State v. Austin ( 2020 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA19-1110
Filed: 6 October 2020
Forsyth County, Nos. 18 CRS 114, 51027
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
v.
JOHN FITZGERALD AUSTIN
Appeal by defendant from judgment entered 8 May 2019 by Judge L. Todd
Burke in Forsyth County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 11 August
2020.
Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Assistant Attorney General Chris D.
Agosto Carreiro, for the State.
Jarvis John Edgerton, IV, for defendant-appellant.
BRYANT, Judge.
Where the trial court’s instructions to the jury left the determination of
whether defendant John Fitzgerald Austin had committed an assault entirely for the
jury, there was no impermissible expression of opinion by the trial court. Accordingly,
we hold no error.
On 27 August 2018, a Forsyth County grand jury indicted defendant on
charges of assault on a female and habitual misdemeanor assault under N.C. Gen.
Stat. § 14-33.2. The matter came on for trial during the 6 May 2019 session of Forsyth
County Superior Court before the Honorable L. Todd Burke, Judge presiding.
STATE V. AUSTIN
Opinion of the Court
The evidence presented at trial tended to show the following. Defendant was
in a dating relationship with Claudette Little (Claudette) and had lived with her since
January 2017. On the evening of Saturday, 7 January 2018, Claudette and her cousin
went to a night club/lounge to support Claudette’s younger brother, who was the DJ
that night. When Claudette left her residence, defendant was asleep. Shortly after
she arrived at the club, Claudette received a phone call from defendant. Claudette
informed defendant where she was using her cell phone’s “face-chat” to show
defendant her surroundings. Defendant repeatedly indicated that “he didn’t care,
you know, what [she] was doing” and accused her of “doing something.” Claudette
invited defendant to come out and join her. An hour later, defendant appeared at the
lounge with a friend.
Claudette joined defendant and she noted that he appeared to be in “a daze”—
he was just “sitting looking into space . . . . He was somewhere else. Like he was just
on something.” Seeing defendant in a daze, “[Claudette] didn’t want to deal with it,
whatever it was.” Claudette told defendant’s friend not to bring defendant back to
her residence that night. Defendant asked if Claudette was leaving with him and
Claudette responded that she was not going anywhere with him that night.
Defendant left the lounge half an hour after he arrived. Claudette remained at the
club until it closed at 2:00am.
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STATE V. AUSTIN
Opinion of the Court
Claudette’s cousin drove her home at 2:30 am with her brother following
behind “[just] to see if everything was okay.” Though defendant was not at
Claudette’s apartment when they arrived, Claudette’s brother and cousin stayed with
Claudette for an hour. “I told them, I say, ‘I’m okay. [Defendant]’s not -- if he ain’t in
here by now, he’s not coming.” So, her cousin and brother left, and Claudette went to
bed.
Claudette awoke to find defendant standing over her, yelling.
A. He was like, “oh, you like to go to clubs.” And then
he said, ‘oh, yeah, you like making Jell-O shots. You like
this.’ I mean, he was saying so much to me.” . . .
....
And I kept on saying, “what are you talking about? Why
are you doing this? And then he just took his belt off and
he wrapped it around his hand, saying, “you want to know
what I’m talking about, you want to know what I’m talking
about,” (demonstrating).
Q. What happened then?
A. And, you know, I just went to leap for him and we
got to struggle. He took the -- he hit me upside the head
with the belt on. His fist hit me. I fell back on the bed like
that (demonstrating). And then he got over top of me and
say, “you think I’m playing, you think I’m playing.”
Claudette testified that defendant struck the right side of her face with his fist.
Defendant then laid on the bed, told Claudette to take off her clothes and “get on top
of him.” On his demand, Claudette performed fellatio on defendant.
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STATE V. AUSTIN
Opinion of the Court
A. Then after that, he -- I was -- started crying. He took
the belt from around his hand and put it around his neck.
....
He put the belt around his back [sic] and he pulled it, and
he pulled it. And I kept crying. And I said, “don’t, don’t.”
And he said, “I’ll just kill myself, just kill myself.” And I
was like, “No. Please, don’t, don’t do this. I love you. Don’t
do this. Don’t do this.” I kept crying and crying right. Then
he did like this (demonstrating) and he said, “Yeah, that’s
what I thought.”
Q. Why were you saying that to him if he had just hit you
previously?
