician’s orders. Of course,
the social worker could not write a prescription, since she was not a “health care
provider[,]” but she could and did convey the instructions of the treating physician,
as an employee of the Burn Center. The Commission found that Ms. Atanesian’s
letter “qualifies as a prescriptive instruction issued in accordance with the medical
directives of Dr. Cairns.” Use of the adjective “prescriptive” does not make the social
worker’s letter a “prescription,” and as we have explained, there was no need for a
written prescription. Dr. Cairns directed that plaintiff continue to receive attendant
care, and the Burn Center oversaw the care and assisted plaintiff as needed.
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We recognize that attendant care services are quite different from a bottle of
pills, and they are certainly not dispensed at pharmacies. But we believe it is
instructive that a prescription, except in certain limited situations set forth in various
statutes, can be either a “written or verbal order.” Id. There was no need for the
Commission to try to turn the FMLA letter into a written “prescription” when the
statute merely requires that the attendant care be “prescribed by a health care
provider authorized by the employer[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-2(19). Dr. Cairns was
plaintiff’s authorized “health care provider” and he obviously “prescribed” that
plaintiff needed attendant care, both just after his release from the hospital and
ongoing care for the future. In fact, he noted that if Ms. Thompson could not continue
to provide this care, another medical intervention would be necessary.
In addition, we recognize that the amendment to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-2(19)
may have been intended to limit the scope of attendant care allowed under
Shackleton, and there is no need to insert the words “in writing” into the statute to
accomplish this intent. The statute, as written, allows attendant care services only
where such services have been determined medically necessary by a health care
provider authorized by the employer, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-2(19), and thus cannot be
based only upon “a variety of evidence” including “testimony of the claimant or the
claimant’s family member; or the very nature of the injury.” Shackleton, 211 N.C.
App. at 250, 251, 712 S.E.2d at 301.
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Yet the Commission’s order extends the care to 31 December 2012, after the
period of time set forth in the FMLA letter, so we must also consider the basis for this
time period. It seems that Conclusion of Law No. 11 addresses this and that the
Commission extended attendant care past 1 June 2012 based upon the reduction in
time needed for care each day and because “common sense dictates that a particular
result be reached when the facts of a case infer a logical conclusion.” But to the extent
that the Commission relied upon “common sense” to set an ending date, its conclusion
cannot comport with N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-2(19), which requires that attendant care
be “prescribed by a health care provider authorized by the employer[.]” Based upon
the findings of fact, it is apparent that the Commission determined that plaintiff’s
attendant care services were medically necessary beyond 1 June 2012. But, in light
of the actual medical evidence in this case, it is not apparent from its findings of fact
why the Commission ultimately concluded that “attendant care was no longer
medically necessary” after 31 December 2012.
Defendant argues that
[e]ven if the legal requirement for a prescription is ignored
or diluted, there is still competent evidence in the record to
support the Commission’s findings that attendant care was
simply not medically necessary after 31 December 2012.
Competent evidence showed that Plaintiff returned to
normal life activities during 2012, including social
activities, serving on a church committee, having a normal
intimate life with his spouse, and playing golf, and he was
simply not a candidate for attendant care services at that
time.
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We first note that although there was evidence about plaintiff’s activities, the
Commission did not make any finding that plaintiff had returned to “normal life
activities” as defendant contends as of the date of the hearing, although he was
moving in that direction. Instead, the Commission found as follows:
53. As of the date of hearing before Deputy
Commissioner Harris, plaintiff was not yet back to playing
a full golf game at a course. Plaintiff testified that he was
able to chip the ball around in his yard. He was also doing
some recreational shooting, holding the handgun in his
right hand and using his left hand for support and balance
under his right triceps.
54. Also, as of the date of hearing before the
Deputy Commissioner, plaintiff was able to drive himself
short distances, but his medications prevented him from
driving long distances. Plaintiff testified that he continued
to have sharp pains in and about his left shoulder
throughout each day, and he was unable to lift with that
shoulder, although he had not received any medical
restrictions against use of the left upper extremity.
