In re: Meetze ( 2020 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA19-1097
Filed: 21 July 2020
Wilson County, No. 16-E-65
IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE OF JOHN TIMOTHY MEETZE, Deceased.
Appeal by Petitioner from order entered 3 September 2019 by Judge Marvin
K. Blount, III, in Wilson County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 9
June 2020.
Batts, Batts & Bell, LLP, by Michael R. Smith, Jr., and Benjamin D. Carter,
for Petitioner-Appellant.
Narron & Holdford, P.A., by Ben L. Eagles, for Respondents-Appellees.
INMAN, Judge.
Petitioner-Appellant Candee Able Peacock (“Ms. Peacock”), who applied for
and received an assignment and a deficiency judgment for her spousal year’s
allowance from an assistant clerk with the Wilson County Superior Court, appeals
an order of the superior court: (1) affirming the Wilson County Clerk of Superior
Court’s decision to re-date the assignment and deficiency judgment, thereby renewing
Respondent-Appellees Jordan Lynn Batchelor’s and Blair Nicole Batchelor’s (the
“Batchelors”) time to appeal them to the superior court; and (2) disqualifying Ms.
IN RE MEETZE
Opinion of the Court
Peacock from receiving her spousal allowance under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 31A-1(a)
(2019). After careful review, we reverse the trial court’s order.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The record below discloses the following:
Ms. Peacock and John Timothy Meetze (“Decedent”) were married in South
Carolina on 13 April 1997. Decedent physically abused Ms. Peacock throughout the
marriage. On 23 April 1998, Decedent physically assaulted Ms. Peacock and caused
multiple injuries that required medical attention. Ms. Peacock fled the home that
day, beginning what would become a years-long separation. Ms. Peacock also sought
a Domestic Violence Protective Order against Decedent, which was granted by a
South Carolina court on 4 May 1998.
Ms. Peacock filed for divorce in South Carolina later that year. Decedent then
sent a letter from prison to Ms. Peacock’s lawyer stating he still loved his wife and
would be contesting the divorce. As a result of the letter, Ms. Peacock dropped the
divorce proceeding. Ms. Peacock saw Defendant for the last time in a South Carolina
courtroom in 1999 but had no further contact with him.
Decedent and Ms. Peacock remained separated and both entered other
relationships between 1999 and Decedent’s death in January 2016. Ms. Peacock had
sexual relationships and cohabitated with at least two other men, while Decedent
-2-
IN RE MEETZE
Opinion of the Court
purported to marry Carol Burgess Meetze (“Ms. Burgess”) on 4 August 2001. Burgess
was unaware that Decedent was still married to Ms. Peacock.
Ms. Peacock filed a second divorce action in Virginia in December of 2015.
Decedent passed away the following month and Ms. Peacock voluntarily dismissed
her divorce action.
On 29 January 2016, Ms. Burgess filed an application for and was assigned the
spousal year’s allowance by the Wilson County Clerk of Superior Court. On 5
February 2016, however, Decedent’s son from a previous marriage filed a motion to
set aside the assignment of the year’s allowance to Ms. Burgess because Decedent
was still married to Ms. Peacock at the time of his death. On 15 February 2016, while
Decedent’s son’s motion was still pending, Ms. Peacock filed with the Clerk her own
application for the spousal year’s allowance. She also joined the motion to set aside
the assignment to Ms. Burgess. The trial court later set aside the assignment of the
year’s allowance to Ms. Burgess after declaring the marriage void, and, in July 2017,
this Court affirmed that order. In re Estate of Meetze, 254 N.C. App. 610, 802 S.E.2d
916, 2017 WL 3027483 (2017) (unpublished). Following that decision, the
Batchelors—the children of Decedent’s godmother—filed Decedent’s purported Last
Will and Testament, which named them as beneficiaries and voided any gifts to Ms.
Burgess.
-3-
IN RE MEETZE
Opinion of the Court
Despite her filing of the application on 15 February 2016 and this Court’s
subsequent ruling setting aside Ms. Burgess’s spousal allowance, Ms. Peacock’s
application for the year’s allowance sat unresolved in the Clerk’s office until 15
February 2019, when an assistant clerk allowed the application and assigned the
year’s allowance to Ms. Peacock (the “Assignment”). The assistant clerk also entered
a deficiency judgment for the full amount of the allowance because funds in
Decedent’s estate were insufficient to pay it (the “Deficiency Judgment”). In
reviewing the Assignment, the assistant clerk believed it had been erroneously left
unsigned on 15 February 2016. So, she dated her signature on the Assignment 15
February 2016. The assistant clerk dated the Deficiency Judgment 15 February 2019
consistent with the date she actually signed.
