State v. Hefner ( 2023 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA22-435
Filed 06 June 2023
Jackson County, Nos. 18 CRS 52362; 19 CRS 393
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
v.
RICHARD LEE HEFNER
Appeal by Defendant from judgment entered 28 May 2021 by Judge Thomas
H. Lock in Jackson County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 29
November 2022.
Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Assistant Attorney General Nicholas R.
Sanders, for the State.
Appellate Defender Glenn Gerding by Assistant Appellate Defender Katherine
Jane Allen, for Defendant.
WOOD, Judge.
Richard Hefner (“Defendant”) appeals from a judgment entered 28 May 2021
after being sentenced as a habitual felon. Based upon our reasoning below, we find
no error in sentencing.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
On the evening of 29 December 2018, Defendant and his girlfriend, Ms. Jones,
arrived at a Walmart in Sylva, North Carolina, with no items in their possession.
The couple made their way back to the electronics section of the store and began
STATE V. HEFNER
Opinion of the Court
looking at televisions. Defendant placed the television, a 43-inch Hisense valued at
$278.00, in their shopping cart. When the television was placed into the shopping
cart, an anti-theft device known as “spider-wire” was still on the device. Once the
television was placed in the shopping cart, the couple proceeded to the front of the
store. Briefly separating, Ms. Jones pushed the television through a closed cash
register while Defendant walked through self-checkout. The two then met again at
the exit. When asked by a store greeter to provide the receipt for the television,
Defendant stated that they had attempted to return the device but were denied a
refund. Defendant and Ms. Jones left Walmart with the television, placing the device
in their vehicle. After Defendant and Ms. Jones left with the television, spider-wire
was discovered in a toy aisle the two had walked down before leaving the store.
Subsequently, Defendant was arrested and Defendant was indicted by a grand
jury on 1 July 2019 for felony larceny and possession of stolen goods. On this same
day, the State obtained an indictment against Defendant charging him with attaining
habitual felon status. On 8 December 2020, the State gave notice of its intent to seek
an aggravated sentence against Defendant based on four aggravating factors:
Defendant was joined with more than one person in committing the offense and was
not charged with committing a conspiracy; Defendant committed the offense while on
pretrial release on another charge; Defendant has been found by a North Carolina
court to be in willful violation of the conditions of probation imposed pursuant to a
suspended sentence; and the offense committed was during the time in which
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Opinion of the Court
Defendant was on supervised or unsupervised probation, parole, or post-release
supervision.
On 15 March 2021, the State obtained a superseding indictment on the
attaining habitual felon status charge. The indictment alleged the following
predicate felonies: (1) the felony of grand larceny in violation of South Carolina Code
of Laws Section 16-13-30 which Defendant committed on 27 August 2005 and of
which he was convicted on 25 October 2005; (2) the felony of possession of a stolen
motor vehicle in violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-106 which Defendant committed on
5 November 2009 and of which he was convicted on 28 April 2010; and (3) the felony
of possession of methamphetamine in violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-95(a)(3) which
Defendant committed on 18 October 2016 and of which he was convicted on 3 July
2017.
Defendant was tried during the 24 May 2021 Criminal Session of Jackson
County Superior Court and appeared pro se with appointed stand-by counsel,
although he elected to be represented by counsel during one day of the jury trial.
During the trial, the State called as its witness Mr. Kilby, the loss prevention
employee for Walmart. Mr. Kilby testified that an hour before Defendant and Ms.
Jones arrived at the store, he had inspected the televisions to ensure all of these
devices were secured in spider-wire. Mr. Kilby recalled that when he observed
Defendant and Ms. Jones walk towards the store’s exit, he noticed that the television
in their shopping cart was missing its spider-wire. Mr. Kilby confirmed that no 43-
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Opinion of the Court
inch television had been purchased while Defendant and Ms. Jones were present in
the store.
Testifying on his own behalf, Defendant stated that on the day in question, Ms.
