Foxx v. Davis ( 2023 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA22-1014
Filed 05 July 2023
Watauga County, No. 20-CVS-396
THOMAS A. FOXX and wife, VIRGINIA A. FOXX, Plaintiffs,
v.
WALTER GLEN DAVIS, JR., Trustee of the WALTER GLEN DAVIS, JR.
REVOCABLE LIVING TRUST dated the 9th day of June, 2005 and FLORENCE S.
DAVIS, Defendants.
Appeal by Plaintiffs and cross-appeal by Defendants from orders entered 19
January 2021 by Judge R. Gregory Horne, 5 January 2022 by Judge Nathaniel J.
Poovey, and 11 May 2022 and 18 May 2022 by Judge Kimberly Y. Best, and judgment
entered 8 June 2022 by Judge Kimberly Y. Best in Watauga County Superior Court.
Heard in the Court of Appeals 25 April 2023.
Miller & Johnson, PLLC, by Nathan A. Miller, for Plaintiffs-Appellants/Cross-
Appellees.
Moffatt & Moffatt, PLLC, by Tyler R. Moffatt and Joseph T. Petrack, for
Defendants-Appellees/Cross-Appellants.
COLLINS, Judge.
This appeal arises from a dispute between the parties involving paving a road
running through an easement. Plaintiffs appeal from orders granting Defendants’
motion for partial summary judgment on their declaratory judgment action;
Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on their reformation claim (“Reformation
FOXX V. DAVIS
Opinion of the Court
Order”); and Defendants’ motion to amend the Reformation Order.
Plaintiffs also appeal, and Defendants cross-appeal, the trial court’s judgment
entered after a bench trial. Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred by concluding
that Defendants were not liable for a portion of the cost of paving the road under a
theory of unjust enrichment and by concluding that Defendants were liable only in
the amount of $9,900 for breach of contract. Defendants argue that the trial court
erred by concluding that they were liable for breach of contract.1
We hold as follows: The trial court did not err by granting Defendants’ motion
for partial summary judgment on their declaratory judgment action. However, the
trial court erred by granting Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on their
reformation claim and their subsequent motion to amend the Reformation Order.
The trial court did not err in its judgment by concluding that Defendants were
not liable for a portion of the cost of paving the road under a theory of unjust
enrichment. Furthermore, the trial court did not err by concluding that Defendants
were liable for breach of contract. However, the trial court erred by concluding that
Defendants were liable for the breach in the amount of $9,900.
Accordingly, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
1Plaintiffs’ notice of appeal includes the trial court’s order setting aside an entry of default
against Defendants. However, Plaintiffs make no argument pertaining to this order on appeal and
any issue pertaining to this order is abandoned. See N.C. R. App. P. 28(a); N.C. R. App. P. 28(b)(6).
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FOXX V. DAVIS
Opinion of the Court
I. Background
Plaintiffs Thomas Foxx and Virginia Foxx owned multiple tracts of real
property in Watauga County. Plaintiffs entered into a contract with Defendants
Walter Glen Davis, Jr., and Florence Davis in February 1997 for the purchase of a
10-acre tract of Plaintiffs’ property (the “Davis Property”).2 In May 1997, Plaintiffs
conveyed to Defendants by general warranty deed the Davis Property and an
easement across an adjoining tract of Plaintiffs’ property to access the Davis
Property. Concerning the easement, the deed stated, in relevant part:
There is also conveyed herewith a perpetual, non-exclusive
right-of-way and easement for purposes of ingress, egress
and regress 50 feet in width leading from N.C. Highway
105 to the [Davis Property] . . . .
By acceptance of this deed, Grantees . . . hereby agree to
share in the maintenance and repair of the road to be
constructed by Grantors from N.C. Highway 105 to the
[Davis Property] . . . . Until such time as Grantors convey
property to third parties together with an easement to use
said road, Grantors shall pay 20% of the cost of
maintenance and repair of said road and Grantees shall
pay 80% of the cost of maintenance and repair of said road.
Grantors hereby covenant and agree to obligate each
additional property owner who is conveyed an easement to
use said road to share equally in Grantees’ 80% obligation
for maintenance and repair.
A 12-foot-wide gravel road leading from NC Highway 105 to the Davis Property was
constructed by Plaintiffs in 1997 and is known as Rime Frost.