The backdating of the Assignment was brought to the attention of Wilson
County’s elected Clerk of Superior Court (the “Clerk”) sometime after its entry and,
on 1 April 2019, the Clerk heard arguments from counsel for the parties concerning
whether the assistant clerk correctly dated the Assignment and the Deficiency
Judgment. The Clerk determined that the Assignment was signed by the assistant
clerk on 15 February 2019 but was “mistakenly” dated 15 February 2016. As a result,
the Clerk entered an order on 4 April 2019 re-dating the entry of the Assignment and
Deficiency Judgment to 4 April 2019 (the “Clerk’s Order”). In that order, the Clerk
concluded that such relief was authorized pursuant to Rule 60 of the North Carolina
-4-
IN RE MEETZE
Opinion of the Court
Rules of Civil Procedure without specifying which specific subsection of the Rule
applied.
Following the entry of the Clerk’s Order, the Batchelors and Ms. Burgess filed
a motion to set aside the Assignment and Deficiency Judgment and a Notice of Appeal
to superior court. Ms. Peacock also filed a Notice of Appeal, as well as a motion
challenging Ms. Burgess’s standing to appeal, a motion to stay proceedings, and an
answer to the motion to set aside the Assignment and Deficiency Judgment.
On 22 July 2019, the trial court heard the parties’ appeals. At the hearing, the
assistant clerk testified about backdating the Assignment. The assistant clerk
explained that she backdated the Assignment because she believed it was supposed
to have been signed concurrent with the filing of Ms. Peacock’s application on 15
February 2016 as a matter of rote procedure, and assumed in 2019 that it went
unsigned by simple oversight.
Ms. Peacock also testified at the hearing, describing in detail the abuse and
injuries she suffered at Decedent’s hands. The court received photographs of her
injuries into evidence, as well as a transcript of the domestic violence protection
hearing in which she described her injuries for the South Carolina court. Ms. Peacock
further testified that Decedent continued to harass her by phone after they separated,
that she stayed away for fear of her personal safety, and that she did not try to get
-5-
IN RE MEETZE
Opinion of the Court
back together with Decedent because she “d[id]n’t think [she]’d be sitting here today
if [she] would have.”
In an order dated 3 September 2019, the trial court granted Ms. Peacock’s
motion to dismiss Ms. Burgess’s appeal, concluding she lacked standing because her
marriage to Decedent was void. The trial court also affirmed the Clerk’s re-dating of
the Assignment and Deficiency Judgment based on Rule 60 of the North Carolina
Rules of Civil Procedure. Finally, the trial court granted the Batchelor’s motion to
set aside the Assignment and Deficiency Judgment pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. §
31A-1. Although the trial court found that Ms. Peacock “involuntarily and unwilfully
separated from [Decedent],” it also determined that, “[b]ased upon the passage of time
between [the] involuntary separation . . . to include [Ms.] Peacock’s prior divorce
filings as well as lack of contact between the parties, Ms. Peacock did willfully and
without cause abandon [Decedent].” Ms. Peacock timely appealed.
II. ANALYSIS
Ms. Peacock presents two principal arguments on appeal: (1) the trial court
erred in concluding that the Clerk was authorized under Rule 60 to amend the dates
of entry of the Assignment and Deficiency Judgment to 4 April 2019; and (2) if the
Clerk did possess that authority, the trial court erred in concluding that Ms. Peacock
willfully and without just cause abandoned Decedent such that she was disqualified
from receiving her spousal year’s allowance. We address each argument in turn.
-6-
IN RE MEETZE
Opinion of the Court
A. Standards of Review
“The personal representative, or the surviving spouse, or child by the child’s
guardian or next friend, or any creditor, devisee, or heir of the deceased, may appeal”
de novo a clerk of court’s ruling regarding spousal allowance to superior court. N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 30-23; see also N. C. Gen. Stat. § 1-301.2 (2019) (providing for de novo
review of such an appeal to superior court). On appeal to this Court, “[u]nchallenged
findings of fact ‘are presumed to be supported by competent evidence and are binding
on appeal.’ ” In re Estate of Harper, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 837 S.E.2d 602, 604 (2020)
(quoting In re Estate of Warren, 81 N.C. App. 634, 636, 344 S.E.2d 795, 796 (1986).
