State v. Griffin ( 2020 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA17-386-2
Filed: 18 February 2020
Craven County, No. 03 CRS 53794
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
v.
THOMAS EARL GRIFFIN, Defendant.
Appeal by Defendant from order entered 1 September 2016 by Judge Benjamin
G. Alford in Craven County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 19
September 2017, and opinion filed 7 August 2018. Remanded to this Court by order
of the North Carolina Supreme Court for further consideration in light of State v.
Grady, 372 N.C. 509, 831 S.E.2d 542 (2019). Heard in this Court on remand on 8
January 2020.
Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Special Deputy Attorney General Joseph
Finarelli, for the State.
Appellate Defender Glenn Gerding, by Assistant Appellate Defender James R.
Grant, for Defendant-Appellant.
INMAN, Judge.
Following the Supreme Court of North Carolina’s decision in State v. Grady,
372 N.C. 509, 831 S.E.2d 542 (2019) (Grady III), we hold that the trial court’s order
imposing satellite based monitoring (“SBM”) of a sex offender for thirty years,
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Opinion of the Court
considering the totality of the circumstances of this case, is unreasonable and violates
the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
In State v. Griffin, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 818 S.E.2d 336, 342 (2018) (Griffin
I), this Court held that the State failed to demonstrate the reasonableness of a
warrantless search of Defendant Thomas Earl Griffin (“Defendant”) through
imposition of SBM for a term of thirty years in violation of the Fourth Amendment to
the United States Constitution. Our holding was based on this Court’s decision in
State v. Grady, ___ N.C. App. ___, 817 S.E.2d 18 (2018) (“Grady II”), holding that
lifetime SBM was unconstitutional as applied to a recidivist defendant because the
State “failed to present any evidence of [SBM’s] efficacy in furtherance of the State’s
undeniably legitimate interests.” ___ N.C. App. at ___, 817 S.E.2d at 27.
After Griffin I was filed, the Supreme Court of North Carolina modified and
affirmed Grady II, holding in Grady III that lifetime SBM was unconstitutional as
applied to Mr. Grady and all defendants who were not on probation or post-release
supervision but subject to lifetime SBM solely on the basis of recidivism. Grady III,
372 N.C. at 591, 831 S.E.2d at 572. Griffin I was then remanded to this Court by
order of the Supreme Court “for further consideration in light of . . . [Grady III].”
After careful review following the decision in Grady III, supplemental briefing,
and oral argument, we again hold that the imposition of SBM under N.C. Gen. Stat.
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Opinion of the Court
§ 14-208.40(a)(2) per the trial court’s order is unconstitutional as applied to
Defendant.1 We again reverse the trial court’s order.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The facts of this case are fully described in Griffin I. ___ N.C. App. at ___, 818
S.E.2d at 337-39. However, since those facts do not render Grady III entirely
dispositive of this appeal and the resolution of an as-applied challenge “is strongly
influenced by the facts in a particular case[,]” State v. Packingham, 368 N.C. 380,
393, 777 S.E.2d 738, 749 (2015), rev’d and remanded on other grounds, 582 U.S. ___,
198 L. Ed. 2d 273 (2017), we recite pertinent details.
In 2004, Defendant entered an Alford plea to one count of first-degree sex
offense with a child. Griffin I, ___ N.C. App. at ___, 818 S.E.2d at 337. At sentencing,
Defendant admitted to the digital and penile penetration of his girlfriend’s minor
daughter over the course of three years. Id. at ___, 818 S.E.2d at 338. The trial court
sentenced Defendant to imprisonment for 144 to 182 months and recommended the
completion of SOAR, a sex offender treatment program. Id.
Eleven years after his conviction, in 2015, Defendant was released from prison
on a five-year term of post-release supervision. Id. Three months later, the State
sought SBM of Defendant under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-208.40(a)(2), as he had been
1 At oral argument, Defendant made clear his constitutional challenge to SBM was limited to
the facts of the instant case and that he was not pressing a facial constitutional challenge to the entire
statutory SBM regime. We therefore limit our decision to the as-applied argument advanced by this
appeal.