2 Walter Glen Davis, Jr., conveyed by quitclaim deed his one-half undivided interest in the
Davis Property to himself as trustee of the Walter Glen Davis, Jr., Revocable Living Trust in August
2005, and he is therefore a party to this action in his capacity as trustee.
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Opinion of the Court
In April 2016, Plaintiffs conveyed a 55.225-acre tract of their property to the
Blue Ridge Conservancy by warranty deed (“Conservancy Deed”). Thereafter,
Plaintiffs and Defendants entered into a contract which essentially relieved Blue
Ridge Conservancy of any obligation to contribute to maintenance or repair of Rime
Frost. The contract between Plaintiffs and Defendants stated, in relevant part:
WHEREAS, the deed from FOXX to DAVIS . . . contained
provisions whereby FOXX agreed to pay a portion of the
cost of maintenance and repair of a road leading from U.S.
Highway 105 to the property conveyed to DAVIS and to
obligate additional property owners who may be conveyed
an easement to use said road to share in DAVIS’ obligation
for maintenance and repair of the road. . . .
....
WHEREAS, FOXX, DAVIS and the DAVIS TRUST, each
desire to (i) terminate the provisions contained in the deeds
requiring road maintenance contribution . . . as those
provisions may apply because of the conveyance of the . . .
55.225 acres, and (ii) to release Blue Ridge Conservancy,
its successors and assigns, as owners of the 55.225 acre
tract from the aforesaid responsibilities as contained in the
deed . . . . Except for the specific release of Blue Ridge
Conservancy, its successors and assigns, as owners of the
55.225 acre tract, from the responsibilities contained in the
above referenced deeds, the obligations of FOXX, DAVIS
AND the DAVIS TRUST in all other respects remain
unchanged.
Plaintiffs obtained a proposal from Moretz Paving on 4 September 2019 to pave
Rime Frost from the point where it crosses the Watauga River to the point where it
splits near the parties’ driveways. Moretz Paving’s total estimate was $64,900 and
was broken down as follows: the preparation of the stone base for paving totaled
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FOXX V. DAVIS
Opinion of the Court
$19,800, and the application of the asphalt totaled $45,120. Mr. Foxx met with Mr.
Davis to discuss the proposal, and Mr. Davis stated that he would discuss the
proposal with Mrs. Davis. Plaintiffs did not receive any further response from
Defendants regarding the proposal.
Plaintiffs sent Defendants a letter on 8 November 2019, which stated:
After talking with Glen and sending you both a copy of the
paving proposal over 6 weeks ago, we have not heard from
you. I also left [Mrs. Davis] a recorded message on her
phone on Monday, November 4. However, we could not
wait longer to hear from you if we were to get on the
spring/summer schedule for 2020 and, therefore, we have
submitted the signed contract for the work to be done.
Based upon your General Warranty Deed of May 7, 1997,
but adjusted in your favor since we now live here on the
property, we would share equally in the cost of this section
of road work.
Defendants sent an email to Plaintiffs on 13 November 2019, which stated, “[we] have
both reviewed the proposal and discussed it, and we do not wish to participate in the
paving of the farm road.” Plaintiffs had Rime Frost paved by Moretz Paving in July
2020 for a total cost of $64,900.
Plaintiffs filed suit against Defendants in August 2020, asserting claims for
breach of contract, termination of easement, and unjust enrichment/quantum meruit.
Defendants moved to dismiss Plaintiffs’ termination of easement claim, which was
granted by written order entered 19 January 2021. On 8 February 2021, Defendants
filed an answer and counterclaims for declaratory judgment, accounting, and
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FOXX V. DAVIS
Opinion of the Court
recoupment. Defendants’ declaratory judgment action asked the trial court to decide
the following:
a. Does the Easement prohibit Plaintiffs from placing any
impediments within the 50-foot easement area shown on
the plat recorded in Plat Book 13, Page 179, Watauga
County, North Carolina Public Registry?
b. What activities are included within the scope of the
terms “maintenance” and “repair” as those terms are used
in the Easement?
c. Does paving Rime Frost from the point where Rime Frost
crossed the Watauga River to the point where Rime Frost
splits near the driveways between the Plaintiffs’ and
Defendants’ respective properties constitute an
“improvement,” rather than “maintenance” or “repair” of
the road, and, thus, fall outside the scope of the Easement?
d. What portion of purported funds that were paid for the
work Plaintiffs allege in their Complaint was for
“improvements” to Rime Frost?