Conclusions of law are subject to de novo review. In re Estate of Peacock, 248 N.C.
App. 18, 21, 788 S.E.2d 191, 194 (2016).
Relief under Rule 60(a) is limited to the “correction of clerical errors, [and] it
does not permit the correction of serious or substantial errors.” Buncombe Cty. By
and Through Child Support Enf’t Agency ex rel. Andres v. Newburn, 111 N.C. App.
822, 825, 433 S.E.2d 782, 784 (1993) (citation omitted). A trial court’s order correcting
a clerical error under Rule 60(a) is subject to the abuse of discretion standard. Id. A
trial court abuses its discretion and enters an order outside the scope of the Rule
“when it alters the effect of the original order.” Id. (citation omitted). Relief under
Rule 60(b) is also left to the discretion of the trial court, and its determination “will
not be disturbed absent: (1) an abuse of discretion; and/or (2) a trial court’s
-7-
IN RE MEETZE
Opinion of the Court
misapprehension of the appropriate legal standard for ruling on a Rule 60(b) motion.”
Pope v. Pope, 247 N.C. App. 587, 590, 786 S.E.2d 373, 376-77 (2016) (quotation marks
and citation omitted).
B. Rule 60
Rule 60 provides relief from a final judgment or order. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1,
Rule 60 (2019). It provides two paths—Rule 60(a) and Rule 60(b)—by which a party
may modify a final judgment or order without entering an appeal. Id. The former
permits a judge to correct clerical mistakes in judgments resulting from an oversight
or omission, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 60(a), while the latter provides “a grand
reservoir of equitable power by which a court may grant relief from a judgment
whenever extraordinary circumstances exist and there is a showing that justice
demands it.” Barnes v. Calvary Homes, 148 N.C. App. 397, 400, 559 S.E.2d 246, 248-
49 (2002) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
“A clerical error is [a]n error resulting from a minor mistake or inadvertence,
esp[ecially] in writing or copying something on the record, and not from judicial
reasoning or determination.” In re D.D.J., 177 N.C. App. 441, 444, 628 S.E.2d 808,
811 (2006) (quotation marks and citations omitted) (additional alterations in
original). See also Rudder v. Rudder, 234 N.C. App. 173, 179, 759 S.E.2d 321, 326
(2014) (identifying a clerical error when a trial court inadvertently checked the
incorrect box on a preprinted form). The judge may correct the error “on his own
-8-
IN RE MEETZE
Opinion of the Court
initiative or on the motion of any party after such notice, if any, as the judge orders.”
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 60(a). However, the judge does not have the power to
make a correction affecting the substantive rights of the parties. Food Serv.
Specialists, Inc. v. Atlas Restaurant Mgmt., Inc., 111 N.C. App. 257, 259, 431 S.E.2d
878, 879 (1993).
Food Service Specialists, Inc. is instructive. There, a trial judge entered a
judgment on 13 December 1991, but the judgment was inadvertently dated
incorrectly as having been entered on 2 October 1991. Id. at 258, 431 S.E.2d at 879.
The trial court identified the clerical error and changed the judgment date to 21
January 1992. Id. We held that the trial court’s order exceeded the parameters of
Rule 60(a):
By changing the incorrect date of entry of judgment (2
October 1991) to a date other than 13 December 1991, the
actual date judgment was entered, the trial court
improperly altered the substantive rights of the parties by
extending the period in which the parties could file a timely
notice of appeal. Rule 60(a) does not vest the trial court
with such authority.
Id. at 259-60, 431 S.E.2d at 880.
Based on a straightforward application of Food Service Specialists, Inc., Ms.
Peacock is correct that the Clerk (and the trial court in affirming the Clerk’s order on
appeal) could not rely on Rule 60(a) to re-date the Assignment and Deficiency
Judgment to 4 April 2019. In making that modification, the Clerk worked a
-9-
IN RE MEETZE
Opinion of the Court
substantial change by renewing the time in which the Batchelors could appeal those
orders. Id. Such a result is plainly prohibited under Rule 60(a) and Food Service
Specialists, Inc., and we hold that any reliance on that Rule by the Clerk and trial
court constitutes error.