A. Anything so that he -- to keep him calm. I didn’t want
him to keep hitting on me. I didn’t want him -- I didn’t
know what was going on, what he was doing. Anything to
keep him – I just cried “I love you. Don’t do this. Don’t do
this.” I cried. Cause I didn’t know if he was getting a
reaction from me, to see if I still cared or not.
Q. How many times did he hit you, to that point?
A. I can’t even count them.
Claudette lay down next to defendant and waited for him to fall asleep before she got
up, got dressed, and left the apartment.
At the close of the State’s evidence, defendant moved to dismiss the charge
against him and indicated that he would not present any evidence. The trial court
denied the motion to dismiss.
The trial court instructed the jury on the charges of assault on a female and
habitual misdemeanor assault. The court soon adjourned for the day. The next
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STATE V. AUSTIN
Opinion of the Court
morning, at the jury’s request, the court again instructed the jury on the charges.
Thereafter, the jury returned guilty verdicts against defendant on both charges.
Defendant pled guilty to attaining habitual felon status. The trial court entered a
consolidated judgment against defendant on the charges of assault on a female,
habitual misdemeanor assault, and attaining habitual felon status. Defendant was
sentenced to an active term of 103 to 136 months. Defendant appeals.
_____________________________________
On appeal, defendant argues the trial court erred by (1) communicating to the
jury during its jury instructions that it believed an assault had occurred and (2)
responding to a jury question regarding a conflict in the State’s evidence by
instructing the jury to accept the trial court’s assertion as to when an alleged prior
conviction had occurred. We disagree.
Standard of Review
Before this Court, defendant contends that the trial court violated a statutory
mandate, codified within N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 15A-1222 and 15A-1232, by improperly
expressing its opinion to the jury. However, before the trial court, defendant failed
to raise a challenge to the court’s jury instructions.
The statutory prohibitions against expressions of opinion
by the trial court contained in N.C.G.S. § 15A-1222 and
N.C.G.S. § 15A-1232 are mandatory. A defendant’s failure
to object to alleged expressions of opinion by the trial court
in violation of those statutes does not preclude his raising
the issue on appeal. See State v. Ashe, 314 N.C. 28, 331 S.E.
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STATE V. AUSTIN
Opinion of the Court
2d 652 (1985); State v. Bryant, 189 N.C. 112, 126 S.E. 107(1925) (decided under former N.C.G.S. § 1-180).
State v. Young, 324 N.C. 489, 494, 380 S.E.2d 94, 97 (1989). Thus, defendant is not
precluded from raising these arguments before this Court.
It is well settled that a trial judge may not express an
opinion as to the guilt or innocence of a criminal defendant,
the credibility of a witness, or any other matter which lies
in the province of the jury. G.S. 1-180; State v. Freeman,
280 N.C. 622, 187 S.E.2d 59 (1972); State v. Owenby, 226
N.C. 521, 39 S.E.2d 378 (1946). An expression of judicial
leaning is absolutely prohibited regardless of the manner
in which it is expressed, and this is so even when such
expression of opinion is inadvertent. State v. Atkinson, 278
N.C. 168, 179 S.E.2d 410 (1971).
State v. Hudson, 295 N.C. 427, 434–35, 245 S.E.2d 686, 691 (1978).
Even so, every such impropriety by the trial judge does not
result in prejudicial error. Whether the judge’s comments,
questions or actions constitute reversible error is a
question to be considered in light of the factors and
circumstances disclosed by the record, the burden of
showing prejudice being upon the defendant. State v.
Brady, 299 N.C. 547, 264 S.E. 2d 66 (1980); State v. Greene,
285 N.C. 482, 206 S.E.2d 229 (1974). Thus, in a criminal
case it is only when the jury may reasonably infer from the
evidence before it that the trial judge’s action intimated an
opinion as to a factual issue, the defendant’s guilt, the
weight of the evidence or a witness’s credibility that
prejudicial error results. State v. Yellorday, 297 N.C. 574,
256 S.E.2d 205 (1979).
State v. Blackstock, 314 N.C. 232, 236, 333 S.E.2d 245, 248 (1985). “In evaluating
whether a judge’s comments cross into the realm of impermissible opinion, a totality
of the circumstances test is utilized.” State v. Larrimore, 340 N.C. 119, 155, 456
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STATE V. AUSTIN
Opinion of the Court
S.E.2d 789, 808 (1995) (citations omitted) (citing Blackstock, 314 N.C. 232, 333 S.E.2d
245); see also State v. Summey, 228 N.C. App. 730, 735–36, 746 S.E.2d 403, 408 (2013)
(quoting Blackstock, 314 N.C. at 236, 333 S.E.2d at 248).