e. What portion of purported funds that were paid for the
work Plaintiffs allege in their Complaint was for
“maintenance” and “repair” of Rime Frost as those terms
are used in the Easement?
f. Was the obligation to pay for maintenance and repairs to
Rime Frost contained in the Easement (i.e., ‘Grantors shall
pay 20% of the cost of maintenance and repair of said road
and Grantees shall pay 80% of the cost of maintenance and
repair of said road’) modified by the Conservancy Deed?
g. Did the Conservancy Deed violate Plaintiffs’ covenant to
obligate each additional property owner who is conveyed
an easement to use Rime Frost to share equally in
Defendants’ 80% obligation for maintenance and repair?
h. Was the obligation to pay for maintenance and repairs
to Rime Frost contained in the Easement (i.e., ‘Grantors
shall pay 20% of the cost of maintenance and repair of said
road and Grantees shall pay 80% of the cost of maintenance
and repair of said road’) modified by the November 8, 2019
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FOXX V. DAVIS
Opinion of the Court
letter from Plaintiffs to Defendants?
Defendants filed amended counterclaims, asserting an additional claim for
reformation of the easement based on mutual mistake. Defendants alleged, in part,
that “[t]he shared mutual understanding of Plaintiffs and Defendants at the time of
entering into the [purchase contract] was that Plaintiffs would sell additional tracts
of land from the Plaintiffs’ Property and with each sale, Defendants’ obligation to pay
for road maintenance would be reduced proportionately[.]”
Defendants moved for partial summary judgment on their declaratory
judgment action. The trial court granted the motion by order entered 5 January 2022,
declaring that:
a. Resurfacing of the gravel roadway within the Easement
with asphalt, concrete, or other hot-mix or non-gravel
compacted material constitutes an improvement and
therefore does not fall within the scope of the terms
“maintenance” and “repair,” as used in the Easement;
b. In the present action, Plaintiffs’ asphalt paving over the
existing gravel roadway in the Easement from the point
where the Easement crosses the Watauga River to the
point of intersection of the Easement and Plaintiffs’
driveway constituted an improvement and therefore fell
outside of the scope of the terms “maintenance” and
“repair,” as used in the Easement; and
c. The terms “maintenance” and “repair,” as used in the
Easement, do not include the maintenance or repair (as
herein interpreted) of the asphalt paving over the existing
gravel roadway in the Easement from the point where the
Easement crosses the Watauga River to the point of
intersection of the Easement and Plaintiffs’ driveway.
The parties filed competing motions for summary judgment on Defendants’
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FOXX V. DAVIS
Opinion of the Court
reformation claim. The trial court denied Plaintiffs’ motion and granted Defendants’
motion for summary judgment.3 In its Reformation Order, the trial court reformed
the easement to read, in pertinent part: “Until such time as Grantors convey[]
property to third parties together with an easement to use said road, Grantors shall
pay 50% of the cost of maintenance and repair of said road and Grantees shall pay
50% of the cost of maintenance and repair of said road.”
Defendants voluntarily dismissed the portion of their declaratory judgment
action, which petitioned the trial court to decide whether the easement was modified
by the Conservancy Deed, and whether the Conservancy Deed violated Plaintiffs’
covenant to obligate each additional property owner to share equally in Defendants’
80% obligation for maintenance and repair. Additionally, Defendants moved to
amend the Reformation Order to further state: “Grantors hereby covenant and agree
to obligate each additional property owner who is conveyed an easement to use said
road to share equally in Grantees’ 50% obligation for maintenance and repair.” The
trial court granted Defendants’ motion by written order entered 18 May 2022. That
same day, Defendants voluntarily dismissed the remainder of their declaratory
judgment action, as well as their claims for accounting and recoupment.
A bench trial was held on 18 May 2022 on Plaintiffs’ remaining claims for
unjust enrichment and breach of contract. The trial court entered a written judgment
3 The parties also filed competing motions for partial summary judgment on Defendants’
declaratory judgment action, but the trial court did not rule on the motions.
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FOXX V. DAVIS
Opinion of the Court
on 8 June 2022, concluding, in relevant part, that Defendants were not liable to
Plaintiffs under the theory of unjust enrichment, but that Defendants were liable to
Plaintiffs in the amount of $9,900 for breach of contract.
Plaintiffs filed a timely notice of appeal from the trial court’s orders and
judgment. Defendants filed a timely notice of appeal from the trial court’s judgment.