As for Rule 60(b), neither the Clerk nor the trial court indicated whether relief
was proper under that Rule and, if so, which subsection of the Rule applied. Given
that the parties are in apparent agreement that Rules 60(b)(1) and 60(b)(6) are the
only provisions that apply,1 we review whether the trial court abused its discretion
in affirming the re-dating of the Assignment and Deficiency Judgment for the
assistant clerk’s “[m]istake,” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 60(b)(1), or “[a]ny other
reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment,” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1,
Rule 60(b)(6).
Assuming arguendo that the Clerk could grant relief under Rule 60 without a
motion from either party, the assistant clerk’s mistake in this case does not fall within
the ambit of Rule 60(b)(1). “To set aside a judgment based upon mistake, the moving
party must prove mutual mistake or that a unilateral mistake was made because of
some misconduct[,]” Griffith v. Curtis, 205 N.C. App. 462, 465, 696 S.E.2d 701, 703
(2010), and nothing in the record suggests that the assistant clerk’s unilateral
1In her appellate brief, Ms. Peacock contends that neither subsection supports the trial court’s
order. The Batchelors do not argue from any specific subsection, but instead contend that the Clerk
was correcting a “mistake” on the part of the assistant clerk in order to effectuate an equitable result.
- 10 -
IN RE MEETZE
Opinion of the Court
mistake in backdating her signature on the Assignment was the result of impropriety.
Indeed, the trial court found that the assistant clerk backdated the Assignment
because “she thought it was the proper thing to do and there was no ill will on [her]
part.” The Clerk, therefore, could not grant relief for the assistant clerk’s unilateral
mistake under Rule 60(b)(1).
The Batchelors contend that equity required re-dating the Assignment and
Deficiency Judgment under Rule 60(b)(6), which is available only upon “a showing (1)
that extraordinary circumstances exist and (2) that justice demands relief.” Thacker
v. Thacker, 107 N.C. App. 479, 481, 420 S.E.2d 479, 480 (1992) (citations omitted).
Specifically, they argue—without citation to any authority—that the assistant clerk
deprived them of their statutory right to appeal within ten days by backdating the
Assignment to 2016, and that renewing their time to appeal by re-dating the
Assignment and Deficiency Judgment to 4 April 2019 was necessary to vindicate that
right. We disagree. The backdating of the Assignment had no impact on the
Batchelors’ right to appeal. That is because regardless which artificial date the
assistant clerk or the trial court determined was appropriate for the Assignment—
three years earlier or three weeks later—the period for the Batchelors to appeal
expired on 25 February 2019, ten days after the assistant clerk actually signed it.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 30-23 provides that a decedent’s heirs may appeal an
assignment of the spousal year’s allowance “within 10 days after the assignment, and
- 11 -
IN RE MEETZE
Opinion of the Court
the appeal shall be heard as provided in [N.C. Gen. Stat. §] 1-301.2.” That statute,
in turn, provides that “a party aggrieved by an order or judgment of a clerk that
finally disposed of a special proceeding, may, within 10 days of entry of the order or
judgment, appeal to the appropriate court for a hearing de novo.” N.C. Gen. Stat. §
1-301.2(e) (emphasis added). Under our Rules of Civil Procedure, “a judgment is
entered when it is reduced to writing, signed by the judge, and filed with the clerk of
court.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 58 (2019). Here, although the assistant clerk
dated her signature on the Assignment 15 February 2016, both parties acknowledge
that the Assignment and Deficiency Judgment were actually “reduced to writing,
signed by the [clerk], and filed” on 15 February 2019. Id. As a result, the Assignment
and Deficiency Judgment were entered on that date,2 and the Batchelors had ten days
thereafter, or until 25 February 2019, to file any appeal. N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 30-23, 1-
301.2(e). In other words, the assistant clerk’s error in misdating her signature on the
2 The parties do not discuss on appeal whether the Assignment was entered nunc pro tunc.
We note, however, that “Nunc pro tunc orders are allowed only when a judgment has been actually
rendered, or decree signed, but not entered on the record, in consequence of accident or mistake or the
neglect of the clerk . . . .” Long v. Long, 102 N.C. App. 18, 21-22, 401 S.E.2d 401, 403 (1991) (emphasis
added) (citation and quotation marks omitted). Here, the assistant clerk testified that she believed
the Assignment should have been signed in 2016 but was not, and the record discloses that Ms.