Jones told him she had purchased a television online and needed to pick it up at
Walmart. Defendant testified that when they arrived at Walmart, they located the
electronics section, and he placed the television in their shopping cart. According to
Defendant, he then went to the bathroom. Once he returned, Defendant testified that
he and Ms. Jones began arguing over the television purchase, at which point Ms.
Jones decided to return the item. Defendant attempted to return the television
without a receipt at the Customer Service desk but was told it must be returned at
the Electronics Department. Defendant further testified that Ms. Jones then
changed her mind and elected to keep the television, and the couple moved towards
the store’s exit. Defendant stated that when they left, he showed the receipt of the
television purchase to the Walmart greeter.
On 27 May 2021, the jury found Defendant guilty of felony larceny and felony
possession of stolen goods. During the habitual felon phase of trial, the State
introduced the following evidence of the South Carolina conviction: the arrest
warrant, indictment, and judgment for grand larceny. The State called Jackson
County Assistant Clerk Stevie Bradley to authenticate the exhibits for Defendant’s
three predicate felony convictions. Ms. Bradley testified that the South Carolina
judgment reflected that “[t]he crime is grand larceny.”
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Opinion of the Court
During the charge conference for the habitual felon trial, the State noted that
the South Carolina judgment for grand larceny did not explicitly state that the charge
was a felony, but the South Carolina statute in effect at the time Defendant
committed the crime identified the offense as a felony, and this offense is
substantially similar to North Carolina’s offense of felony larceny. Further, the State
argued that the question of whether the South Carolina conviction was a felony or a
misdemeanor was a question of law, not a question of fact for the jury. The State also
requested that the trial court replace the word “felony” with “crime” when giving the
pattern jury instruction for habitual felon status, N.C.P.I.–Crim. 203.10, as it related
to the South Carolina felony.
Defendant objected during the charge conference and stated: “Yeah, I just
would like to say if it doesn’t state in the actual code itself it’s not a felony, I would
like for it to stay the same, it’s not a felony.” Defendant’s objection was overruled.
The trial court concluded that the South Carolina conviction was a felony and agreed
to instruct the jury as requested. The trial court instructed the jury as follows:
For you to find the defendant guilty of being a habitual
felon, the State must prove three things beyond a
reasonable doubt. First, that on October 25, 2005, the
defendant in the Court of General Sessions for Cherokee
County, South Carolina, was convicted of the crime of
grand larceny that was committed on August 27th, 2005,
in violation of the law of the State of South Carolina.
On 28 May 2021, the jury found Defendant guilty of attaining habitual felon status.
On this same day, Defendant admitted to the existence of two aggravating factors
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Opinion of the Court
and an additional record point for purposes of sentencing; in exchange, the State
dismissed other pending charges. The trial court arrested judgment on the possession
of stolen goods conviction. Additionally, the trial court found the existence of two
aggravating factors, found Defendant to have 16 prior record points, and a prior
record level of V. Defendant was sentenced in the aggravated range of 120-156
months incarceration. Defendant gave oral notice of appeal in open court.
II. Analysis
On appeal, Defendant challenges his habitual felon status based upon his 2005
South Carolina conviction, arguing that it “cannot constitute a predicate conviction
for habitual felon purposes because, after June of 2010, the offense charged in the
South Carolina indictment is no longer a felony in South Carolina.” Based upon this
alleged error, Defendant argues that (1) the trial court erred in its instruction to the
jury on habitual felon status; (2) there was insufficient evidence to convict him of
attaining habitual felon status; and (3) the indictment charging him with attaining
habitual felon status was fatally defective. We review each of these arguments in
turn.