II. Discussion
A. Summary Judgment
Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred by granting Defendants partial
summary judgment on their declaratory judgment action and summary judgment on
their reformation claim.
1. Standard of Review
Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that any party is entitled to a
judgment as a matter of law.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 56(c) (2022). “In ruling
on a motion for summary judgment, the trial court must view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the non-moving party.” Keller v. Deerfield Episcopal Ret. Cmty.,
Inc., 271 N.C. App. 618, 622, 845 S.E.2d 156, 160 (2020) (quotation marks and citation
omitted).
“The party moving for summary judgment bears the burden of establishing
that there is no triable issue of material fact.” Badin Shores Resort Owners Ass’n v.
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Opinion of the Court
Handy Sanitary Dist., 257 N.C. App. 542, 549, 811 S.E.2d 198, 204 (2018) (citation
omitted). “This burden can be met by proving: (1) that an essential element of the
non-moving party’s claim is nonexistent; (2) that discovery indicates the non-moving
party cannot produce evidence to support an essential element of his claim; or (3) that
an affirmative defense would bar the claim.” CIM Ins. Corp. v. Cascade Auto Glass,
Inc., 190 N.C. App. 808, 811, 660 S.E.2d 907, 909 (2008) (citation omitted).
When the movant properly supports its motion for summary judgment
pursuant to this rule, “an adverse party may not rest upon the mere allegations or
denials of his pleading, but his response, by affidavits or as otherwise provided in this
rule, must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 56(e) (2022). Furthermore, affidavits, both supporting and
opposing, must be made “on personal knowledge, . . . set forth such facts as would be
admissible in evidence, and . . . show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to
testify to the matters stated therein.” Merritt, Flebotte, Wilson, Webb & Caruso,
PLLC v. Hemmings, 196 N.C. App. 600, 604-05, 676 S.E.2d 79, 83 (2009) (quotation
marks and citation omitted).
We review a trial court’s order granting summary judgment de novo. Forbis v.
Neal, 361 N.C. 519, 524, 649 S.E.2d 382, 385 (2007). “Under de novo review, this
Court considers the matter anew and freely substitutes its own judgment for that of
the lower [court].” Archie v. Durham Pub. Sch. Bd. of Educ., 283 N.C. App. 472, 474,
874 S.E.2d 616, 619 (2022) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
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Opinion of the Court
2. Declaratory Judgment
Plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred by declaring that paving Rime
Frost “constituted an improvement and therefore fell outside of the scope of the terms
‘maintenance’ and ‘repair,’ as used in the Easement” and that “[t]he terms
‘maintenance’ and ‘repair,’ as used in the Easement, do not include the maintenance
or repair . . . of the asphalt paving over the existing gravel roadway[.]”
An easement created by a deed is a contract and is therefore interpreted in
accordance with general principles of contract law. Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Carolina
Power & Light Co., 257 N.C. 717, 719, 127 S.E.2d 539, 541 (1962). “The controlling
purpose of the court in construing a contract is to ascertain the intention of the parties
as of the time the contract was made[.]” Id. “If the plain language of a contract is
clear, the intention of the parties is inferred from the words of the contract.” Walton
v. City of Raleigh, 342 N.C. 879, 881, 467 S.E.2d 410, 411 (1996) (citation omitted).
“In construing contracts[,] ordinary words are given their ordinary meaning unless it
is apparent that the words were used in a special sense. The terms of an
unambiguous contract are to be taken and understood in their plain, ordinary and
popular sense.” Badin Shores Resort Owners Ass’n, 257 N.C. App. at 557, 811 S.E.2d
at 208 (quotation marks and citation omitted). “When the language of a contract is
plain and unambiguous then construction of the agreement is a matter of law for the
court.” RME Mgmt., LLC v. Chapel H.O.M. Assocs., LLC, 251 N.C. App. 562, 567,
795 S.E.2d 641, 645 (2017) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
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FOXX V. DAVIS
Opinion of the Court
Here, the deed creating the easement states, in pertinent part:
By acceptance of this deed, Grantees . . . hereby agree to
share in the maintenance and repair of the road to be
constructed by Grantors from N.C. Highway 105 to the
[Davis Property] . . . . Until such time as Grantors convey
property to third parties together with an easement to use
said road, Grantors shall pay 20% of the cost of
maintenance and repair of said road and Grantees shall
pay 80% of the cost of maintenance and repair of said road.