Analysis
Defendant argues that the trial court violated General Statutes, sections 15A-
1222 and 15A-1232. Pursuant to section 15A-1222 (“Expression of opinion
prohibited”), “[t]he judge may not express during any stage of the trial, any opinion
in the presence of the jury on any question of fact to be decided by the jury.” N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 15A-1222 (2019). Pursuant to section 15A-1232 (“Jury instructions;
explanation of law; opinion prohibited”), “[i]n instructing the jury, the judge shall not
express an opinion as to whether or not a fact has been proved and shall not be
required to state, summarize or recapitulate the evidence, or to explain the
application of the law to the evidence.” Id. § 15A-1232; see also State v. Cuthrell, 235
N.C. 173, 174, 69 S.E.2d 233, 234 (1952) (“The rule is that the trial court in charging
a jury may not give an instruction which assumes as true the existence or
nonexistence of any material fact in issue.” (citations omitted)).
In Young, 324 N.C. 489, 380 S.E.2d 94, the defendant argued that a trial court’s
statements before a jury amounted to an impermissible expression of opinion in
violation of General Statutes, sections 15A-1222 and 15A-1232. The trial court’s
instructions contained the statement “if you find that the defendant made that
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STATE V. AUSTIN
Opinion of the Court
confession, then you should consider all the circumstances under which it was made
in determining whether it was a truthful confession and the weight which you will
give it.” Id. at 498, 380 S.E.2d at 99. Our Supreme Court reasoned that the
instruction made clear that “although there was evidence tending to show that the
defendant had confessed,” the determination as to whether the defendant had actually
confessed was “entirely for the jury.” Id. (emphasis added) Thus, there was no error.
See also State v. Cannon, 341 N.C. 79, 90–91, 459 S.E.2d 238, 245 (1995) (holding the
defendant’s argument that the trial court impermissibly expressed an opinion had no
merit, citing Young, 324 N.C. 489, 380 S.E.2d 94, in support of its rationale).
1
Here, defendant argues that during the jury instructions, the trial court
indicated to the jury multiple times that it believed an assault had occurred.
Defendant argues that “[t]he trial court charged the jury not with deciding whether
an assault occurred, but, instead, with determining ‘what the assault was.’ ”
Defendant pointed to the following instruction on assault on a female:
[THE COURT:] [D]efendant, a male person, has been
charged with assault on a female. For you to find the
defendant guilty of this offense, the State must prove three
days beyond a reasonable doubt:
First, that the defendant intentionally assaulted the
alleged victim. It has been described in this case by the
prosecuting witness that the defendant hit her upon her
head, that he hit her on her arms, about her body.
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STATE V. AUSTIN
Opinion of the Court
You are the finders of fact. You will determine what the
assault was, ladies and gentlemen. The Court is not telling
you what it is, I’m just giving you a description. And there
was also testimony by the witness that the defendant asked
her to perform, by force, another act, which could be
considered an assault. But you will determine what the
assault was. I’m not telling you what it is. And if what I’m
saying is the evidence and your recollection is different
from what I say, you still should rely upon your recollection
of the evidence, as to what the assault is that has been
testified to in this case.
We note that the trial court’s substantive instruction on assault on a female
began as follows: “Now ladies and gentlemen in this case you will be determining
whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty of assault on a female by a male person,
and guilty or not guilty of habitual misdemeanor assault.” (emphasis added). We
further note that the trial court, at the request of the jury, instructed again on the
charge of assault on a female on the second day of jury deliberation. In its second
instruction, the trial court stated the following:
You requested specifically the substantive instructions for
assault on a female and habitual misdemeanor assault.