A. Jury Instructions.
First, Defendant argues that the trial court “deprived the jury of its fact-
finding responsibilities by failing to instruct the jury that it had to determine whether
he had been convicted of an offense which was a felony in South Carolina at the
relevant time.” Defendant contends that because the jury was instructed that they
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Opinion of the Court
could find Defendant had attained habitual felon status if it found he was convicted
of an offense which was a “crime” in South Carolina, not every essential element of
the charged habitual felon status was submitted to the jury. Defendant further
argues that since the “2005 South Carolina indictment obtained against [him] alleged
conduct which was no longer a felony under South Carolina law in 2018” – the time
period which Defendant committed the criminal conduct the State sought to
habitualize – “the omission of this essential element was not harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt.” We disagree.
Whether the trial court erred in instructing the jury over the defendant’s
objection is a question of law reviewed de novo. State v. Osorio, 196 N.C. App. 458,
466, 675 S.E.2d 144, 149 (2009). Pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.1, a defendant
who has been convicted of or pleaded guilty to three predicate felony offenses in any
federal or state court “is declared to be [a] habitual felon and may be charged as a
status offender[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.1(a). A felony includes the following: (1) a
felony in North Carolina; (2) an “offense that is a felony under the laws of another
state or sovereign that is substantially similar to an offense that is a felony in North
Carolina” regardless of the sentence imposed; (3) an “offense that is a crime under
the laws of another state or sovereign that does not classify any crimes as felonies”
provided the offense meets several enumerated requirements; and (4) an “offense that
is a felony under federal law[,]” excluding certain offenses related to intoxicating
liquors. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.1(b)(1)–(4).
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On the issue of whether the jury should have determined that the South
Carolina grand larceny conviction was a felony, the State argues, “[w]hile the
question of whether a conviction under an out-of-state statute is substantially similar
to an offense under North Carolina statutes is a question of law to be resolved by the
trial court, whether a prior out-of-state conviction exists and whether it is a felony
are questions of fact.” However, the State makes a distinction that in this case, the
“ultimate inquiry, is whether the jury was properly instructed and could determine
whether the offense was a felony.” We agree with this distinction.
The relevant statute, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.1 was amended in 2017 to include
a subsection which addressed jurisdictions, such as New Jersey1, that do not
distinguish between felonies or misdemeanors. 2017 N.C. Sess. Law 176, § 2(a) (“S.B.
384”). In jurisdictions which do not “classify any crimes as felonies,” the amended
statute provides the mechanism whereby convictions from those other jurisdictions
can be treated as predicate felony convictions for attaining the status of habitual felon
in North Carolina. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.1(b)(3). As a result of the N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 14-7.1 amendment, the pattern jury instruction for habitual felon was also amended
in 2019 to reflect this change to the statute. In keeping with the amended statute,
1 It is true that the New Jersey criminal code does not use the term
“felony.” State v. Smith, 181 A.2d 761, 767 (N.J. 1962), cert. denied,
374 U.S. 835, 83 S. Ct. 1879, 10 [L. Ed.] 2d 1055 (1963). Instead, all
crimes are classified as a crime of the first, second, third, or fourth
degree. N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2C:43-1 (2011).
State v. Hogan, 234 N.C. App. 218, 226-27, 758 S.E.2d 465, 472 (2014).
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Opinion of the Court
the amended patterned jury instruction provides the option to use “crime” instead of
“felony” language, such that it reads:
For you to find the defendant guilty of being a habitual
felon, the State must prove three things beyond a
reasonable doubt:
First, that on (name date) the defendant, in (name court)
[was convicted of] [pled guilty to] the [felony] [crime] of
(name felony or crime), that was committed on (name date)
in violation of the law of the [State of North Carolina]
[State of (name other state)] [United States].
N.C.P.I.-Crim. 203.10. According to Defendant, without citing case law or any other
authority, the option to use “crime” instead of “felony” is only “applicable when the
jurisdiction from which the predicate conviction was obtained does not classify any
crimes as felonies and the conviction cannot thus be identified as a felony in the jury
instructions.” In opposition, the State argues that the amended pattern jury
instruction for habitual felon status gives the option of using either “felony” or “crime”
as language to indicate predicate offenses, and that “this Court has not held that the
use of ‘crime’ in other contexts constitutes error.”