Grantors hereby covenant and agree to obligate each
additional property owner who is conveyed an easement to
use said road to share equally in Grantees’ 80% obligation
for maintenance and repair.
The deed does not define the terms “maintenance” or “repair,” and we therefore
interpret these terms in their plain, ordinary, and popular sense in construing the
contract. Badin Shores Resort Owners Ass’n, 257 N.C. App. at 557, 811 S.E.2d at 208.
“Maintenance” is defined as “to keep in an existing state (as of repair)[.]” The
Merriam-Webster Dictionary 431 (2016). “Repair” is defined as “to restore to good
condition[.]” Id. at 613. Paving Rime Frost did not constitute maintenance or repair
because it did not keep the gravel road in an existing state or restore the gravel road
to good condition. Rather, paving Rime Frost constituted an improvement because it
enhanced the quality of the road. See id. at 361 (defining “improve” as “to enhance
or increase in value or quality”). Thus, under the plain language of the easement,
paving Rime Frost was not maintenance or repair, but rather was an improvement.
Furthermore, the road Plaintiffs constructed from N.C. Highway 105 to the
Davis Property in 1997 was “a gravel road . . . 12 feet wide with probably six inches
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Opinion of the Court
of gravel on it.” The easement thus indicates that the parties’ intent was for
Defendants to share in the maintenance and repair of Rime Frost as a gravel road.
Accordingly, the trial court did not err by granting Defendants partial
summary judgment on their declaratory judgment claim.
3. Reformation
Plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred by reforming the deed to reduce
Defendants’ road maintenance and repair obligation from 80% to 50% based on
mutual mistake. Plaintiffs specifically argue that Defendants’ reformation claim is
barred by the statute of limitations.
“Reformation is a well-established equitable remedy used to reframe written
instruments where, through mutual mistake or the unilateral mistake of one party
induced by the fraud of the other, the written instrument fails to embody the parties’
actual, original agreement.” Branch Banking & Trust Co. v. Chi. Title Ins. Co., 214
N.C. App. 459, 463, 714 S.E.2d 514, 517-18 (2011) (quotation marks and citation
omitted). “A mutual mistake is one common to both parties to a contract . . . wherein
each labors under the same misconception respecting a material fact, the terms of the
agreement, or the provisions of the written instrument designed to embody such
agreement.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). When a party seeks to
reform a contract based on mutual mistake, the burden of proof lies with the moving
party to prove the mutual mistake by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence. Smith
v. First Choice Servs., 158 N.C. App. 244, 250, 580 S.E.2d 743, 748 (2003).
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Opinion of the Court
Under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-52, an action for relief on the ground of mistake must
be brought within three years of “the discovery by the aggrieved party of the facts
constituting the . . . mistake.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-52(9) (2022). “A plaintiff ‘discovers’
the mistake–and therefore triggers the running of the three-year limitations period–
when he actually learns of its existence or should have discovered the mistake in the
exercise of due diligence.” Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Coleman, 239 N.C. App. 239,
244, 768 S.E.2d 604, 608 (2015) (citation omitted).
Here, the purchase contract, dated 5 February 1997, states, in relevant part:4
Davis will agree to share in a percentage of the road
maintenance until further development occurs, at which
time a POA will be formed. This percentage will be 80%
Davis, and 20% Foxx. Each new homeowner will share
equally in the 80% share. Foxx will not share in the
maintenance after five (5) homeowners are present or no
longer uses the road for farming or residential use.
Likewise, the deed creating the easement, dated 7 May 1997, states:5
By acceptance of this deed, Grantees . . . agree to share in
the maintenance and repair of the road to be constructed
by Grantors from N.C. Highway 105 to the property
conveyed herein as shown on the above-referenced plat.
Until such time as Grantors convey property to third
parties together with an easement to use said road,
Grantors shall pay 20% of the cost of maintenance and
repair of said road and Grantees shall pay 80% of the cost
of maintenance and repair of said road.
Furthermore, on 17 August 2005, Walter Glen Davis, Jr., conveyed by
4 The Davises are Defendants in this case and the Foxxes are Plaintiffs.
5 Grantees are Defendants in this case and Grantors are Plaintiffs.
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Opinion of the Court
quitclaim deed his one-half undivided interest in the Davis Property to himself as
trustee of the Walter Glen Davis, Jr., Revocable Living Trust. The quitclaim deed
included the verbiage from the 7 May 1997 deed regarding maintenance and repair
of the road. Defendants also entered into an agreement with Plaintiffs on 15 April
2016 to “terminate the provisions contained in the deeds requiring road maintenance
contribution” as to Blue Ridge Conservancy, and to “release Blue Ridge
Conservancy, . . . as owners of the 55.225 acre tract from the aforesaid responsibilities
as contained in the deed[.]”
