State v. Mullinax ( 2022 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
2022-NCCOA-165
No. COA20-536
Filed 15 March 2022
Cleveland County, No. 18CRS051578
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
v.
JUANITA MULLINAX, Defendant.
Appeal by Defendant from judgment entered 22 November 2019 by Judge J.
Thomas Davis in Cleveland County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 7
September 2021.
Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Associate Attorney General Robert J.
Pickett, for the State.
Shelly Bibb DeAdder for the Defendant.
DILLON, Judge.
¶1 Defendant was charged with possession of methamphetamine after drugs were
found inside her pants pocket during an encounter with law enforcement officers in
a retail store parking lot. She later pleaded guilty to the charge after her motion to
suppress was denied. On appeal, she challenges the trial court’s denial of her
suppression motion. We conclude that some of the trial court’s key findings are not
supported by the evidence. Accordingly, we vacate and remand to allow the trial court
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to make additional findings and conclusions consistent with the evidence and this
opinion.
I. Appellate Jurisdiction
¶2 We note that Defendant’s attorney gave oral notice of appeal of the denial of
the suppression motion rather than the final judgment. See State v. McBride, 344
N.C. 623, 476 S.E.2d 106 (1996) (affirming per curiam an opinion holding that the
notice of appeal must be from the final judgment rather than from the order denying
a suppression motion). Defendant, however, has petitioned our Court for writ of
certiorari. In our discretion, we grant Defendant’s petition.
II. Standard of Review
¶3 In reviewing the denial of a motion to suppress, we evaluate whether
competent evidence supports the trial court’s findings of fact and whether the
findings of fact support the conclusions of law. State v. Brooks, 337 N.C. 132, 141,
446 S.E.2d 579, 585 (1994). “[I]t is the appellant who has the burden in the first
instance of demonstrating error from the record on appeal.” State v. Adams, 335 N.C.
401, 409, 439 S.E.2d 760, 764 (1994).
III. Factual Background
¶4 A uniformed deputy (the “Deputy”) approached Defendant while she sat in her
car in a parking lot. The Deputy believed Defendant to be a Ms. McConnell, who was
the subject of outstanding arrest warrants. During the encounter, Defendant
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provided the Deputy with her driver’s license ID.¶5 Five (5) minutes later (roughly eight (8) total minutes into the encounter), after
determining that Defendant was not Ms. McConnell and confirming that Defendant
otherwise had no outstanding warrants, the Deputy returned to Defendant’s car, but
failed to return the ID to her. Defendant was standing outside the vehicle while the
Deputy asked for consent to search her vehicle. In any event, a full fifty (50) seconds
later, another deputy (the “Backup Deputy”) approached Defendant and the Deputy
and noticed what he suspected were drugs in Defendant’s pocket. The Backup Deputy
pulled Defendant aside and asked to search her pocket, whereupon he retrieved a bag
containing methamphetamine. She was subsequently placed under arrest.
IV. Analysis
¶6 Defendant was clearly in violation of the law by possessing illegal drugs.
Defendant, however, argues that the trial court erred in denying her motion to
suppress the drugs, contending that she was illegally seized at the point of the
encounter when the Backup Deputy saw the drugs in her pocket. Notwithstanding
the evidence of her guilt from the body cam videos worn by the deputies, we must
review her rights under the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution, which protect all
citizens against unreasonable search and seizure from the government. Indeed, the
North Carolina Supreme Court has recognized the “exclusionary rule,” that “evidence
derived from an unconstitutional search or seizure is generally inadmissible in a
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criminal prosecution of the individual subjected to the constitutional violation.” State
v. McKinney, 361 N.C. 53, 58, 637 S.E.2d 868, 872 (2006).
¶7 The trial court made findings regarding the encounter. Defendant challenges
several of them. We focus on two of the findings challenged by Defendant.
Specifically, the trial court found that Defendant was never “seized,” because she was
free to leave at any time. Also, the trial court essentially found that no gap in time
occurred between the time the Deputy returned to Defendant’s car with Defendant’s
license in hand, and the time when the Backup Deputy walked over to Defendant’s
vehicle and discovered the drugs in Defendant’s pocket.
A. Defendant Was Seized
¶8 The Supreme Court of the United States has recognized that not every
encounter between a citizen and a law enforcement officer is a seizure:
Our cases make it clear that a seizure does not occur simply
because a police officer approaches an individual and asks
a few questions. So long as a reasonable person would feel
free to disregard the police and go about his business, the
encounter is consensual, and no reasonable suspicion is
required. The encounter will not trigger Fourth
Amendment scrutiny unless it loses its consensual nature.
Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 434 (1991) (quotations and citations omitted).