Ladies and gentlemen, I will define, again, first. An
assault does not necessarily have to involve contact, it
could be putting someone in fear or imminent
apprehension of contact, threatening contact. . . . In this
case the particular assault has been described as hitting
the prosecuting witness, Ms. Claudette Little, about her
body multiple times. Yesterday I mentioned some other act
based upon the testimony at the trial, that she stated that
she was forced to perform. But for purposes of this trial,
you do not have to consider that, just that it is alleged that
she was hit about her body multiple times. Whether that -
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STATE V. AUSTIN
Opinion of the Court
- whatever part of the body that may be, head, face, torso,
arms, legs, that will be for you to determine as you are the
finders of fact.
Following this definition of assault, the trial court instructed the jury on the charge
of assault on a female in accordance with North Carolina Pattern Jury Instruction
for criminal law, 208.70 (“Assault on a Female by a Male Person”). N.C.P.I. Crim -
208.70 (2015).
Upon review of the record and the totality of the circumstances, we hold that
the trial court’s instruction to the jury made clear that the determination of whether
the evidence showed defendant had committed an assault upon Claudette was left
entirely for the jury. Accordingly, we overrule defendant’s argument.
2
Defendant also contends the trial court’s statements in response to a jury
question about reasonable doubt in the context of evidence relevant to defendant’s
habitual misdemeanor assault charge further violated General Statutes, section 15A-
1232 (“Jury instructions; explanation of law; opinion prohibited”) (set out above).
Defendant argues “the jury likely inferred that the trial court believed that State’s
evidence established that the date of [defendant’s prior conviction for assault on a
female] was March 9, 2010.” Defendant argues the trial court’s statement “created
more than an inescapable implication, it amounted to improper judicial notice of a
fact supporting an element of the offense.” We disagree.
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STATE V. AUSTIN
Opinion of the Court
In support of his argument, defendant cites State v. Hensley, 120 N.C. App.
313, 462 S.E.2d 550 (1995), where this Court held that the trial court implicitly
endorsed a witness’s testimony as truthful.
While undoubtedly unintended, the inescapable
implication of the court’s reply to the jury’s request [to
rehear the testimony of a witness] is that the trial judge
believed the minor child to have been a victim of sexual
assault. This arises from the court’s suggestion that
recounting his testimony would be “very traumatic” and
“injurious” to [the witness]. The court therefore violated
G.S. § 15A–1232.
Id. at 323, 462 S.E.2d at 556. While a new trial was granted in Hensley, the trial
court’s error in its response to the jury’s request was not the sole basis. In Hensley,
a clinical psychologist, testifying as an expert responded to a question “about the
possible cause of [the witness]’s post-traumatic stress disorder, . . . [and] replied the
cause ‘would be the sexual abuse that [the witness] received, [the witness] was the
victim of, specifically anal penetration.’ ” Id. at 316, 462 S.E.2d at 552. This Court
stated it was “le[ft with] no option but to award a new trial.” Id. at 324, 462 S.E.2d
at 556. See also State v. Sidbury, 64 N.C. App. 177, 179, 306 S.E.2d 844, 845 (1983)
(holding that if a trial court’s humorous remark made in regard to a “hotly contested
issue in the case” was interpreted by any juror “as questioning the credibility of [the]
defendant’s evidence, that was one juror too many,” and a new trial was required).
We find the facts here distinguishable.
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STATE V. AUSTIN
Opinion of the Court
Here, defendant was indicted on the charge of habitual misdemeanor assault,
in violation of General Statutes, section 14-33.2.
A person commits the offense of habitual misdemeanor
assault if that person violates any of the provisions of G.S.
14-33 and causes physical injury, or G.S. 14-34, and has
two or more prior convictions for either misdemeanor or
felony assault, with the earlier of the two prior convictions
occurring no more than 15 years prior to the date of the
current violation.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-33.2 (2019).
Defendant’s current violation occurred on 7 January 2018. At trial, an
assistant clerk who was division supervisor over district criminal records in the
Forsyth County Clerk’s Office, testified to conviction records maintained by the
Clerk’s Office. She testified to a certified judgment for assault on a female that was
entered against defendant on 5 June 2017. The judgment was introduced and
admitted into evidence. As for conviction records more than five years old, the clerk
testified that those records were purged and stored on a computer system. The
records recovered from the system were accompanied by a “purge letter” and a
printout related to the charge and conviction. The State introduced its Exhibit 11, a
purge letter and a printout, as “a certified true copy of records kept by the Clerk of
Court.” The printout reflected that a second judgment for assault on a female had
been entered against defendant on 9 March 2010. State’s Exhibit 11 was entered into
evidence. The evidence of defendant’s prior convictions was published to the jury.