Defendants should have discovered any mutual mistake by 15 April 2016 at
the latest, after entering into the agreement with Plaintiffs to exempt Blue Ridge
Conservancy from any road maintenance obligations. Because Defendants did not
file their reformation claim until 3 August 2021, more than five years later, it is
barred by the statute of limitations, and the trial court erred by granting Defendants’
motion for summary judgment. Furthermore, the trial court erred by granting
Defendants’ motion to amend the Reformation Order to add that Plaintiffs “agree to
obligate each additional property owner who is conveyed an easement to use said road
to share equally in Grantees’ 50% obligation for maintenance and repair” because
Defendants’ reformation claim is barred by the statute of limitations.
B. Judgment
Plaintiffs and Defendants argue that the trial court made erroneous
conclusions of law in its judgment entered after a bench trial on Plaintiffs’ remaining
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Opinion of the Court
claims for unjust enrichment and breach of contract.
1. Standard of Review
“The standard of review on appeal from a judgment entered after a non-jury
trial is whether there is competent evidence to support the trial court’s findings of
fact and whether those findings support the conclusions of law and ensuing
judgment.” Ward v. Ward, 252 N.C. App. 253, 256, 797 S.E.2d 525, 528 (2017)
(citation omitted). “Findings of fact by the trial court in a non-jury trial have the
force and effect of a jury verdict and are conclusive on appeal if there is evidence to
support those findings.” Shear v. Stevens Bldg. Co., 107 N.C. App. 154, 160, 418
S.E.2d 841, 845 (1992) (citation omitted). The trial court’s conclusions of law are
reviewable de novo on appeal. Donnell-Smith v. McLean, 264 N.C. App. 164, 168, 825
S.E.2d 672, 675 (2019).
2. Unjust Enrichment
Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred by concluding that Defendants were
not liable for a portion of the cost of paving the road under a theory of unjust
enrichment.
A prima facie claim for unjust enrichment has five elements: (1) “one party
must confer a benefit upon the other party”; (2) “the benefit must not have been
conferred officiously, that is it must not be conferred by an interference in the affairs
of the other party in a manner that is not justified in the circumstances”; (3) “the
benefit must not be gratuitous”; (4) “the benefit must be measurable”; and (5) “the
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Opinion of the Court
defendant must have consciously accepted the benefit.” JPMorgan Chase Bank, Nat’l
Ass’n v. Browning, 230 N.C. App. 537, 541-42, 750 S.E.2d 555, 559 (2013) (quotation
marks, emphasis, and citations omitted).
“Not every enrichment of one by the voluntary act of another is unjust.” Wright
v. Wright, 305 N.C. 345, 350, 289 S.E.2d 347, 351 (1982). “Where a person has
officiously conferred a benefit upon another, the other is enriched but is not
considered to be unjustly enriched. The recipient of a benefit voluntarily bestowed
without solicitation or inducement is not liable for [its] value.” Rhyne v. Sheppard,
224 N.C. 734, 737, 32 S.E.2d 316, 318 (1944).
Here, the trial court made the following pertinent findings of fact:
21. In 2019, the Plaintiffs asked Moretz Paving, Inc. to give
them a proposal for paving Rime Frost from where the
pavement ends just after the bridge crossing the Watauga
River to where the Plaintiffs’ driveway intersects with
Rime Frost.
22. Moretz Paving, Inc. dispatched Robert Stroup, an
estimator with Moretz Paving, Inc. to estimate the cost and
prepare the proposal for the paving of Rime Frost for the
Plaintiffs.
....
24. Mr. Stroup prepared an estimate on September 4, 2019
for the total amount of $64,900.00. . . .
....
34. Plaintiffs notified Defendants of their desire to pave
Rime Frost and of the costs and asked Defendants to
participate by sharing equally in the cost of the paving of
Rime Frost.
35. On November 13, 2019, Defendants informed the
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Opinion of the Court
Plaintiffs via email that they were not going to participate
in the paving. . . .
36. In July of 2020, Plaintiffs had Moretz Paving, Inc.,
repair[] and prepare[] the gravel base and pave[] Rime
Frost from where the pavement ended after the Watauga
River bridge to Plaintiffs’ driveway.