Peacock’s application was not passed upon until the assistant clerk reviewed and signed the
Assignment in 2019. We therefore decline to treat the Assignment as entered nunc pro tunc 15
February 2016.
- 12 -
IN RE MEETZE
Opinion of the Court
Assignment in no way deprived the Batchelors of their right to appeal within ten days
of its actual entry on 15 February 2019.3
With the Batchelors suffering no injury from the assistant clerk’s backdating
of the Assignment, nothing supports employing Rule 60(b)(6) to amend the
Assignment’s and Deficiency Judgment’s dates of entry. The Batchelors were not
entitled to notice of the Assignment, In re Estate of Archibald, 183 N.C. App. 274,
277, 644 S.E.2d 264, 266 (2007), and any expiration of the ten-day timeframe to
appeal was the result of inaction on their part.4 Under these facts,5 the Batchelors
have not made the required showing under Rule 60(b)(6) “(1) that extraordinary
circumstances exist and (2) that justice demands relief.” Thacker, 107 N.C. App. at
481, 420 S.E.2d at 480 (citations omitted).
The parties identify no other bases for the Clerk’s decision to re-date the
Assignment and Deficiency Judgment. Because the relief requested by the
3 At oral argument, the Batchelors’ counsel posed that if he had filed a notice of appeal within
ten days of the unamended, backdated Assignment, their appeal would have been dismissed as
untimely or otherwise unreviewable due to an erroneous record. Such speculation does not alter our
holding; just as Ms. Peacock’s motion to dismiss Ms. Burgess’s appeal for lack of standing was argued
at the hearing before the trial court, so too would any motion to dismiss a timely appeal by the
Batchelors. Given the parties’ agreement that the Assignment was actually signed and dated 15
February 2019 and the availability of the assistant clerk to testify—either in person or by affidavit—
to the time of the Assignment’s entry, we decline to address the Batchelors’ hypothetical argument.
4 At trial and oral argument on appeal, counsel for the Batchelors acknowledged that his
clients did not discover the Assignment and Deficiency Judgments had been entered until more than
10 days after 15 February 2019.
5 Because “the remedy provided by Rule 60(b)(6) is equitable in nature[,]” Thacker, 107 NC.
App. at 482, 420 S.E.2d at 480, and “[e]quity . . . will so mold its decrees as to fit the exigencies of each
particular case[,]” McNinch v. American Trust Co., 183 N.C. 36, 42-43, 110 S.E. 663, 667 (1922), we
limit our holding to the particular facts of this case.
- 13 -
IN RE MEETZE
Opinion of the Court
Batchelors falls outside the scope of Rules 60(a), 60(b)(1), and 60(b)(6), we hold that
the Clerk—and the trial court on de novo review—abused their discretion in re-dating
the Assignment and Deficiency Judgment to 4 April 2019. As a result, the Batchelors
failed to timely prosecute their appeal of those orders, and we vacate the trial court’s
order for lack of jurisdiction. See Spalding Division of Questor Corp. v. DuBose, 46
N.C. App. 612, 613-14, 265 S.E.2d 501, 503 (1980) (holding under a predecessor to
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-301.2 that “[t]he appeal must be taken within ten days after the
clerk’s judgment to entitle the judge of superior court to review the ruling. There
must be an appeal from the clerk’s judgment to give the superior court jurisdiction.
The superior court does not acquire jurisdiction where there is no appeal from the
clerk’s judgment.” (citations omitted)); cf. In re C.M.H., 187 N.C. App. 807, 809, 653
S.E.2d 929, 930 (2007) (“In the absence of subject matter jurisdiction, the trial court’s
order is void and should be vacated.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)). And,
because the Assignment was “a clerk’s order that [was] not timely appealed[, it] ‘will
stand as a judgment of the court[.]’ ” In re Thompson, 232 N.C. App. 224, 227, 754
S.E.2d 168, 171 (2014) (quoting In re Atkinson-Clark Canal Co., 234 N.C. 374, 377,
67 S.E.2d 276, 278 (1951)).
B. Willful Abandonment Without Just Cause
Assuming arguendo that the Clerk could properly re-date the Assignment and
Deficiency Judgment to 4 April 2019, we further hold that the trial court erred in
- 14 -
IN RE MEETZE
Opinion of the Court
concluding that Ms. Peacock willfully and without just cause abandoned Decedent
within the meaning of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 31A-1. Under that statute, “[a] spouse who
[1] willfully and [2] without just cause [3] abandons and refuses to live with the other
spouse and [4] is not living with the other spouse at the time of such spouse’s death”
is prohibited from receiving the spousal year’s allowance. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 31A-
1(a)(3).6
On de novo review, the trial court made the following findings of fact and
conclusions of law pertinent to our analysis:
3. Candee Able Peacock involuntarily and unwilfully
separated from John Timothy Meetze on April 23, 1998,
following John Timothy Meetze’s acts of domestic violence
committed against Candee Able Peacock, never to be
reunited with John Timothy Meetze again prior to his
death.