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STATE V. AUSTIN
Opinion of the Court
After the close of the evidence and following the trial court’s jury charge, the
jury presented the court with a question.
THE COURT: All right. [Foreperson], you have a question,
or you’ve written a question on behalf of the jurors:
“Do we have to be beyond a reasonable doubt on count two.
And there’s a typo on the document.”
What document are you referring to?
....
[FOREPERSON]: The purge document from 2010.
THE COURT: All right. So I -- you didn’t say what it was,
you just said there’s a typo on there. What are you
referring to?
[FOREPERSON]: On the page the dates are wrong, the
cover page.
THE COURT: The cover page has one date and the
judgment has another date.
[FOREPERSON]: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: Well, the judgment is what you are to look
at. Now, if you think that because there is an error on the
cover page that potentially there could be an error in the
other document that the Court is instructing you to abide
by then that’s just part of the proof, has the state met their
burden. I’m not saying that they have not met their burden
by that. But if that’s – that’s how you may consider that.
But you’ve already said there’s a typo and I don’t know --
when you say there’s a typo, you referring to there’s a
mistake on that cover page?
[FOREPERSON]: Yes, sir.
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STATE V. AUSTIN
Opinion of the Court
THE COURT: But you’re not concerned about what the
judgment said? The judgment has the offense date, or the
conviction date as October.
[FOREPERSON]: The concern is about the mistake on the
cover letter.
THE COURT: Yeah, the date of offense is October 24th.
And I read that in my instruction, the date of offense is
October 24, 2010. And the date of conviction was March 9,
2010. And additionally, as far as the law, you’re to follow
the Court’s instructions as to what the law is. And when I
gave you those dates, those are the Court’s instructions.
Now, I can’t help but ask this, at the beginning of the trial
all three of us articulated what the burden of proof was,
proof beyond a reasonable doubt. I’m just curious, why
would anyone think that proof beyond a reasonable doubt
does not apply to the entire trial? We bo[re] that out at jury
selection. What is it that that bec[a]me a question, that
you wouldn’t think it applies to count two as well as it did
to count one the entire trial? Can you enlighten me,
[foreperson]?
[FOREPERSON]: Yes. There is concerns because that’s
not an accurate document.
THE COURT: All right. Well –
[FOREPERSON]: But I think we can discuss this further
and come to a conclusion.
THE COURT: Yes. I mean, that’s for you to determine.
[FOREPERSON]: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: I can’t make -- I cannot –
[FOREPERSON]: You’ve answered our questions.
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STATE V. AUSTIN
Opinion of the Court
THE COURT: I can answer the question but I can’t tell
you what to do.
[FOREPERSON]: I think you answered it, sir.
THE COURT: Okay. Approach the bench counsel.
(Off the record bench conference.)
For the record, the court repeated the concern of the jury. The court then
repeated its instructions on presumption of innocence, the State’s burden of proof,
and reasonable doubt.
We reject defendant’s assertion that the trial court’s comments amounted to
improper notice or expression of opinion as to any fact in evidence. Notwithstanding
that some of the trial court’s response may have been a bit confusing, it was not
necessarily erroneous. The trial court emphasized that it was the duty of the jury to
determine the facts and whether the documents at issue were sufficient to indicate
the State had met its burden of proof of as to the charge of habitual misdemeanor
assault beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, upon review of defendant’s challenge to
these statements by the trial court and the context in which they were made, we
discern no improper expression of opinion by the trial court. Accordingly, defendant’s
argument is overruled.
NO ERROR.
Judge STROUD concurring.
Judge BROOK dissenting by separate opinion.
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No. COA19-1110 – State v. Austin
BROOK, Judge, dissenting.
The majority excuses numerous references in the trial court’s charge to the
jury that assumed the proof of the central fact at issue in this case: namely, whether
Defendant had committed the assaultive act required for conviction of assault on a
female. The majority concludes that these comments were not proscribed by N.C.
Gen. Stat. §§ 15A-1222 and 15A-1232 when considered under the totality of the
circumstances, which included an attempted curative instruction by the trial court.
I disagree, and therefore respectfully dissent.
The State’s case against Defendant was presented over the course of a one-day
trial and was based on the testimony of the complaining witness, Claudette Little,
and her daughter, Lucretia Little, as well as a photograph taken by Lucretia Little.
