Bridgeford v. Sorel ( 2019 )


Menu:
  • )LOHGE\&OHUNRI6XSUHPH&RXUW ,17+(6835(0(&2857 67$7(2)1257+'$.27$ 1' %U\DQ$QGUHZ%ULGJHIRUG $SSHOOHH Y 7KRPDV6RUHO'LUHFWRU'HSDUWPHQWRI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ $SSHOODQW 1R $SSHDOIURPWKH'LVWULFW&RXUWRI&DVV&RXQW\(DVW&HQWUDO-XGLFLDO'LVWULFW WKH+RQRUDEOH:DGH/:HEE-XGJH 5(9(56('$1'5(,167$7(' 2SLQLRQRIWKH&RXUWE\-HQVHQ-XVWLFH 0DUN $ )ULHVH DUJXHG  DQG 'UHZ - +XVKND RQ EULHI  )DUJR 1' IRU DSSHOOHH 'RXJODV % $QGHUVRQ 2IILFH RI $WWRUQH\ *HQHUDO %LVPDUFN 1' IRU DSSHOODQW %ULGJHIRUGY6RUHO 1R -HQVHQ-XVWLFH >ˆ@ 7KH'HSDUWPHQWRI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ ³'HSDUWPHQW´ DSSHDOVIURPDGLVWULFWFRXUW MXGJPHQWUHYHUVLQJDQDGPLQLVWUDWLYHKHDULQJRIILFHU¶VGHFLVLRQWRVXVSHQG%U\DQ $QGUHZ%ULGJHIRUG¶VGULYLQJSULYLOHJHVIRUDSHULRGRIGD\V7KH'HSDUWPHQW DVVHUWVWKHGLVWULFWFRXUWHUUHGLQGHWHUPLQLQJDODZHQIRUFHPHQWRIILFHUZDVQRWZLWKLQ DUHFRJQL]HGH[FHSWLRQWRWKHZDUUDQWUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWZKHQ WKHRIILFHUHQWHUHG%ULGJHIRUG¶VYHKLFOHDIWHUKHIDLOHGWRUHVSRQGWRWKHRIILFHU¶V DFWLRQVRXWVLGHWKHYHKLFOH%HFDXVHZHKROGWKHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUH[FHSWLRQ DSSOLHGDQGDOORZHGWKHZDUUDQWOHVVHQWU\LQWR%ULGJHIRUG¶VYHKLFOHZHUHYHUVHWKH MXGJPHQW DQG UHLQVWDWH WKH 'HSDUWPHQW¶V VXVSHQVLRQ RI %ULGJHIRUG¶V GULYLQJ SULYLOHJHV , >ˆ@ 2Q -XQH   DW  DP D :HVW )DUJR SROLFH RIILFHU REVHUYHG %ULGJHIRUGLQWKHGULYHU¶VVHDWRIDUXQQLQJYHKLFOHSDUNHGLQDJDVVWDWLRQSDUNLQJORW %ULGJHIRUG GLG QRW DSSHDU WR EH DZDNH DQG ZDV XQUHVSRQVLYH ZKHQ WKH RIILFHU DSSURDFKHG WKH GULYHU¶V GRRU RI %ULGJHIRUG¶V YHKLFOH  ,Q DQ DWWHPSW WR ZDNH %ULGJHIRUG WKH RIILFHU NQRFNHG ORXGO\ RQ WKH ZLQGRZ DQG UDLVHG KLV YRLFH IRU DSSUR[LPDWHO\VHFRQGV%ULGJHIRUGGLGQRWUHVSRQGWRWKHDWWHPSWVWRZDNHKLP XSIURPRXWVLGHWKHYHKLFOH7KHRIILFHUWKHQRSHQHGWKHYHKLFOH¶VXQORFNHGGRRU JUDEEHG%ULGJHIRUG¶VVKRXOGHUDQGVKRRN%ULGJHIRUGXQWLOKHZRNHXS7KHRIILFHU WHVWLILHG KH FRXOG VPHOO DQ RGRU RI DOFRKRO DIWHU RSHQLQJ WKH GRRU KH REVHUYHG %ULGJHIRUG KDG VOXUUHG VSHHFK DQG EORRGVKRW