....
5. After separating from John Timothy Meetze, and prior
to the death of John Timothy Meetze, Candee Able Peacock
lived in adulterous relationships.
6. Based upon the passage of time between Candee Able
Peacock’s involuntary separation from John Timothy
Meetze, to include Candee Able Peacock’s prior divorce
6 Respondents argue that subsection (a)(2) of the statute also applies, which bars a spouse who
“voluntarily separates from the other spouse and lives in adultery and such has not been condoned[.]”
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 31A-1(a)(2). However, the trial court expressly found that Ms. Peacock “involuntarily
and unwilfully separated from [Decedent].” The trial court then reiterated its finding of “involuntary
separation” before concluding, in the language of subsection (a)(3), that Ms. Peacock “did willfully and
without just cause abandon [Decedent].” Based on the trial court’s order, which did not make the
necessary finding of voluntary separation consistent with subsection (a)(2), we limit our review to
whether the trial court correctly concluded Ms. Peacock abandoned Decedent without just cause under
subsection (a)(3).
- 15 -
IN RE MEETZE
Opinion of the Court
filings as well as lack of contact between the parties,
Candee Able Peacock did willfully and without cause
abandon John Timothy Meetze.
Ms. Peacock does not directly challenge any specific findings on appeal; she does,
however, contend that the trial court erred in concluding she “willfully and without
cause abandoned” Decedent. Given the nature of Ms. Peacock’s particular argument
on appeal—and the dearth of precedent on the question—we must first determine
whether and to what extent the trial court’s determination that she willfully and
without just cause abandoned Decedent is a finding of fact or conclusion of law.
Marital abandonment occurs when a spouse “brings their cohabitation to an
end without justification, without the consent of the other spouse and without intent
of renewing it.” Panhorst v. Panhorst, 277 N.C. 664, 671, 178 S.E.2d 387, 392 (1971)
(citation omitted).7 Intent to abandon is a factual finding. Cf. In re Adoption of
Searle, 82 N.C. App. 273, 276, 346 S.E.2d 511, 514 (1986) (construing “willful[]
abandon[ment]” under an adoption statute and holding “[w]hether a biological parent
has a willful intent to abandon his child is a question of fact to be determined from
the evidence” (citation omitted)). However, “[a]bandonment is a legal conclusion.”
7 Panhorst provided this definition for willful abandonment under a now repealed statute, N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 50-16.2, which applied the term within the context of divorce and alimony actions.
However, in more recent decisions, this Court has used Panhorst’s definition to define willful
abandonment under N.C. Gen. Stat. 31A-1(a)(3). See Meares v. Jernigan, 138 N.C. App. 318, 321, 530
S.E.2d 883, 885 (2000) (applying the same definition from Panhorst to an action under N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 31A-1(a)(3)); In re Estate of Hendrick, 231 N.C. App. 170, 753 S.E.2d 740, 2013 WL 6237353 (2013)
(unpublished) (relying on Panhorst in evaluating a party’s challenge to an assignment of spousal year’s
allowance on grounds of willful abandonment without just cause).