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Opinion of the Court
sentenced for a reportable sex offense as defined by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-208.6(4) and
therefore could be subject to SBM if ordered by a court. Id.
Defendant appeared before the trial court at a “bring-back” hearing in August
2016, where a “Revised STATIC-99 Coding Form” (“Static-99”), prepared by the
Division of Adult Correction and Juvenile Justice and designed to estimate the
probability of recidivism, was entered into evidence. Id. According to the Static-99,
Defendant presented a “moderate-low” risk, the second lowest of four possible
categories. Id.
The State called Defendant’s parole officer as a witness, who testified that
Defendant failed to complete the SOAR program but had not violated any terms of
his post-release supervision. Id. The officer also described the physical
characteristics and operation of the SBM device. Id. The State did not introduce any
evidence regarding how it would use the SBM data or whether SBM would be effective
in protecting the public from potential recidivism by Defendant. Id.
After taking the matter under advisement, the trial court entered a written
order imposing SBM on Defendant for thirty years. Id. at ___, 818 S.E.2d at 338-39.
That order included the following findings of fact and conclusion of law:
1. The defendant failed to participate in and[/]or complete
the SOAR program.
2. The defendant took advantage of the victim’s young age
and vulnerability: the victim was 11 years old [while] the
defendant was 29 years old.
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Opinion of the Court
3. The defendant took advantage of a position of trust; the
defendant was the live-in boyfriend of the victim’s mother.
The family had resided together for at least four years and
[defendant] had a child with the victim’s mother.
4. Sexual abuse occurred over a three year period of time.
The court has weighed the Fourth Amendment right of the
defendant to be free from unreasonable searches and
seizures with the publics [sic] right to be protected from sex
offenders and the court concludes that the publics [sic]
right of protection outweighs the “de minimis” intrusion
upon the defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights.
Id. at ___, 818 S.E.2d at 339.
Based on the above record, we held in Griffin I that “because the State failed
to present any evidence that SBM is effective to protect the public from sex offenders,
this Court’s decision in Grady II compels us to reverse the trial court’s order requiring
Defendant to enroll in SBM for thirty years.” Id. at ___, 818 S.E.2d at 342.
II. ANALYSIS
We re-evaluate Defendant’s appeal as directed by the Supreme Court,
considering Grady III and determining whether that decision impacts our prior
reversal of the SBM order. Because Grady III modifies and affirms Grady II, we look
to both opinions to discern the scope, effect, and import of Grady III. We begin, then,
with a review of Grady II.
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A. Grady II
In Grady II, this Court determined whether lifetime SBM imposed on an
unsupervised recidivist defendant was “ ‘reasonable—when properly viewed as a
search[.]’ ” Grady II, ___ N.C. App. at ___, 817 S.E.2d at 21 (quoting Grady v. North
Carolina, 575 U.S. 306, 310, 191 L. Ed. 2d 459, 463 (2015)). We ultimately held that
Mr. Grady’s diminished privacy expectations did not render lifetime SBM reasonable
under the totality of the circumstances. Id. at ___, 817 S.E.2d at 28.
Our analysis in Grady II focused on four things: (1) the defendant’s expectation
of privacy as a convicted sex offender subject to registration, id. at ___, 817 S.E.2d at
23-25; (2) the physical intrusion of the SBM monitor itself, id. at ___, 817 S.E.2d at
25; (3) SBM’s continuous intrusion into the defendant’s locational privacy interest,
id. at ___, 817 S.E.2d at 25-26; and (4) the State’s interest in monitoring the defendant
and whether lifetime SBM served that interest, id. at ___, 817 S.E.2d at 27-28. 2
As to the first circumstance, we held that registration on the sex offender
registry meant the “[d]efendant’s expectation of privacy [was] . . . appreciably
diminished as compared to law-abiding citizens.” Id. at ___, 817 S.E.2d at 24. We
next explained that the impact of the ankle monitor used to conduct SBM was “more
inconvenient than intrusive, in light of [the] defendant’s diminished expectation of
2 We reviewed the issue under a “general Fourth Amendment approach based on diminished
expectations of privacy” and declined to examine whether the SBM order constituted a special needs
search, holding that the State’s failure to raise a special needs argument before the trial court resulted
in its waiver on appeal. Id. at ___, 817 S.E.2d at 23 (citations and quotation marks omitted).