H\HV DQG %ULGJHIRUG DGPLWWHG WR FRQVXPLQJPXOWLSOHEHHUV$IWHU%ULGJHIRUGIDLOHGVHYHUDOILHOGVREULHW\WHVWVWKH RIILFHUSODFHG%ULGJHIRUGXQGHUDUUHVWIRUGULYLQJXQGHUWKH LQIOXHQFHRIDOFRKRO DFWXDO SK\VLFDO FRQWURO  %ULGJHIRUG VXEPLWWHG WR D FKHPLFDO EUHDWK WHVW ZKLFK HVWDEOLVKHGDEORRGDOFRKROOHYHORI  >ˆ@ $QDGPLQLVWUDWLYHKHDULQJZDVKHOGWRFRQVLGHUZKHWKHU%ULGJHIRUG¶VGULYLQJ SULYLOHJHV VKRXOG EH VXVSHQGHG  $W WKH KHDULQJ %ULGJHIRUG DUJXHG WKH RIILFHU¶V ZDUUDQWOHVVHQWU\LQWRWKHYHKLFOHZDVLQYLRODWLRQRIWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWDQGDQ\ HYLGHQFHDFTXLUHGVXEVHTXHQWWRWKHHQWU\LQWRWKHYHKLFOHZDVLQDGPLVVLEOH'XULQJ WKHKHDULQJWKHRIILFHUWHVWLILHGKHZDVQRWLQYHVWLJDWLQJDFULPHZKHQKHFDPHLQWR FRQWDFWZLWK%ULGJHIRUGEXWZDV³FKHFNLQJRQKLP´EHFDXVH%ULGJHIRUGZDVVOHHSLQJ LQKLVFDUDQGWKHYHKLFOHZDVUXQQLQJ7KHKHDULQJRIILFHUIRXQGWKHRIILFHUSURSHUO\ HQWHUHGWKHYHKLFOHDIWHU%ULGJHIRUGIDLOHGWRUHVSRQGWRDWWHPSWVWRJHWKLVDWWHQWLRQ IURPRXWVLGHWKHYHKLFOH%ULGJHIRUG¶VGULYLQJSULYLOHJHVZHUHUHYRNHGIRUDSHULRG RIGD\V%ULGJHIRUGDSSHDOHGWRWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW7KHFRXUWUHYHUVHGWKHKHDULQJ RIILFHU¶VGHFLVLRQDIWHUFRQFOXGLQJWKHHQWU\LQWR%ULGJHIRUG¶VYHKLFOHZDVDVHDUFK WKDWQRH[FHSWLRQWRWKHUHTXLUHPHQWIRUDZDUUDQWDSSOLHGDQGDQ\HYLGHQFHJDWKHUHG VXEVHTXHQWWRWKHHQWU\LQWRWKHYHKLFOHZDVUHTXLUHGWREHH[FOXGHGIURPHYLGHQFH ,, >ˆ@ 7KLV&RXUWUHYLHZVDQDGPLQLVWUDWLYHUHYRFDWLRQRIDGULYHU¶VOLFHQVHXQGHU 1'&&†Olson v. N.D. Dep’t of Transp.1'ˆ1:G   ³,Q DQ DSSHDO IURP D GLVWULFW FRXUW¶V UHYLHZ RI DQ DGPLQLVWUDWLYH DJHQF\¶V GHFLVLRQZHUHYLHZWKHDJHQF\¶VGHFLVLRQ´Haynes v. Dir., Dep’t of Transp. 1'ˆ1:G7KLV&RXUWZLOODIILUPDQDGPLQLVWUDWLYHDJHQF\¶V RUGHUXQOHVV 7KHRUGHULVLQYLRODWLRQRIWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQDOULJKWVRIWKHDSSHOODQW   7KH ILQGLQJV RI IDFW PDGH E\ WKH DJHQF\ DUH QRW VXSSRUWHG E\ D SUHSRQGHUDQFHRIWKHHYLGHQFH 7KHFRQFOXVLRQVRIODZDQGRUGHURIWKHDJHQF\DUHQRWVXSSRUWHGE\ LWVILQGLQJVRIIDFW 1'&&† >ˆ@ 5DWKHUWKDQPDNLQJLQGHSHQGHQWILQGLQJVRIIDFWRUVXEVWLWXWLQJRXUMXGJPHQW IRUWKDWRIWKHDJHQF\RXUUHYLHZLVFRQILQHGWRGHWHUPLQLQJZKHWKHU³DUHDVRQLQJ PLQGUHDVRQDEO\FRXOGKDYHGHWHUPLQHGWKDWWKHIDFWXDOFRQFOXVLRQVUHDFKHGZHUH SURYHGE\WKHZHLJKWRIWKHHYLGHQFHIURPWKHHQWLUHUHFRUG´Deeth v. Dir., N.D.  