¶9 The North Carolina Supreme Court has recognized that the test for
determining whether a seizure has occurred is whether, under the totality of
circumstances, a “reasonable person would feel free to decline the officer’s request or
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otherwise terminate the encounter.” State v. Icard, 363 N.C. 303, 308-09, 677 S.E.2d
822, 826 (2009) (citing Bostick, 501 U.S. at 436-37). That Court has instructed that
“relevant circumstances include, but are not limited to, the number of officers
present, whether the officer displayed a weapon, the officer’s words and tone of voice,
any physical contact between the officer and the individual, whether the officer
retained the individual’s identification, or property, the location of the encounter, and
whether the officer blocked the individual’s path.” Id. at 309, 677 S.E.2d at 827.
¶ 10 The body cam videos are part of the record. Below is a summary of the events
as portrayed in the videos. For instance, the videos show the Deputy reapproach
Defendant without returning her ID to her at the 8 minute, 19 second (8:19) mark,
and the Backup Deputy discovering the drugs fifty (50) seconds later at the 9:09
mark. The body cam videos show as follows:
0:30 The Deputy gets out of his patrol car and approaches Defendant,
who is sitting in her car with the driver’s side door opened. He
asks Defendant if he could speak with her.
Immediately, Defendant receives a cellphone call from her niece.
She answers to let her know where in the parking lot she is.
Defendant tells the Deputy that she is meeting her niece in the
parking lot to borrow money from her.
1:12 While Defendant is on the phone, the Officer directs Defendant to
“ask” her niece to drive over to where they are parked. Defendant
then tells her niece that she is parked next to a police vehicle.
1:30 While Defendant is still on the phone, the Deputy directs
Defendant to “tell” her niece to drive over to where they are
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parked.
1:50 Defendant hangs up. Her niece has now pulled up, parked several
feet on the other side of the police car from where Defendant is
parked and the Deputy is standing.
2:10 Defendant again tells the Deputy she is there to borrow money
from her niece. The Deputy then walks over to the niece’s car and
asks her why she is there. She responds that she is there to lend
money to Defendant.
2:35 The Deputy walks back over to Defendant, who is still in her car,
and asks her for her name. She responds truthfully. He asks her
for identification, which she immediately and freely gives.
2:45 The Deputy tells her why he stopped her, that he recognized the
car as one owned by a man who was a person of interest in drug
crimes and is also occasionally driven by a Ms. McConnell, the
subject of outstanding arrest warrants.
2:57 The Deputy looks at Defendant’s ID and states that he sees that
Defendant is not Ms. McConnell. He retains the ID.3:02 Defendant tells the Deputy that she babysits for the car owner,
who let her borrow the car to meet her niece, and that she knows
Ms. McConnell.
3:40 The Deputy asks Defendant if there are drugs in the car. She
states that she has no idea, as the car is not hers.
3:55 The Deputy then leaves Defendant and walks over to her niece
and asks her for her name. He then goes to his police car.
4:03 The Deputy gets into his police car and runs a warrants/records
check on Defendant’s ID. He remains in his car for almost 2
minutes.
5:50 The Deputy gets out of his police car and walks back over to the
niece’s car.
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6:27 The Deputy asks the niece for her ID, which she freely gives.
Another marked patrol car pulls up and parks between the niece’s
car and the Deputy’s car. The Backup Deputy and a third deputy
(the “Junior Deputy”) get out of the second police car. The Deputy
tells the Backup Deputy about the vehicle he has pulled over.
7:00 The Deputy gets back into his car with Defendant’s ID and the
niece’s ID and runs a check, presumably on the niece’s ID.8:08 The Deputy goes back to the niece’s car and hands the niece’s ID
to the Backup Deputy. He tells the Backup Deputy that
Defendant’s story about borrowing money from her niece “adds
up” but that he is going to ask Defendant to let him search the
car. The Backup Deputy hands the niece her ID, staying with her
and engaging in polite conversation with her.
8:19 (This begins the key point of the encounter, over four (4) minutes
after the deputy had last spoken to Defendant.) The Deputy goes
back to Defendant’s car and asks if he can search it. He still
retains Defendant’s ID. He tells Defendant that she needs to be
honest as to whether there are drugs in the car. She again tells
him that she does not know, as the car is not hers.
At some point the Backup Deputy breaks off his polite
conversation with the niece, telling her he is going to see what is
going on with the Deputy and Defendant. As he is leaving the
niece, he instructs the Junior Deputy to stay with and “watch” the
niece. The Junior Deputy can be seen walking toward the niece’s
car, where the niece’s driver door is still opened.