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Opinion of the Court
privacy as a convicted sex offender.” Id. at ___, 817 S.E.2d at 25. We also observed,
however, that SBM’s “continuous, warrantless search of defendant’s location through
the use of GPS technology . . . . is ‘uniquely intrusive’ as compared to other searches
upheld by the United States Supreme Court.” Id. at ___, 817 S.E.2d at 25-26 (quoting
Belleau v. Wall, 811 F.3d 929, 940 (7th Cir. 2016) (Flaum, J., concurring)). Lastly,
we recognized “the State’s compelling interest in protecting the public, particularly
minors, from dangerous sex offenders[,]” id. at ___, 817 S.E.2d at 27, but nonetheless
held the SBM search unreasonable because “the State failed to present any evidence
of its need to monitor defendant, or the procedures actually used to conduct such
monitoring in unsupervised cases.” Id. at ___, 817 S.E.2d at 28. In announcing that
holding, we stressed that it was strictly “limited to the facts of this case.” Id.
B. Grady III
Our decision in Grady II was modified and affirmed by our Supreme Court in
Grady III. In a comprehensive opinion, the Supreme Court reviewed every aspect of
this Court’s analysis in Grady II and identified two points of express disagreement:
(1) “the Court of Appeals erroneously limited its holding to the constitutionality of
the program as applied only to Mr. Grady, when our analysis of the reasonableness
of the search applies equally to anyone in Mr. Grady’s circumstances[,]” Grady III,
372 N.C. at 510-11, 831 S.E.2d at 546 (citation omitted); and (2) the Supreme Court
“[dis]agree[d] with the Court of Appeals that [the SBM ankle monitor’s] physical
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Opinion of the Court
restrictions, which require defendant to be tethered to a wall for what amounts to one
month out of every year, are ‘more inconvenient than intrusive.’ ” Id. at 535-36, 831
S.E.2d at 562-63 (citations omitted).3 It then modified the holding in Grady II to
expand its application “equally to anyone in defendant’s circumstances,” rendering
SBM monitoring under N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 14-208.40A(c) and 14-208.40B(c)
unconstitutional as applied to any registered sex offenders who are otherwise not
under State supervision but would be subject to SBM solely on the basis of recidivism.
Id. at 550-51, 831 S.E.2d at 572.
Despite broadening Grady II’s impact, Grady III examined largely the same
factors: (1) the nature of the defendant’s legitimate privacy interests in light of his
status as a registered sex offender, id. at 527-34, 831 S.E.2d at 557-61; (2) the
intrusive qualities of SBM into the defendant’s privacy interests, id. at 534-38, 831
S.E.2d at 561-64; and (3) the State’s legitimate interests in conducting SBM
monitoring and the effectiveness of SBM in addressing those interests, id. at 538-45,
831 S.E.2d at 564-68.
The Supreme Court first concluded that SBM intruded upon the defendant’s
privacy interests in his physical person, id. at 527-28, 831 S.E.2d at 557, his home,
id. at 528, 831 S.E.2d at 557, and his location and movements, id. at 528-29, 831
3 Although the Supreme Court did not directly contradict this Court’s determination that the
State had failed to preserve a “special needs” analysis of the SBM program on appeal, it did address
the question of whether a special need was present on the merits and concluded that “the ‘special
needs’ doctrine is not applicable here.” Id. at 527, 831 S.E.2d at 557 (citations omitted).
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S.E.2d at 557-58. Though the defendant was a convicted felon and did have to
register as a sex offender, the Supreme Court held those facts diminished his privacy
interests only in contexts distinct from SBM. See id. at 531, 831 S.E.2d at 559 (“None
of the conditions imposed by the registry implicate an individual’s Fourth
Amendment ‘right . . . to be secure in [his] person[ ]’ or his expectation of privacy ‘in
the whole of his physical movements.’ ” (quoting Carpenter v. United States, 585 U.S.