Dep’t of Transp.1'ˆ1:G$OWKRXJKRXUUHYLHZLVOLPLWHG WRWKHUHFRUGEHIRUHWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHDJHQF\³WKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶VDQDO\VLVLVHQWLWOHG WRUHVSHFWLILWVUHDVRQLQJLVVRXQG´Id³$QDJHQF\¶VFRQFOXVLRQVRQTXHVWLRQVRI ODZ DUH VXEMHFW WR IXOO UHYLHZ´  Id  7KLV &RXUW ³UHYLHZV FRQVWLWXWLRQDO ULJKWV YLRODWLRQVXQGHUWKHGHQRYRVWDQGDUGRIUHYLHZ´State v. Williams1' ˆ1:G >ˆ@ %ULGJHIRUGDVVHUWVWKHLQLWLDONQRFNLQJRQWKHZLQGRZRIKLVYHKLFOHE\WKH RIILFHUZDVDWUHVSDVVDQGDQDWWHPSWWRJDWKHULQIRUPDWLRQWKDWPXVWEHFRQVLGHUHG DVHDUFKVXEMHFWWRWKHZDUUDQWUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQW%ULGJHIRUG DOVRFKDOOHQJHVWKHHQWU\LQWRKLVYHKLFOHDVDQLPSHUPLVVLEOHZDUUDQWOHVVVHDUFKLQ YLRODWLRQRIWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQW ,,, >ˆ@ %ULGJHIRUGFRQWHQGVWKHRIILFHUWUHVSDVVHGRQKLVSURSHUW\E\NQRFNLQJRQWKH YHKLFOH¶VZLQGRZWKHNQRFNLQJRQWKHZLQGRZZDVDQDWWHPSWWRJDWKHULQIRUPDWLRQ DQG D VHDUFK ZKLFK UHTXLUHG D ZDUUDQW  +H DUJXHV WKH RIILFHU¶V NQRFNLQJ RQ WKH ZLQGRZZDVQRWZLWKLQWKHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJH[FHSWLRQWRWKHUHTXLUHPHQWIRU DZDUUDQW >ˆ@ ³/DZHQIRUFHPHQWRIILFHUVRIWHQVHUYHDVFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUV´State v. Schneider1'ˆ1:G7KH8QLWHG6WDWHV6XSUHPH&RXUW GHVFULEHG FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ IXQFWLRQV DV WKRVH ³WRWDOO\ GLYRUFHG IURP WKH GHWHFWLRQ LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RU DFTXLVLWLRQ RI HYLGHQFH UHODWLQJ WR WKH YLRODWLRQ RI D FULPLQDO VWDWXWH´  Id TXRWLQJ Cady v. Dombrowski  86     &RPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ MXVWLILHV ODZ HQIRUFHPHQW FRQWDFW ZLWK FLWL]HQV ZLWKRXW UHDVRQDEOHVXVSLFLRQRIXQODZIXOFRQGXFWLappv. N.D. Dep’t of Transp1'  ˆ   1:G   &RQWDFW ZLWK FLWL]HQV IDOOV ZLWKLQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJUROHZKHQDQRIILFHU¶VREMHFWLYHLVWRKHOSDSHUVRQLQSRVVLEOHQHHGRI DVVLVWDQFHSee City of Jamestown v. Jerome1'ˆ1:G >ˆ@ ,QFDVHVLQYROYLQJPRWRUYHKLFOHVWKH³ODZGLVWLQJXLVKHVEHWZHHQWKHDSSURDFK RIDQDOUHDG\VWRSSHGYHKLFOHDQGWKHVWRSRIDPRYLQJRQH´Abernathey v. Dep’t of  Transp.1'ˆ1:G³:KHQDQRIILFHUDSSURDFKHVDSDUNHG YHKLFOHWRLQTXLUHLQDFRQYHUVDWLRQDOPDQQHUZKHWKHUWKHRFFXSDQWLVRND\RUQHHGV DVVLVWDQFHWKHRIILFHULVHQJDJHGLQWKHUROHRIDFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUZLWKDFWLRQV VHSDUDWHIURPWKHGHWHFWLRQLQYHVWLJDWLRQRUDFTXLVLWLRQRIHYLGHQFHUHODWLQJWRWKH YLRODWLRQRIDFULPLQDOVWDWXWH´State v. Leher1'ˆ1:G >ˆ@ ³>:@KHUHLWLVREYLRXVDFLWL]HQQHLWKHUQHHGVQRUGHVLUHVDVVLVWDQFHDQRIILFHU KDVQRFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJUROHWRILOO´Rist v. N.D. Dep’t of Transp.1' ˆ1:G+RZHYHUWKHDSSHDUDQFHRIDQLQGLYLGXDOVOXPSHGRYHU VOHHSLQJLVQRWDQREYLRXVLQGLFDWLRQWKDWDFLWL]HQGRHVQRWQHHGDVVLVWDQFHIdsee alsoState v. Smith1'ˆ1:GLapp1'ˆˆ 1:GState v. Franklin1:G 1' :KHQDQ RIILFHUHQFRXQWHUVDSHUVRQ³ZKRVHVWDWHRIFRQVFLRXVQHVVSUHYHQWVDFRQYHUVDWLRQDO LQTXLU\ IURP RFFXUULQJ´ WKH RIILFHU PXVW GHFLGH WKH DFWLRQV QHFHVVDU\ WR JHW WKH SHUVRQWRUHVSRQGDQGPD\QHHGWRDSSURDFKDQRQUHVSRQVLYHSHUVRQ³GLIIHUHQWO\ IURP D SHUVRQ ZKR LV FRQVFLRXV DQG DEOH WR FRQYHUVH ZLWK WKH RIILFHU´  City of Mandan v. Gerhardt1'ˆ1:G FLWLQJRistDWˆ 7R GHWHUPLQH LI DVVLVWDQFH LV QHHGHG LW LV UHDVRQDEOH IRU DQ RIILFHU WR NQRFN RQ D YHKLFOH¶VZLQGRZSeeRistDWˆCity of Fargo v. Sivertson1'ˆ 1:G%\NQRFNLQJDQRIILFHULVGRLQJ³QRPRUHWKDQDQ\SULYDWHFLWL]HQ PLJKWGR´Florida v. Jardines86   GLVFXVVLQJZDUUDQWOHVVVHDUFKHV RIKRPHV  >ˆ@ ,Q Lapp ZH KHOG FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNHU IXQFWLRQV VXSSRUWHG DQ RIILFHU¶V HQFRXQWHUZLWKDGULYHULQFOXGLQJNQRFNLQJRQWKHYHKLFOH¶VZLQGRZ1' ˆ1:G,QLappDQRIILFHUDUULYHGDWDEXVLQHVVSDUNLQJORWWRILQGD PDQVOXPSHGRYHUWKHVWHHULQJZKHHORIDUXQQLQJYHKLFOHIdDWˆ$VHFXULW\ JXDUGKDGWULHGWRZDNHWKHPDQE\NQRFNLQJRQWKHZLQGRZIRUWHQPLQXWHVEHIRUH WKHRIILFHUDUULYHGId$IWHUWKHRIILFHUWDSSHGRQWKHZLQGRZWZLFHZLWKLQWZR