- 16 -
IN RE MEETZE
Opinion of the Court
Patton v. Patton, 78 N.C. App. 247, 251, 337 S.E.2d 607, 609 (1985), rev’d on separate
grounds, 318 N.C. 404, 348 S.E.2d 593 (1986) (discussing the statutorily-undefined
term abandonment in application of now-repealed N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-16.2 examined
in Panhorst). See also In re Estate of Lunsford, 359 N.C. 382, 387-88, 610 S.E.2d 366,
370 (2005) (holding, in a case examining whether a mother was barred from intestate
succession rights to her child’s estate for willful abandonment under N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 31A-2, that an unchallenged finding of willfulness was a binding finding of fact on
appeal but that the issue of “abandon[ment]” within the meaning of the statute was
a question of law subject to de novo review). Whether the abandonment is
accomplished “without just cause” also constitutes a conclusion of law. See Patton,
78 N.C. App. at 253, 337 S.E.2d at 611 (reviewing findings as to a husband’s specific
conduct and holding “[t]hese findings receive support from evidence in the record and
are, in our opinion, sufficient to support a conclusion that the husband abandoned
the wife without just cause or provocation”).8
Our courts have addressed the legal conclusion of abandonment in other
contexts. In Eggleston v. Eggleston, 228 N.C. 668, 47 S.E.2d 243 (1948), which
involved issues of alimony, our Supreme Court described how the concept of
abandonment relates to abuse and physical threats between spouses:
8 Whether a party has acted with “just cause” is also treated as a legal conclusion in other
areas of the law. See, e.g., N.C. Dep’t of Corr. v. Myers, 120 N.C. App. 437, 462 S.E.2d 824 (1995)
(recognizing that whether just cause existed to demote an employee was a conclusion of law).
- 17 -
IN RE MEETZE
Opinion of the Court
When the husband by cruel treatment renders the life of the
wife intolerable or puts her in such fear for her safety that
she is compelled to leave the home, the abandonment is his,
not hers. Although the conduct of the spouse may such as
to create a cause of action [for divorce] it may be condoned,
or forgiven by the injured party, and become no longer a
justiciable grievance. But a renewal of the misconduct may
such as to wipe out the condonation, revive the former
offense, and restore its effectiveness in an action for relief.
228 N.C. at 679, 47 S.E.2d at 250 (citation omitted) (emphasis added).
Here, the trial court determined that Decedent’s spousal abuse caused Ms.
Peacock to “involuntarily and unwilfully separate[] from [Decedent] . . . following [his]
acts of domestic violence,” but—by virtue of Ms. Peacock’s divorce filings, lack of
contact, and the passage of time—nonetheless concluded that she had abandoned
Decedent without just cause. [R p 115] We hold that those findings do not support
the conclusion reached by the trial court that Ms. Peacock abandoned Decedent.
Based on the finding of domestic violence, and consistent with the concept of
abandonment expressed in Eggleston, Decedent abandoned Ms. Peacock. Id. at 679,
47 S.E.2d at 250. There was no evidence or finding from the trial court that Ms.
Peacock “condoned, or [had] forgiven” Decedent such that the abuse was “no longer a
justifiable grievance.” Id. To the contrary, Ms. Peacock testified Decedent continued
harassing her and her family after she left the home and that, at the time of the
hearing, she “d[id]n’t think [she]’d be sitting here today if [she] would have [resumed
relations].”
- 18 -
IN RE MEETZE
Opinion of the Court
Nor does the passage of time, the divorce filings, or the lack of contact standing
alone—i.e., without steps by Decedent to rehabilitate his conduct—convert
Decedent’s abandonment into Ms. Peacock’s. To hold otherwise would invert the
common-sense notion that as between the abuser and the abused, the onus of
reconciliation is on the former, not the latter. Thus, to the extent that Ms. Peacock’s
divorce filings indicate a willful desire to end her relationship, the evidence and
findings do not support a conclusion of abandonment without just cause on the part
of Ms. Peacock. Such a holding is consistent with the purpose of N.C. Gen. Stat. §
31A-1(a)(3) to ensure “that no person shall be allowed to profit by his own wrong.”
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 31A-15 (2019). Ms. Peacock is not the wrongdoer here, and she
should not suffer the consequence of being barred her spousal rights.
III. CONCLUSION
The evidence presented and findings of fact made by the trial court do not
support its conclusion that Ms. Peacock abandoned Decedent without just cause.
Decedent abandoned her through his abuse, and nothing shows any acts of contrition
or reform on Decedent’s part. However, because we hold the Clerk and the trial court
abused their discretion in re-dating the Assignment and Deficiency Judgment to 4
April 2019—and that holding renders the Respondents’ appeal of the Assignment and
Deficiency Judgment to superior court untimely—we vacate the trial court’s order
- 19 -
IN RE MEETZE
Opinion of the Court
barring Ms. Peacock from her spousal year’s allowance and reinstate the Assignment
and Deficiency Judgment entered by the assistant clerk.
VACATED.
Judges BRYANT and HAMPSON concur.
- 20 -