___, ___, 201 L. Ed. 2d 507, 523 (2018)). It also drew a contrast between Mr. Grady
and defendants subject to probation or post-release supervision:
Even if defendant has no reasonable expectation of privacy
concerning where he lives because he is required to register
as a sex offender, he does not thereby forfeit his expectation
of privacy in all other aspects of his daily life. This is
especially true with respect to unsupervised individuals
like defendant who, unlike probationers and parolees, are
not on the “continuum of possible [criminal] punishments”
and have no ongoing relationship with the State.
Id. at 531, 831 S.E.2d at 559-60 (quoting Griffin v. Wisconsin, 483 U.S. 868, 874, 97
L. Ed. 2d 709, 718 (1987)). The Supreme Court summarized this portion of its
analysis by concluding, “except as reduced for possessing firearms and by providing
certain specific information and materials to the sex offender registry, defendant’s
constitutional privacy rights, including his Fourth Amendment expectations of
privacy, have been restored.” Id. at 534, 831 S.E.2d at 561.
Turning to the intrusive nature of SBM, the Supreme Court noted that
recidivists who are required to undergo SBM do not receive the benefit of judicial
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review of the search’s necessity prior to or following its imposition, and “the fact that
North Carolina’s mandatory SBM program involves no meaningful judicial role is
important in the analysis of the constitutionality of the program.” Id. at 535, 831
S.E.2d at 562.4 It then explained that SBM constituted a significant invasion of Mr.
Grady’s physical privacy, as “Mr. Grady . . . must not only wear the half-pound ankle
monitor at all times and respond to any of its repeating voice messages, but he also
must spend two hours of every day plugged into a wall charging the ankle monitor.”
Id. The Supreme Court held that the State’s ability to track Mr. Grady’s movements
was likewise a substantial intrusion: “mandatory imposition of lifetime SBM on an
individual in defendant’s class works a deep, if not unique, intrusion upon that
individual’s protected Fourth Amendment interests.” Id. at 538, 831 S.E.2d at 564.
In the final step of its analysis, the Supreme Court looked to the State’s
interests in imposing SBM and “ ‘consider[ed] the nature and immediacy of the
governmental concern at issue here, and the efficacy of this means for meeting it.’ ”
Id. (quoting Vernonia Sch. Dist. 47J v. Acton, 515 U.S. 646, 660, 132 L. Ed. 2d 564,
579 (1995)). It identified several compelling interests promoted by the State, namely
protecting the public from sex offenders through solving crimes, reducing recidivism,
and deterring criminality. Id. at 538-39, 543, 831 S.E.2d at 564-65, 567. Despite
4 The Supreme Court noted that those subject to lifetime SBM do have the opportunity to
petition for termination of SBM in front of the Post-Release Supervision and Parole Commission. Id.
at 534, 831 S.E.2d at 562. It also held that such an opportunity was not equivalent to or a substitute
for judicial review of a warrantless search. Id. at 534-35, 831 S.E.2d at 562.
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acknowledging the legitimacy of these interests, the Supreme Court echoed the
efficacy-based decision in Grady II and wrote that “a problem justifying the need for
a warrantless search cannot simply be assumed; instead, the existence of the problem
and the efficacy of the solution need to be demonstrated by the government.” Id. at
540-41, 831 S.E.2d at 566. It further noted that reliance on “unsupported
assumptions . . . [does not] suffice to render an otherwise unlawful search
reasonable.” Id. at 543 n.20, 831 S.E.2d at 567 n.20. Given that the State failed to
introduce any evidence that SBM is effective in protecting the public against sex
offenders, the Supreme Court refused to “simply assume that the program serves its
goals and purposes when determining whether the State’s interest outweighs the
significant burden that lifetime SBM imposes on the privacy rights of recidivists
subjected to it[.]” Id. at 544, 831 S.E.2d at 568. And, because “the State . . . simply
failed to show how monitoring [a recidivist] individual’s movements for the rest of his
life would deter future offenses, protect the public, or prove guilt of some later
crime[,]” the Supreme Court held that “the State has not met its burden of
establishing the reasonableness of the SBM program under the Fourth Amendment
balancing test required for warrantless searches.” Id.