An error in a jury instruction is prejudicial and requires a new trial only if a
defendant meets his or her burden of establishing that “there is a reasonable
possibility that, had the error in question not been committed, a different result
would have been reached at the trial out of which the appeal arises.” N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 15A-1443(a). Assuming arguendo that the trial court’s use of the word “crime” to
instruct the jury on the charge of habitual felon was erroneous, we believe that the
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Opinion of the Court
jury could still determine that Defendant’s earlier South Carolina predicate offense
constituted a felony under the applicable statute, so that there is not a reasonable
possibility that the jury would have reached a different result. At trial, the State
presented evidence showing that Defendant was convicted in 2005 of a felony – grand
larceny – under South Carolina law.
In 2005, the relevant South Carolina statute stated:
(A) Simple larceny of any article of goods, choses in action,
bank bills, bills receivable, chattels, or other article of
personalty of which by law larceny may be committed, or of
any fixture, part, or product of the soil severed from the soil
by an unlawful act, or has a value of one thousand dollars
or less, is petit larceny, a misdemeanor, triable in the
magistrate’s court. Upon conviction, the person must be
fined or imprisoned not more than is permitted by law
without presentment or indictment by the grand jury.
(B) Larceny of goods, chattels, instruments, or other
personalty valued in excess of one thousand dollars is
grand larceny. Upon conviction, the person is guilty of a
felony and must be fined in the discretion of the court or
imprisoned not more than:
(1) five years if the value of the personalty is more than one
thousand dollars but less than five thousand dollars;
(2) ten years if the value of the personalty is five thousand
dollars or more.
S.C. Code Ann. § 16-13-30 (2005). The statute distinguished between petit larceny
and grand larceny and set grand larceny as larceny of goods valued in excess of
$1,000.00. In 2010, the South Carolina General Assembly amended the above statute
to change the requisite monetary amount from $1,000.00 to $2,000.00. S.C. Code
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Opinion of the Court
Ann. § 16-13-30 (2010).
However, Defendant’s sentence and the incidents of his punishments are
governed by statutes in effect at the time the crimes were committed. See Weaver v.
Graham, 450 U.S. 24, 28, 101 S. Ct. 960, 964, 67 L. Ed. 2d 17, 22 (1981). Thus, the
older version of the statute was in effect at the time Defendant committed the grand
larceny crime and he had been convicted and sentenced already by the time of the
new 2010 Amendment. Moreover, the relevant 2010 changes to S.C. Code Ann. § 16-
13-30, via the session law, also included a savings clause which provided that the
“amendment to § 16-13-30 does not affect liability incurred under the prior version of
the statute.” State v. Brown, 402 S.C. 119, 740 S.E.2d 493, 497 (S.C. 2013). While
the monetary amount required to establish grand larceny was raised in an
amendment five years after Defendant’s conviction, the 2010 amendment did not
change the classification of grand larceny as a felony. We, therefore, hold that
because Defendant’s 2005 South Carolina conviction for grand larceny constituted a
felony during the time in which the offense was committed and was not reclassified
by a later statutory amendment, it serves as a valid predicate conviction for
Defendant attaining habitual felon status.
B. Attainment of habitual felon status.
Next, Defendant argues the State failed to prove Defendant attained habitual
felon status because the State did not put on sufficient evidence as to each element
of the offense. Referencing previous contentions made in his first issue on appeal,
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Opinion of the Court
Defendant again argues that “the State offered no evidence to prove to the jury
beyond a reasonable doubt that [his] 2005 South Carolina conviction for grand
larceny is a felony under the laws of South Carolina.”