9:09 (This is also a key point of the encounter, occurring 50 (fifty)
seconds after the Deputy asked to search Defendant’s car, while
retaining Defendant’s ID.) The Backup Deputy arrives at
Defendant’s car where Defendant is speaking with the Deputy
about searching her car. The Backup Deputy testified that at
some point after walking over to Defendant’s car, he noticed a
plastic bag through a hole in Defendant’s pocket and that he could
see what appeared to be methamphetamine in the plastic bag.
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The video is not conclusive on this point, but the trial court found
this as fact.
9:44 Defendant gives consent to search the car but then begins to say
something, at which point the Backup Deputy asks Defendant to
walk about ten (10) feet away next to the passenger side of the
Deputy’s car so that they could talk. As she walks away, the
Deputy begins his search. But before talking to her, the Backup
Deputy walks back over to the Deputy and states, “I’m trying to
keep her busy. She was about to revoke [unintelligible].”
10:00 The Backup Deputy then asks Defendant if he can search her
person. After some talking, she states that she does not mind.
10:30 The Backup Deputy immediately reaches in one of Defendant’s
pockets and pulls out a plastic bag.
10:55 The Backup Deputy states that he saw the bag when he had
walked up to the car a few minutes before. He asks her if that
was “dope.” She responds, “Apparently.”
¶ 11 The initial few moments of the encounter had all the hallmarks of a consensual
encounter. The Deputy did not activate his lights, he did not block Defendant’s exit,
he did not object to Defendant answering her phone, and he asked her politely if he
could speak with her.
¶ 12 However, a little over a minute into the encounter, the tenor changed, and
some attributes of a seizure began to appear. That is, circumstances developed
between the 1:08 mark and the 8:19 mark of the encounter that would cause a
reasonable person in Defendant’s position to believe she was not free to leave.
¶ 13 The first circumstance that would indicate a seizure occurred a little over a
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minute into the encounter, was when the Deputy directed Defendant to ask and then
tell her niece to drive over to where they were parked. He was calm in his tone, but
his desire to have Defendant stay put and have her niece come to where they were
parked was stated grammatically in the form of commands. See State v. Farmer, 333
N.C. 172, 187, 424 S.E.2d 120, 129 (1993) (whether a seizure has occurred may
depend, at least in part, on whether “the use of language . . . indicat[es] that
compliance with the officer’s request might be compelled”).
¶ 14 Around the 2:45 mark, the Deputy walked away from Defendant with her ID
in hand after stating that he was satisfied she was not the wanted woman (Ms.
McConnell) whom he was looking for, but without asking her for consent to walk away
with it. He returned to Defendant more than five (5) minutes later. Case law
suggests that a reasonable person who is away from their home in her car would
generally not feel free to drive away and go about her business without her license
and would, therefore, be seized. See State v. Parker, 256 N.C. App. 319, 326-27, 807
S.E.2d 617, 621-22 (2017); see also State v. Jackson, 199 N.C. App. 236, 243, 681
S.E.2d 492, 497 (2009).1 Also, the fact that the Deputy spent almost two minutes
1 We note that the Fourth Circuit, which includes North Carolina but whose cases are
not binding on our Court, has stated that the fact that one’s driver’s license is retained during
a traffic stop “is a highly persuasive factor in determining whether a seizure has occurred.”
United States v. Weaver, 282 F.3d 302, 311 (4th Cir. 2002). In Weaver, the Court reasoned
that if the police retained one’s license during a traffic stop, “the citizen would be [caught]
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inside his patrol car away from Defendant rather than checking on any warrants in
Defendant’s presence is a circumstance that tends to indicate Defendant would not
feel free to leave, as she would not be in a position during those two minutes to ask
for her license back. See, e.g., United States v. Analla, 975 F.2d 119, 124 (4th Cir.
1992) (no seizure occurred because, in part, the officer “did not take the license into
his squad car, but instead stood beside the car, near where [the defendant] was
standing [such that the defendant] was free at this point to request that his license .
. . be returned and to leave the scene”); see also Golphin v. State, 945 So.2d 1174,
1200-01 (Fla. 2006) (“The difficulty in securing the return of an identification from an
officer who has retreated to a closed police vehicle may contribute to the defendant’s
sense of being detained.”)
¶ 15 Also, during these five (5) minutes, the Backup Deputy and the Junior Deputy
arrived on the scene. Our Supreme Court has stated that multiple uniformed officers
on the scene would contribute to a defendant’s sense of being subject to a seizure.
Icard, 363 N.C. at 309, 677 S.E.2d 827.
between the Scylla of consent to the encounter [and] the Charybdis of driving away and risk
being cited for driving without a license.” Id. at 311. The Court then cited other circuit cases
holding that one is per se seized if, during a traffic stop, the officer retains the suspect’s license
beyond that which is required. See United States v. Mendez, 118 F.3d 1426, 1430 (10th Cir.