The Supreme Court did not, however, treat the lack of evidence that SBM is
effective as a dispositive threshold issue, as opposed to one factor among the totality
of the circumstances. See id. at 543, 831 S.E.2d at 567 (“The State’s inability to
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produce evidence of the efficacy of the lifetime SBM program in advancing any of its
asserted legitimate State interests weighs heavily against a conclusion of
reasonableness here.” (emphasis added)).
Following the above analysis, the Supreme Court reached its ultimate holding:
not only was mandatory lifetime SBM under N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 14-208.40A(c) and 14-
208.40B(c) unconstitutional as applied to Mr. Grady, it was also unconstitutional as
applied to all unsupervised defendants who received mandatory lifetime SBM solely
on the basis of recidivism. Id. at 550-51, 831 S.E.2d at 572. In other words, because
SBM monitoring of such a defendant on the basis of recidivism alone would never be
reasonable under the totality of the circumstances, this Court erred in limiting its
holding in Grady II. See id. at 545, 831 S.E.2d at 568 (“In these circumstances, the
SBM program cannot constitutionally be applied to recidivists in Grady’s category on
a lifetime basis as currently required by the statute.”). The Supreme Court was
mindful to restrict this quasi-facial element of its decision to the specific facts before
it:
The category to which this holding applies includes only
those individuals who are not on probation, parole, or post-
release supervision; who are subject to lifetime SBM solely
by virtue of being recidivists as defined by the statute; and
who have not been classified as a sexually violent predator,
convicted of an aggravated offense, or are adults convicted
of statutory rape or statutory sex offense with a victim
under the age of thirteen.
Id. at 545, 831 S.E.2d at 568-69.
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C. Grady III’s Effect on This Appeal
Defendant’s circumstances place him outside of the facial aspect of Grady III’s
holding; he is not an unsupervised recidivist subject to mandatory lifetime SBM, but
is instead a felon on post-release supervision who was convicted of an offense
involving the physical, mental, or sexual abuse of a minor. Defendant, then, is subject
to SBM under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-208.40(a)(2), not subsection (a)(1) as in the Grady
cases, and he therefore received the benefit of a risk assessment and judicial
determination of whether and for how long he would be subject to the SBM search.
See N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 14-208.40A(d)-(e) (2019) (providing that defendants subject to
SBM under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-208.40(a)(2) must receive a risk assessment before
the trial court “determines . . . the offender does require the highest possible level of
supervision and monitoring” and imposes SBM for “a period of time to be specified by
the court”). Plainly, then, Grady III’s holding does not directly determine the outcome
of this appeal.
Although Grady III does not compel the result we must reach in this case, its
reasonableness analysis does provide us with a roadmap to get there. As conceded
by the State at oral argument, Grady III offers guidance as to what factors to consider
in determining whether SBM is reasonable under the totality of the circumstances.
We thus resolve this appeal by reviewing Defendant’s privacy interests and the
nature of SBM’s intrusion into them before balancing those factors against the State’s
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interests in monitoring Defendant and the effectiveness of SBM in addressing those
concerns. See Grady III, 372 N.C. at 527, 534, 538, 831 S.E.2d at 557, 561, 564.
Before doing so, however, we must address whether that analysis is conducted
pursuant to the “special needs” doctrine or upon a diminished expectation of privacy
as was done in Grady III. See id. at 524-27, 831 S.E.2d at 555-57.
1. Special Needs v. Diminished Expectations of Privacy
In its initial briefing to this Court, the State argued that SBM serves a special
need in this case. However, we held in Griffin I that the State’s failure to assert a
special need before the trial court waived that argument on appellate review. Griffin
I, ___ N.C. App. at ___ n.5, 818 S.E.2d at 340 n.5. We reaffirm our holding that the
State’s failure to advance a special need before the trial court waived its application
on appeal, and, even assuming arguendo that this argument was not waived, we
conclude that it is inapplicable to the SBM order appealed here.
Defendant is subject to post-release supervision until June of this year. As
recognized in Grady III, a supervisory relationship between a defendant and the
State may give rise to a special need for warrantless searches. 372 N.C. at 526, 831
S.E.2d at 556 (rejecting the State’s special needs argument partly on the basis that
Mr. Grady was unsupervised and was “not [in] a situation . . . in which there is any
‘ongoing supervisory relationship’ between defendant and the State” (quoting Griffin
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v. Wisconsin, 483 U.S. at 879, 97 L. Ed. 2d at ___)). The thirty years of SBM at issue
in this appeal is unrelated to the State’s post-release supervision of Defendant.