Claudette Little described a violent episode in which Defendant woke her in the
middle of the night at her apartment and wrapped a belt around his hand and struck
her several times, bruising her eye and arm. She testified further that Defendant
demanded oral sex after striking her. Lucretia Little described injuries she observed
after picking her mother up down the street from her apartment the next morning.
Lucretia Little photographed injuries to her mother’s head, and this photograph was
published to the jury.
The trial court began its substantive instruction on the charge of assault on a
female as follows:
STATE V. AUSTIN
BROOK, J., dissenting
The defendant, a male person, has been charged with
assault on a female. For you to find the defendant guilty of
this offense, the State must prove three days [sic] beyond a
reasonable doubt:
First, that the defendant intentionally assaulted the
alleged victim. It has been described in this case by the
prosecuting witness that the defendant hit her upon her
head, that he hit her on her arms, about her body.
You are the finders of fact. You will determine what the
assault was, ladies and gentlemen.
(Emphasis added.) By instructing the jury that it would “determine what the assault
was,” rather than whether the alleged assault occurred, the trial court expressed an
improper opinion on the evidence; the court assumed in this instruction the proof of
the assaultive act and instructed the jury to find what the predicate act was, based
on the evidence presented.
The trial court went on to instruct the jury:
The Court is not telling you what it is, I’m just giving you
a description. And there was also testimony by the witness
that the defendant asked her to perform, by force, another
act, which could be considered an assault. But you will
determine what the assault was. I’m not telling you what
it is. And if what I’m saying is the evidence and your
recollection if different from what I say, you still should
rely upon your recollection of the evidence, as to what the
assault is that has been testified to in this case.
(Emphasis added.) Despite the court’s suggestion that it was not, in fact, instructing
the jury on whether an assault had occurred, by instructing the jury that “you will
determine what the assault was,” rather than charging the jury to determine whether
2
STATE V. AUSTIN
BROOK, J., dissenting
the assault had occurred, the trial court again expressed an improper opinion on the
evidence; the court again assumed in its instruction the proof of the assaultive act,
instructing the jury to determine what the assaultive act was, not if the act had been
committed.
The jury subsequently asked for a written copy of the instructions. Though the
trial court denied this request, the court indicated it would instead orally charge the
jury again the following morning. After excusing the jury but before adjourning for
the day, the trial court sought feedback from counsel on this instruction. The
prosecutor requested that the court instruct the jury that, consistent with the
indictment, the assault at issue involved allegations Defendant hit Claudette Little
about the face and head. The trial court assented to this request, indicating he would
charge the jury accordingly the next morning.
The next morning the court repeated the charge:
Ladies and gentlemen, I will define, again, first. An
assault does not necessarily have to involve contact, it
could be putting someone in fear or imminent
apprehension of contact, threatening contact. But the facts
of this case have demonstrated that the – there was actual
contact, that’s a touching of some form that is
nonconsensual and unwanted by the other party. In this
case the particular assault has been described as hitting
the prosecuting witness, Ms. Claudette Little, about her
body multiple times. Yesterday I mentioned some other act
based upon the testimony at the trial, that she stated that
she was forced to perform. But for purposes of this trial,
you do not have to consider that, just that it is alleged that
she was hit about her body multiple times. Whether that –
3
STATE V. AUSTIN
BROOK, J., dissenting
whatever part of the body that may be, head, face, torso,
arms, legs, that will be for you to determine as you are the
finders of fact.
The defendant, a male person, has been charged with
assault on a female. For you to find the defendant guilty of
this offense, the State must prove three things beyond a
reasonable doubt: First, that the defendant intentionally
assaulted the alleged victim, that’s described by this case
by hitting her about her body multiple times.
Second, that the alleged victim was a female person.
And third, that the defendant was a male person at least
18 years of age.
When the court instructed the jury that “the facts of this case have demonstrated that
. . . there was actual contact, that’s a touching of some form that is nonconsensual
and unwanted by the other party[,]” rather than charging the jury to determine
whether the facts had demonstrated such an act had occurred, the court again
expressed an improper opinion on the evidence, invading the province of the jury.
Likewise, when the court instructed the jury that it was to determine which part of
the complaining witness’s body was struck – whether it was her “head, face, torso,
arms, [or] legs[,]” the court’s instruction took as proven the assaultive act the jury
was required to find; that is, that Defendant struck the complaining witness in the
first place. This too was improper and in violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 15A-1222
and 15A-1232.