1997) (noting bright-line rule in the traffic stop context); United States v. Chan-Jimenez, 125
F.3d 1324, 1326 (9th Cir. 1997) (same); United States v. Winfrey, 915 F.2d 212, 216 (6th Cir.
1990) (same); United States v. Jefferson, 906 F.2d 346, 349 (8th Cir. 1990) (same).
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¶ 16 We conclude that the encounter became a seizure at some point prior to the
Deputy returning to Defendant’s vehicle at the 8:19 mark. This is not to say that the
seizure had been illegal. Indeed, it was permissible for the Deputy to determine that
Defendant was not Ms. McConnell, and, perhaps take Defendant’s license to run a
warrants check.
B. Discovery of Drugs
¶ 17 The resolution of Defendant’s motion, however, turns on what occurred
between the 8:19 mark—when the Deputy finally returned to Defendant—and the
9:09 mark, when the Backup Deputy left the niece and arrived at Defendant’s car and
saw the illegal drugs in Defendant’s pocket. Indeed, our Supreme Court has
instructed that, based on recent precedent from the United States Supreme Court, “a
law enforcement officer may not detain a person even momentarily without
reasonable, objective grounds for doing so.” State v. Reed, 373 N.C. 498, 508, ___
S.E.2d ___, ___ (2020) (internal marks omitted) (citing Royer, 460 U.S. at 497-98.).
¶ 18 It is unchallenged that the Deputy retained Defendant’s license after
reapproaching her at the 8:19 mark. We conclude that she remained seized at this
point, as she would not have felt free to ignore the Deputy and leave, even with her
niece.2
2 The trial court found that law enforcement’s encounter with the niece “was
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¶ 19 The question then becomes whether the seizure had been unconstitutionally
prolonged by the time the Backup Deputy noticed the drugs in her pocket. The trial
court found that at the same time the Deputy “returned to the defendant with her
license to request a search of the car, [the Backup Deputy] was then forming his
reasonable suspicion that the defendant possessed illegal narcotics, thereby
justifying a change and extension of the scope and purpose of the stop for further
investigation.” Defendant challenges this finding, and the body cams clearly and
conclusively show that the Deputy was alone with Defendant for fifty (50) seconds—
from the 8:19 mark to the 9:09 mark—before the Backup Deputy had finished talking
with the niece and walked over to where Defendant and the Deputy were standing.
¶ 20 This case is similar to State v. Parker. In that case, we held that a motion to
suppress should have been allowed where two officers separated the defendant from
a companion during an encounter; the officers checked the defendant’s license and
completed” by the 8:19 mark and, therefore, Defendant was free to leave her car in the
parking lot and ride away with her niece without her driver’s license. However, the trial
court failed to specifically find that a reasonable person in Defendant’s position would have
known that her niece was free to leave and, therefore, she could (1) ignore the Deputy who
had just walked over to her, still retaining her license; (2) walk over to her niece’s car several
yards away; (3) get into the car with her niece; and (4) be driven away. Indeed, the body cam
videos themselves do not show that Defendant had any way of knowing that her niece was
not seized. At the 8:19 mark when the Deputy returned to Defendant, the other deputies
remained with her niece with the niece’s driver’s door open, with the Backup Deputy blocking
the door at times. When the Backup Deputy left the niece to walk toward Defendant, he tells
the Junior Deputy to stay with the niece and to “watch” her.
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determined she had no warrants; the officers, however, retained possession of the
license and asked to search her car; and narcotics were found during the search.
Parker, 256 N.C. App. at 321-23, 807 S.E.2d at 619-20. Specifically, we held that
“[a]bsent a reasonable suspicion and articulable suspicion to justify further delay,
retaining defendant’s driver’s license beyond the point of satisfying the purpose of the
initial detention . . . was unreasonable.” Id. at 327, 807 S.E.2d at 622.
V. Conclusion
¶ 21 Defendant’s encounter with the deputies became a seizure at some point prior
to the drugs being detected by the Backup Deputy. The initial justification for the
seizure disbanded fifty (50) seconds before the Backup Deputy discovered the drugs.
The trial court never made findings in this regard, as the trial court incorrectly found
that Defendant was never seized.
¶ 22 We, therefore, vacate the order and remand to the trial court to make
additional findings concerning whether there was any other justification for the
deputies to extend the seizure for fifty (50) seconds beyond the time the Deputy
reapproached Defendant’s car or, otherwise, whether any exception to the
exclusionary rule might apply. If not, the trial court will allow Defendant’s motion to
suppress and strike Defendant’s conditional guilty plea.
VACATED AND REMANDED.
Judge TYSON concurs.
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Chief Judge STROUD concurs in result only.