As acknowledged by counsel at oral argument, all defendants convicted of a
reportable conviction or the sexual abuse of a minor who receive post-release
supervision must submit to SBM as a condition of their release. See N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 15A-1368.4(b1)(7) (2019) (establishing SBM monitoring as a required condition of
post-release supervision for registered sex offenders and those convicted of sexual
abuse of a minor).
Defendant has not contested the imposition of SBM as a condition of post-
release supervision but has instead appealed an entirely different search lasting six
times the length of his supervisory relationship with the State. In light of the fact
that the State’s special need to monitor Defendant through SBM can already be met
as a term of his release—and given that Defendant has not contested the imposition
of SBM in connection with his post-release supervision—we analyze the separate,
thirty-year SBM search imposed independent of his supervised release under a
diminished expectation of privacy exception to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant
requirement rather than as a special needs search. Cf. Grady III, 372 N.C. at 526-
27, 831 S.E.2d at 556-57 (“[T]he primary purpose of SBM is to solve crimes. . . .
Because the State has not proffered any concerns other than crime detection, the
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special needs doctrine is not applicable here.” (citations and quotation marks
omitted)).
2. Defendant’s Privacy Interests
Defendant, as a registered sex-offender subject to post-release supervision,
does have a diminished expectation of privacy in some respects. His appearance on
the sex offender registry does not mean, however, that his rights to privacy in his
person, his home, and his movements are forever forfeit. Id. at 534, 831 S.E.2d at
561. And while those rights may be appreciably diminished during his five-year term
of post-release supervision, that is not true for the remaining 25 years of SBM
imposed here. Treating this search on its own terms, Defendant’s “constitutional
privacy rights, including his Fourth Amendment expectations of privacy, [will] have
been restored” one-sixth of the way into the warrantless search at issue. Id.
Defendant, then, will enjoy appreciable, recognizable privacy interests that weigh
against the imposition of SBM for the remainder of the thirty-year term.
3. Intrusive Nature of SBM
Grady III made several observations concerning the intrusive nature of SBM,
and those same observations generally apply here. For example, the physical
qualities of the monitoring device used in this case appear largely similar to those in
Grady III, and thus meaningfully conflict with Defendant’s physical privacy rights.
Id. at 535-37, 831 S.E.2d at 562-63. And, as recognized in Grady III, SBM’s ability to
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track Defendant’s location is “uniquely intrusive,” id. at 537, 831 S.E.2d at 564
(citation and quotation marks omitted), and thus weighs against the imposition of
SBM.
Despite the above parallels, the intrusion in this case is different from that in
Grady III in some respects. Defendant is subject to thirty years of warrantless
intrusions, not a lifetime, and, unlike recidivists, was ordered to submit to that term
of SBM after a risk assessment and a determination by the trial court that he
“require[s] the highest possible level of supervision and monitoring[.]” N.C. Gen.
Stat. § 14-208.40A(e). These differences, however, do not sufficiently tilt the scales
in favor of SBM in this case. The thirty-year term of SBM imposed here, though less
than a lifelong term, nonetheless constitutes a significantly lengthy and burdensome
warrantless search. Although Defendant did have the benefit of judicial review in
determining whether SBM should be imposed, persons subject to SBM for a term of
years do not have the opportunity to later petition the Post-Release Supervision and
Parole Commission for relief. “In [this] aspect, the intrusion of SBM on Defendant in
this case is greater than the intrusion imposed in Grady II [and Grady III], because
unlike an order for lifetime SBM, which is subject to periodic challenge and review,
an order imposing SBM for a period of years is not subject to later review[.]” Griffin
I, ___ N.C. App. at ___, 818 S.E.2d at 341 (citing N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-208.43). Thus,
even when these differences from Grady III are taken into account, the intrusive
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nature of SBM as implemented in this case weighs against the reasonableness of the
warrantless search ordered below.