4
STATE V. AUSTIN
BROOK, J., dissenting
The transcript suggests that the trial court appreciated its error in this
instance. After the trial court delivered this instruction to the jury, counsel for
Defendant asked to approach and a bench conference ensued. At the conclusion of
this bench conference, the trial court attempted a curative instruction, including the
admonition that “[t]he fact [sic] are not what I say.”
The majority concludes that, under the totality of the circumstances, whether
the evidence showed an assault was left entirely for the jury. In essence, the majority
holds that the trial court’s references to the jury as fact-finder cleansed the taint
caused by the repeated improper comments on the evidence noted above.
As a general matter, this conclusion is at odds with the reality that “[t]he trial
judge occupies an exalted station. Jurors entertain great respect for his [or her]
opinion, and are easily influenced by any suggestion coming from him [or her].” State
v. Carter, 233 N.C. 581, 583, 65 S.E.2d 9, 10 (1951); see also State v. Holden, 280 N.C.
App. 426, 429, 185 S.E.2d 889, 892 (1972) (“Jurors respect the judge and are easily
influenced by suggestions, whether intentional or otherwise, emanating from the
bench.”). This exalted status is why it is of paramount importance that he or she
“abstain from conduct or language which tends to discredit or prejudice the accused
or his [or her] cause with the jury.” Carter, 233 N.C. at 583, 65 S.E.2d at 10.
The majority also suggests the impact of repeated judicial commentary
implicitly addressing witness credibility and explicitly assuming as true pivotal facts
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STATE V. AUSTIN
BROOK, J., dissenting
is readily undone. But our Court has not hesitated to acknowledge there is no
unringing those bells, even given quantitatively and qualitatively less troubling
commentary. See State v. Guffey, 39 N.C. App. 359, 361, 250 S.E.2d 96, 97 (1979)
(ordering new trial where six words obliquely assuming defendant’s guilt violated
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1222 and, in the totality of the circumstances, prejudiced
defendant because they “went to the heart of the trial”).
The principal case upon which the majority relies, State v. Young, 324 N.C.
489, 380 S.E.2d 94 (1989), does not support its conclusion regarding the trial court’s
improper opinions on the evidence. As noted by the majority, “[in Young, . . . [t]he
trial court’s instructions contained the statement ‘if you find that the defendant made
that confession, then you should consider all the circumstances under which it was
made in determining whether it was a truthful confession and the weight which you
will give it.’” Supra at ___, (quoting 324 N.C. at 498, 380 S.E.2d at 99 (emphasis
preserved)). Despite emphasizing the conditional framing of the instruction in
Young, the majority does not grapple with the fact that that framing explains why it
passed muster. While the trial court characterized a statement made by the
defendant as a “confession,” a characterization our Court had previously held
imported an inadvertent expression of opinion as to the truth of the alleged
statement, see State v. Bray, 37 N.C. App. 43, 46, 245 S.E.2d 190, 192 (1978), its
conditional if/then framing of the instruction did not import any improper opinion as
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STATE V. AUSTIN
BROOK, J., dissenting
to the confession’s truth, see Young, 324 N.C. at 498, 380 S.E.2d at 99. This framing
thus left to the jury (1) whether the confession, in fact, occurred; (2) whether the
confession was truthful; and (3) if the confession was truthful, the weight to afford to
it. See id. (“This instruction made it clear that, although there was evidence tending
to show that the defendant had confessed, the trial court left it entirely for the jury
to determine whether the evidence showed that the defendant in fact had confessed.”).
Young is therefore easily distinguishable from the present case.
Unlike the conditional statement challenged in Young, the trial court’s
instructions in this case repeatedly assumed the proof of a central fact at issue in the
case, and one required to convict Defendant of any of the offenses with which he stood
accused: the assaultive act required for conviction of assault on a female. In so doing,
the trial court’s comments “went to the heart of the trial,” transgressing the line
articulated by Guffey not once but many times. 39 N.C. App. at 361, 250 S.E.2d at
97. The trial court’s improper comments thus invaded the province of the jury in
violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 15A-1222 and 15A-1232. Accordingly, Defendant is
entitled to a new trial.
I respectfully dissent.
7