Defendant acknowledges in his brief that at trial, he did not move to dismiss
the charge for insufficient evidence when the State rested and at the close of evidence;
therefore, his insufficiency claim was not preserved for appellate review pursuant to
Rule 10 of our Rules of Appellate Procedure. N.C. R. App. P. 10. In turn, Defendant
requests this Court to invoke Rule 2 of our Rules of Appellate Procedure to review the
merits of his claim. In our discretion and in order to prevent manifest injustice to
Defendant, we invoke Rule 2 to reach Defendant’s raised issue. State v. Batchelor,
190 N.C. App. 369, 378, 660 S.E.2d 158, 164 (2008).
In this case, the State presented substantial evidence of Defendant’s felony
conviction for grand larceny in South Carolina. During the trial, the State introduced
into evidence a certified copy of an indictment for the South Carolina offense alleging
the following:
That [Defendant] did in Cherokee County, on or about
August 26, 2005, with the intent to permanently deprive
the owner, take and carry away diamond ring from her
1994 Honda Accord valued at more than one thousand
dollars, belonging to Priscilla Smith, in violation of 16-13-
30 Code of Laws of South Carolina, 1976, as amended.
The State also admitted a copy of the judgment for the above offense which shows
that Defendant pled guilty to grand larceny and that this offense is “in violation of §
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Opinion of the Court
16-13-30 of the S.C. Code of Laws[.]” Thus, the indictment listed the elements of
grand larceny and the judgment described the offense as grand larceny, and together,
these court records established the statute which was violated. As we have
determined prior, the crime charged in South Carolina against Defendant constitutes
a felony under the laws of South Carolina. Hence, Defendant’s previous felony
conviction serves as a valid predicate offense for the sentencing as a habitual felon.
This offense was a felony because “grand larceny” is a felony under this statute.
Based upon the record before us, the State presented sufficient evidence to
demonstrate that Defendant’s South Carolina grand larceny conviction was a
predicate felony offense for his attaining habitual felon status.
C. Habitual Felon Indictment.
Finally, Defendant argues that his habitual felon indictment was fatally
defective because the indictment failed to allege three predicate felony convictions.
Defendant continues to point to the 2010 amendment to South Carolina statute § 16-
13-30 to argue that he is no longer charged with a crime that is a felony in South
Carolina, so that the previous conviction does not serve as a valid predicate conviction
for habitual felon purposes. According to Defendant, as a result of this invalid
predicate offense, the indictment “failed to allege the essential elements of habitual
felon status, rendering the indictment fatally defective and legally insufficient to
confer jurisdiction upon the trial court.” Thus, Defendant argues that the trial court
erred in trying him for attaining habitual felon status and entering judgment and
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commitment against him on the habitual felon indictment. We disagree.
This Court reviews de novo the sufficiency of an indictment. State v. White,
372 N.C. 248, 250, 827 S.E.2d 80, 82 (2019). An indictment “is sufficient in form for
all intents and purposes if it expresses the charge against the defendant in a plain,
intelligible, and explicit manner[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15-153. For a habitual felon
status indictment, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.3 provides:
[a]n indictment which charges a person with being [a]
habitual felon must set forth the date that prior felony
offenses were committed, the name of the state or other
sovereign against whom said felony offenses were
committed, the dates that pleas of guilty were entered to or
convictions returned in said felony offenses, and the
identity of the court wherein said pleas or convictions took
place.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-7.3.
In this case, Defendant’s habitual felon status indictment did not fail to charge
an essential element as it related to the South Carolina conviction. The indictment
clearly alleged the prior felony; the date the prior felony was committed; the name of
the state against whom the felony was committed; the date that conviction was
returned for the felony; and the identity of the court wherein the conviction took
place. For the reasons discussed above, the evidence further established that
Defendant’s 2005 conviction of grand larceny serves as a valid predicate felony
offense. The habitual felon indictment was therefore not fatally defective, because it
laid out all essential elements of the offense, particularly that of the South Carolina
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predicate conviction. See State v. Briggs, 137 N.C. App. 125, 131, 526 S.E.2d 678, 682
(2000). Therefore, Defendant’s argument is overruled.
III. Conclusion
We hold Defendant received a fair trial, free from prejudicial error, and find no
error in sentencing.
NO ERROR.
Judges ZACHARY and GORE concur.
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