....
39. There was never an agreement between the parties to
share in the asphalt costs.
....
42. Defendants did not voluntarily accept the paving of
Rime Frost, and in fact refuse[d] the paving before the
work commenced.
These findings of fact are supported by competent evidence, including, inter alia,
Defendants’ lack of response after Mr. Foxx met with Mr. Davis to discuss the
proposal, and Defendants’ email to Plaintiffs specifically declining to participate in
the paving of Rime Frost.
Plaintiffs contend that Defendants voluntarily accepted the paving of Rime
Frost because Defendants “never stated they weren’t going to voluntarily accept the
paving and find another way to reach their home[,]” and Defendants “continue to
utilize the pavement more than once a day.” However, Defendants affirmatively
rejected Plaintiffs’ proposal to pave Rime Frost and Defendants’ continued use of
Rime Frost to access their property does not constitute a voluntary acceptance of the
paving. See Rhyne, 224 N.C. at 737, 32 S.E.2d at 318. The findings of fact support
the trial court’s conclusion of law that Plaintiffs failed to prove that Defendants “are
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Opinion of the Court
liable to Plaintiffs for the asphalt under the legal theory of quantum meruit[6]/unjust
enrichment because Defendants did not voluntarily accept the paving of Rime Frost,
and in fact refused the paving before the work commenced.”
Accordingly, the trial court did not err by concluding that Plaintiffs could not
recover under a theory of unjust enrichment.
3. Breach of Contract
Defendants argue that the trial court erred by concluding that they were liable
for breach of contract and awarding Plaintiffs $9,900, one-half of the cost of preparing
Rime Frost for paving. Plaintiffs assert that the trial court correctly concluded that
Defendants were liable for breach of contract, but erred by only awarding them
one-half of the cost of preparing Rime Frost for paving based upon the reformed deed.
The trial court made the following pertinent findings of fact:
26. The preparation of the stone base for the paving of Rime
Frost was $19,800.00.
27. The application of the asphalt, including all materials
and labor cost $45,120.00.
28. Mr. Stroup determined that 660 tons of gravel would be
needed to repair and prepare Rime Frost for paving as the
road had 2 to 3 inches of gravel in most places and 6 inches
in some places.
29. Mr. Stroup testified that the industry standard for a
gravel road is 6 inches of gravel and if you are going to do
the work right then you would need to compact it.
6 “Quantum meruit is a measure of recovery for the reasonable value of services rendered in
order to prevent unjust enrichment.” Whitfield v. Gilchrist, 348 N.C. 39, 42, 497 S.E.2d 412, 414 (1998)
(citations omitted).
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FOXX V. DAVIS
Opinion of the Court
....
31. Heather Isaacs with Moretz Paving, Inc. as a Senior
Administrative Assistant noted in her testimony that you
might not wet a gravel road as a repair.
....
33. The [c]ourt finds that the testimony of Robert Stroup
and Heather Isaacs aren’t inconsistent and that to repair
and maintain a gravel road it requires adding the base
gravel to depth of 6 inches, to compact it and to wet it.
Robert Stroup with Moretz Paving testified, in relevant part, as follows:
Q. How much gravel base was there on the road?
A. Gravel base applied was 600, I mean, yeah, 660 tons.
Q. I understand that. How much on the road already
existed, if you know?
A. Well I can’t answer that. You know, two to three inches
in places, and then there might be five, six in another.
....
Q. What exactly goes into the prepped to pave? What
exactly consists of that work?
A. Stone is added and bladed with a mower grader, and
then to prep it, to pave, you add water to it and take a
laboratory roller and compact it and it’s ready to pave. The
prep to pave is the compaction process of getting it ready to
pave it.
....
Q. Have you ever outside of Moretz Paving, have you ever
worked on repairing a gravel road without paving it?
A. Yes, sir, but not to the extent of compacting it like you
are. It’s a whole different process, prepping to paving, just
getting it down on your driveway where you can drive over
it.
Q. If someone had a gravel road, driveway, and simply
wanted it to be repaired on an annual basis, do you know
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FOXX V. DAVIS
Opinion of the Court
what type of work would go into that?
A. Yes, sir. As a general rule you would, in most cases in
this country people just take their farm tractor and put a
blade on it and drag it and that’s the end of it. To do it
properly it needs to be bladed and get the proper elevations
on it to where the water would run to where it’s supposed
to go and then compact it. But very seldom does that
happen. It’s an expense that as a general rule folks don’t
want to go to.