4. The State’s Interests
Our case law is clear that the State has advanced legitimate interests in favor
of SBM. See, e.g., Grady III, 372 N.C. at 543, 831 S.E.2d at 568 (“[T]he State’s
asserted interests here are without question legitimate[.]”). Those interests, as
acknowledged in Grady III and Griffin I, include protecting the public from sex
offenders, Griffin I, ___ N.C. App. at ___, 818 S.E.2d at 341, reducing recidivism, id.,
solving crimes, Grady III, 372 N.C. at 542, 831 S.E.2d at 567, and deterring
criminality, id. at 543, 831 S.E.2d at 567. But, in addition to showing valid objectives,
“the State bears the burden of proving the reasonableness of a warrantless search”
which, in the context of SBM, includes “the burden of coming forward with some
evidence that its SBM program assists in apprehending sex offenders, deters or
prevents new sex offenses, or otherwise protects the public.” Id. at 543-44, 831 S.E.2d
at 568 (citation omitted). The State’s failure to produce any evidence in this regard
“weighs heavily against a conclusion of reasonableness[.]” Id. at 543, 831 S.E.2d at
567.
The State conceded at oral argument that it did not introduce any record
evidence before the trial court showing SBM is effective in accomplishing any of the
State’s legitimate interests. See also Griffin I, ___ N.C. App. at ___, 818 S.E.2d at 340
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(noting the absence of record evidence on efficacy). Although the State proffered
testimony that Defendant had betrayed the minor victim’s trust and then failed to
complete the SOAR program in prison, “[t]he SBM order did not reflect in any finding
or conclusion whether the trial court determined that Defendant’s betrayal of trust
or failure to complete or participate in SOAR increased his likelihood of recidivism.”
Id. at ___, 818 S.E.2d at 342.
The Static-99 produced by the State disclosing a “moderate-low risk” of
reoffending is, standing alone, “insufficient to support the imposition of SBM on a sex
offender.” Id. (citing State v. Kilby, 198 N.C. App. 363, 370, 679 S.E.2d 430, 434
(2009); State v. Thomas, 225 N.C. App. 631, 634, 741 S.E.2d 384, 387 (2013)). And,
as explained above, the State’s interest in monitoring Defendant via SBM during
post-release supervision is already accomplished by a mandatory condition of post-
release supervision imposing that very thing. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-
1368.4(b1)(7). The State, therefore, failed to carry its burden to produce evidence
that the thirty-year term of SBM imposed in this case is effective to serve legitimate
interests.
5. Reasonableness of SBM Under the Totality of These Circumstances
As explained above, the circumstances reveal that Defendant has appreciable
privacy interests in his person, his home, and his movements—even if those interests
are diminished for five of the thirty years that he is subject to SBM. Those privacy
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STATE V. GRIFFIN
Opinion of the Court
interests are, in turn, substantially infringed by the SBM order imposed in this case.
Taken together, these factors caution strongly against a conclusion of reasonableness,
and they are not outweighed by evidence of any legitimate interest served by
monitoring Defendant given the State’s failure to meet its burden showing SBM’s
efficacy in accomplishing the State’s professed aims. In short, the totality of the
circumstances discloses that the order for thirty years of SBM in this case constitutes
an unreasonable warrantless search in violation of the Fourth Amendment. We
therefore hold, consistent with the balancing test employed in Grady III, that the
imposition of SBM under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-208.40(a)(2) as required by the trial
court’s order is unconstitutional as applied to Defendant and must be reversed. See
State v. Greene, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 806 S.E.2d 343, 345 (2017) (holding that when
the State had the opportunity but failed to introduce evidence in showing the
reasonableness of SBM, reversal—rather than vacatur and remand—is the
appropriate disposition).
III. CONCLUSION
We reaffirm our prior disposition under Griffin I, as that result is consistent
with the totality of the circumstances test as employed by our Supreme Court in
Grady III. Because the order imposing thirty years of SBM is an unreasonable
warrantless search of Defendant in violation of the Fourth Amendment, we reverse
the trial court’s order.
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STATE V. GRIFFIN
Opinion of the Court
REVERSED.
Judge YOUNG concurs.
Judge BRYANT concurs in the result only.
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