55. Plaintiff testified that he continued to avoid
going outside in the sun because it is too painful for him.
56. As of the date of hearing before the Deputy
Commissioner, plaintiff had not returned to work.
Defendant did not contend that plaintiff is no longer
disabled, either before the Deputy Commissioner or at the
Full Commission hearing.
These findings are not challenged by either party. Thus, defendant’s argument
implicitly recognizes that the Commission relied upon the letter up to 1 June 2012,
but awarded attendant care until 31 December 2012 upon its determination that
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Opinion of the Court
some care was medically necessary after 1 June, but in a reduced amount as the time
needed to care for plaintiff decreased.
Essentially, it appears that the Commission used a hybrid approach, basing its
award upon a written “prescriptive instruction” up to 1 June 2012 and “common
sense” until 31 December 2012. But the statute now sets forth a clear basis for an
award of attendant care: the care must be “prescribed by a health care provider
authorized by the employer[.]” Based upon the record, all of the attendant care in
this case was directed by plaintiff’s authorized physicians, from immediately after his
injury and continuing through the date of the hearing. The evidence shows that the
time needed for care was reduced, but does not show that it disappeared entirely.
There was no evidence, medical or otherwise, that set 31 December 2012 as the time
plaintiff’s need for attendant care ended. The evidence and findings all indicate that
plaintiff will need some care for life, and the evidence is essentially uncontroverted.
Ms. Thompson testified that for the period of time after 2012, it took her about 30
minutes a day to assist plaintiff with his compression garments and to apply lotion,
sunscreen, and Cetaphil to his skin. Plaintiff similarly testified that it took about 10
minutes per day for Ms. Thompson to apply creams and 15 to 30 minutes per day to
attend to his wounds.
Regarding attendant care for the time period the Commission approved or
beyond, Dr. Hultman stated in a deposition that he “would be happy to order that[,]”
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Opinion of the Court
but that it would be hard to put a specific number on the amount of care per day that
a patient would need and that he would go with whatever Dr. Cairns said. Plaintiff’s
physicians, Dr. Cairns and Dr. Hultman, agreed in separate depositions that Ms.
Thompson’s attendant care has all been medically necessary. Dr. Cairns explained
that “[i]f we didn’t have his wife participating in his care, we would have had to come
up with another plan, which would have meant that . . . another medical intervention
would have been required[.]”
Dr. Hultman explained plaintiff’s ongoing medical need, noting that
“attendant care is going to be a necessary part of [plaintiff’s] lifelong needs” and that
“as a burn surgeon . . . I would say with confidence that he is going to require some
type of attendant care.” He noted that plaintiff’s scars would “need to be massaged
and have a moisturizing agent put on every day, indefinitely.” Additionally, he stated
that “given [plaintiff’s] limited mobility with his shoulder, it makes it harder for him
to care for himself.” Dr. Hultman estimated that massaging and moisturizing
plaintiff’s scars and assisting with his compression garments could take between 90
to 120 minutes. Thus, while the amount of time needed for attendant care may
change over the years, all of his treating physicians agreed he will continue to need
some amount of care. The Commission’s reduction of compensation to two hours per
day after 1 June 2012 is supported by the evidence, but there is no evidence that
plaintiff’s need for attendant care, as ordered by his physicians, was over as of 31
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Opinion of the Court
December 2012. We therefore conclude that the Commission erred in its findings and
conclusions of law regarding Ms. Thompson’s attendant care services provided to
plaintiff after 31 December 2012 and the need to compensate her for those continuing
services. Attendant care must be “prescribed by a health care provider” and all of
plaintiff’s physicians agreed that he would continue to need attendant care. The
extent of his needs will certainly change over time, but based upon all of the evidence
in this case and the Commission’s findings of fact, we cannot determine why it set 31
December 2012 as the ending date for attendant care.
Conclusion
Accordingly, we reverse the Full Commission’s opinion and award and remand
for entry of an amended opinion and award with additional findings of fact and
conclusions of law on the issue of Ms. Thompson’s attendant care services to plaintiff
consistent with this opinion.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Judges BRYANT and DIETZ concur.
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