Q. So there’s a difference between preparing a road to pave
it compared to repairing a gravel road?
A. Yes, sir, very definitely.
Heather Isaacs with Moretz Paving testified, in relevant part, as follows:
Q. Mr. Stroup testified earlier, I asked him about whether
there was any difference in preparing a road to pave it
versus maintaining and repairing an existing gravel road.
And I’ll represent to you, I believe as you were in the
courtroom, that he said that there was a difference. Would
you agree that there’s a difference between those two
things?
A. Yes, absolutely.
Q. What do you believe the difference would be between
those two things?
A. Besides cost --
....
Q. When you said besides cost, what would be the
difference in cost?
A. Well if you’re just repairing a gravel road, you’re not
going to have as much man hours. You’re not going to
have -- if you’re doing a repair, sometimes you can get away
with a little bit less material as well. But to repair
something correctly as far as just repairing just a gravel
road, if I’m just going to repair a gravel road, I would go in
with a motor grader, I would lay the stone down, and then
I would roll it. But you know, whenever you’re prepping it
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FOXX V. DAVIS
Opinion of the Court
to pave it you have to actually wet that. And you’re
probably not going to take the time to wet just a repair
gravel [sic]. . . .
Stroup’s testimony indicates that maintaining a gravel road involves adding stone
and “[t]o do it properly it needs to be bladed . . . and then compact[ed].” Isaacs’
testimony indicates that maintaining a gravel road involves laying stone, using a
motor grader, and rolling the gravel. Although Isaacs testified that “you’re probably
not going to take the time to wet just a repair gravel[,]” the trial court determined the
credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony in making its
findings of fact. See Kirkhart v. Saieed, 98 N.C. App. 49, 54, 389 S.E.2d 837, 840
(1990) (“The trial court is in the best position to weigh the evidence, determine the
credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony, and draws the
reasonable inferences therefrom.” (quotation marks and citation omitted)).
Therefore, the trial court’s findings of fact are supported by competent evidence and
are conclusive on appeal. Shear, 107 N.C. App. at 160, 418 S.E.2d at 845.
The trial court’s findings of fact support the trial court’s following conclusions
of law:
11. The [c]ourt concludes that [Defendants], breached its
obligation under the Easement to pay their share of
maintenance and repair of Rime Frost.
12. That Rime Frost is a private road for which the
Plaintiffs and Defendants are to share in the repair and
maintenance of Rime Frost in the same manner as it was
initially constructed . . . .
13. That the preparation work and materials to rebuild the
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FOXX V. DAVIS
Opinion of the Court
gravel base as performed by Moretz Paving, Inc.
constitutes repair and maintenance as set forth in the
Easement.
14. The total cost of the repair and maintenance of the
gravel base of Rime Frost, as performed by Moretz Paving,
Inc., was $19,800.00.
However, because the trial court erred by reforming the deed to reduce
Defendants’ maintenance and repair obligation from 80% to 50%, the trial court
erroneously concluded that “Defendants are responsible for 50% of the cost of the
repair and maintenance of the gravel base of Rime Frost, as performed by Moretz
Paving, Inc. which totals $9,900.00.” Thus, although the trial court did not err by
awarding Plaintiffs a portion of the costs associated with preparing Rime Frost for
paving, the trial court erroneously calculated the costs based upon the reformed deed.
Accordingly, we reverse and remand to the trial court for recalculation of damages
based upon the original deed.
III. Conclusion
We affirm the trial court’s order granting Defendants’ motion for partial
summary judgment on their declaratory judgment action because paving Rime Frost
did not constitute maintenance or repair. However, we reverse the trial court’s orders
granting Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on their reformation claim and
their subsequent motion to amend the Reformation Order because Defendants’
reformation claim is barred by the statute of limitations. Furthermore, we affirm the
part of the trial court’s judgment concluding that Defendants were not liable for a
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FOXX V. DAVIS
Opinion of the Court
portion of the cost of paving the road under a theory of unjust enrichment because
Defendants did not voluntarily accept the benefit. Finally, we reverse the part of the
trial court’s judgment concluding that Defendants were liable for breach of contract
in the amount of $9,900 and remand to the trial court to recalculate damages based
upon the original deed.
AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART; AND REMANDED.
Judges TYSON and RIGGS concur.
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