PLQXWHVWKHPDQZRNHXSId$WWKDWSRLQWWKHRIILFHUQRWLFHGWKHPDQ¶VJORVV\ H\HVDQGRSHQHGWKHGRRUId:HGHWHUPLQHG³WKHHQFRXQWHUZDVZLWKLQWKHRIILFHU¶V  UROH DV D FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNHU  8QWLO WKH RIILFHU FRQYHUVHG ZLWK >WKH PDQ@ DQG DVFHUWDLQHG >KH@ GLG QRW QHHG PHGLFDO DWWHQWLRQ WKH RIILFHU ZDV MXVWLILHG LQ LQYHVWLJDWLQJ>KLV@FRQGLWLRQ´IdDWˆ >ˆ@ ,QSivertsonDQRIILFHUDSSURDFKHGDYHKLFOHVWRSSHGEHKLQGDWUDIILFDFFLGHQW DIWHUQRWLFLQJLWZDVQRWSDVVLQJWKHVFHQHOLNHRWKHUPRWRULVWV1'ˆˆ  1:G   7KH RIILFHU WHVWLILHG KH PDGH FRQWDFW WR HQVXUH WKH GULYHU ZDV DOULJKW  Id DW ˆ   %HFDXVH WKH GULYHU ZDV ³IL[DWHG IRUZDUG´ ZKHQ WKH RIILFHU DSSURDFKHGWKHRIILFHUWDSSHGRQWKHZLQGRZWRJHWWKHGULYHU¶VDWWHQWLRQIdDWˆ :H KHOG WKH RIILFHU¶V DFWLRQV ³ZHUH D SHUPLVVLEOH SDUW RI D OHJLWLPDWH FDUHWDNHU HQFRXQWHU´Id7KLV&RXUWPDGHDVLPLODUGHWHUPLQDWLRQLQCity of Grand Forks v. ZejdlikZKHUHDQRIILFHUUHSHDWHGO\NQRFNHGRQWKHGULYHU¶VZLQGRZWRJHW=HMGOLN¶V DWWHQWLRQ1:G 1' See also Gerhardt1'ˆ 1:G >ˆ@ 7KHRIILFHU¶VNQRFNLQJRQ%ULGJHIRUG¶VYHKLFOHZLQGRZZDVZLWKLQWKHVFRSH RIWKHRIILFHU¶VFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJIXQFWLRQ%HFDXVHWKHRIILFHUZDVDFWLQJZLWKLQ KLVUROHDVDFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUWKHRIILFHU¶VNQRFNLQJRQWKHZLQGRZZDVQRWDQ LPSHUPLVVLEOHWUHVSDVVRQ%ULGJHIRUG¶VSURSHUW\DQGZDVQRWDQDWWHPSWWRJDWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQZKLFKUHTXLUHGDZDUUDQW ,9 >ˆ@ %ULGJHIRUGZDVXQUHVSRQVLYHWRWKHRIILFHU¶VSUHVHQFHQH[WWRWKHYHKLFOHDQG UHPDLQHGXQUHVSRQVLYHIROORZLQJVLJQLILFDQWDWWHPSWVWRJHWKLVDWWHQWLRQIURPRXWVLGH WKH YHKLFOH  $IWHU %ULGJHIRUG IDLOHG WR UHVSRQG WKH RIILFHU RSHQHG WKH GRRU RI %ULGJHIRUG¶VYHKLFOHDQGVKRRN%ULGJHIRUGXQWLOKHUHVSRQGHG7KHGLVWULFWFRXUW FRQFOXGHGWKHHQWU\LQWRWKHYHKLFOHZDVLPSURSHUEHFDXVHLWZDVDVHDUFKWKDWIHOO RXWVLGHDQ\H[FHSWLRQWRWKHZDUUDQWUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQW >ˆ@ 8QUHDVRQDEOHVHDUFKHVDQGVHL]XUHVDUHSURKLELWHGE\WKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQW WRWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV&RQVWLWXWLRQDQGE\6HFWLRQ$UWLFOHRIWKH1RUWK'DNRWD &RQVWLWXWLRQAbernathey1'ˆ1:G³$QLQGLYLGXDOPD\ FKDOOHQJH D VHDUFK XQGHU WKH )RXUWK $PHQGPHQW LI LW YLRODWHV WKH LQGLYLGXDO¶V  UHDVRQDEOHH[SHFWDWLRQRISULYDF\RULQYROYHVDQXQUHDVRQDEOHSK\VLFDOLQWUXVLRQRI DFRQVWLWXWLRQDOO\SURWHFWHGDUHDLQRUGHUWRILQGVRPHWKLQJRUREWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQ´ United States v. Cowan)G WK&LU  FLWDWLRQVDQGTXRWDWLRQV RPLWWHG  >ˆ@ 6HDUFKHVZLWKRXWDZDUUDQWDUHQRWXQUHDVRQDEOHXQGHUWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQW LIWKHJRYHUQPHQWFDQVKRZWKHVHDUFKIDOOVXQGHUDQH[FHSWLRQWRWKHVHDUFKZDUUDQW UHTXLUHPHQWState v. Matthews1'ˆ1:G³$FWLQJLQD FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJFDSDFLW\LVDQH[FHSWLRQWRWKHZDUUDQWUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKH )RXUWK$PHQGPHQW´State v. Gill1'ˆ1:G FLWLQJ Dombrowski86DW 7KHRIILFHU¶VHQWU\LQWRWKHYHKLFOHZDVDVHDUFKDQG WKHUHIRUHZHPXVWFRQVLGHUZKHWKHUDQH[FHSWLRQWRWKHZDUUDQWUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKH )RXUWK$PHQGPHQWDSSOLHV >ˆ@ :HKDYHSUHYLRXVO\QRWHGWKDW³>L@IWKHSROLFHILQGDSHUVRQXQFRQVFLRXVRU GLVRULHQWHGDQGLQFRKHUHQWLQDYHKLFOHLWLVUHDVRQDEOHIRUWKHPWRHQWHUWKH YHKLFOH IRU WKH SXUSRVH RI JLYLQJ DLG WR WKH SHUVRQ LQ GLVWUHVV DQG RI ILQGLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQEHDULQJXSRQWKHFDXVHRIKLVFRQGLWLRQ´Gerhardt1'ˆ 1:G FLWLQJ:D\QH5/D)DYH6HDUFK 6HL]XUH† I  WKHG  :H KDYH SUHYLRXVO\ GHFOLQHG WR KROG DQ RIILFHU¶V HQWU\ LQWR D YHKLFOH GXULQJ D FRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUHQFRXQWHUZDVDQLPSURSHUZDUUDQWOHVVVHDUFKRist1' ˆ1:G,QRistDGHSXW\REVHUYHGDPDQVOXPSHGEHKLQGWKH VWHHULQJZKHHORIDSDUNHGQRQUXQQLQJYHKLFOHDQGGHFLGHGWRSHUIRUPDZHOIDUH FKHFNIdDWˆ7KHGHSXW\DSSURDFKHGWKHUROOHGGRZQGULYHU¶VVLGHZLQGRZDQG VKRXWHG³6KHULII¶V'HSDUWPHQWZDNHXS´VHYHUDOWLPHVId:KHQWKHGULYHUGLGQRW ZDNHXSWKHGHSXW\UHDFKHGLQVLGHWKURXJKWKHRSHQZLQGRZDQGVKRRNWKHGULYHU¶V OHIWVKRXOGHUId$IWHUWKHGULYHUZRNHXSWKHGHSXW\VPHOOHGDOFRKRODQGQRWLFHG DQRSHQEHHUFDQIdDWˆ:HGHWHUPLQHG³WKHGHSXW\FRXOGQRWEHVXUHZKHWKHU >WKHGULYHU@ZDVVLPSO\VOHHSLQJLQKLVYHKLFOHRULQQHHGRIDVVLVWDQFH´IdDWˆ >ˆ@ +HUHDQRIILFHUQRWLFHG%ULGJHIRUGDSSHDUHGWREHDVOHHSLQDUXQQLQJYHKLFOH DWDJDVVWDWLRQDURXQGDP7KHUHFRUGSURYLGHVQRLQGLFDWLRQRIDQ\REYLRXV  VLJQ%ULGJHIRUGGLGQRWQHHGRUGHVLUHDVVLVWDQFH7KHRIILFHUDSSURDFKHGWKHYHKLFOH DQGNQRFNHGIRUVHFRQGVLQDQDWWHPSWWRPDNHFRQWDFWZLWK%ULGJHIRUG'HVSLWH WKHRIILFHU¶VORXGNQRFNLQJDQGUDLVHGYRLFH%ULGJHIRUGGLGQRWZDNHXSRUPRYH %ULGJHIRUG¶VXQUHVSRQVLYHQHVVSURPSWHGWKHRIILFHUWRRSHQWKHYHKLFOHGRRUDQG VKDNH%ULGJHIRUGWRPDNHVXUHKHZDVDOULJKW$WWKLVSRLQWDIWHUHQWHULQJWKHYHKLFOH WRGHWHUPLQHLI%ULGJHIRUGGLGQRWUHTXLUHDVVLVWDQFHWKHRIILFHUVPHOOHGDOFRKRODQG KDGUHDVRQDEOHVXVSLFLRQWREHOLHYH%ULGJHIRUGKDGEHHQGULYLQJXQGHUWKHLQIOXHQFH >ˆ@ %ULGJHIRUGDWWHPSWVWRGLVWLQJXLVKKLVFDVHIURPRXUSULRUFDVHVE\DUJXLQJKH ZDVQRW³VOXPSHG´EHKLQGKLVVWHHULQJZKHHODQGWKHRIILFHUKDGQRWUHFHLYHGDFDOO IURPDFRQFHUQHGFRPSODLQLQJWKLUGSDUW\,PSOLFLWO\%ULGJHIRUGDUJXHVWKHUHQHHGV WR EH VRPH REMHFWLYH VLJQ RI GLVWUHVV LQ H[FHVV RI KLP VOHHSLQJ DQG EHLQJ QRQ UHVSRQVLYHIRUWKHRIILFHUWRFRQWLQXHWKHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUIXQFWLRQIURPRXWVLGH WKHYHKLFOHWRLQVLGHWKHYHKLFOH >ˆ@ :KLOH ZH KDYH KHOG WKH FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNHU IXQFWLRQ GRHV QRW H[WHQG WR ³FLUFXPVWDQFHVZKHUHLWLVREYLRXVWKDWDFLWL]HQLVQHLWKHULQQHHGRIQRUGHVLUHV DVVLVWDQFH´Jerome1'ˆ1:G FLWLQJState v. DeCoteau 1'ˆ1:G RXUFDVHODZDOORZVDQRIILFHUWRFRQWLQXHD FRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUUROHIURPRXWVLGHDYHKLFOHWRWKHLQVLGHRIDYHKLFOHZKHQD VOHHSLQJLQGLYLGXDOIDLOVWRUHVSRQGWRDWWHPSWVWRJHWDUHVSRQVHIURPRXWVLGHWKH YHKLFOH)RUH[DPSOHZHKDYHSUHYLRXVO\KHOGXQWLOWKHRIILFHUKDVFRQYHUVHGZLWK DQXQUHVSRQVLYHLQGLYLGXDOVHDWHGZLWKLQDYHKLFOHDQGDVFHUWDLQHGWKDWWKHLQGLYLGXDO GRHVQRWQHHGPHGLFDODWWHQWLRQDQRIILFHULVMXVWLILHGLQRSHQLQJWKHYHKLFOHGRRUDQG LQYHVWLJDWLQJWKHRFFXSDQW¶VFRQGLWLRQLapp1'ˆ1:G :KHQ³DQLQGLYLGXDOZKRVHVWDWHRIFRQVFLRXVQHVVSUHYHQWVDFRQYHUVDWLRQDO LQTXLU\IURPRFFXUULQJWKHRIILFHUPXVWGHWHUPLQHZKDWDFWLRQVQHHGWREHWDNHQ WRJHWWKHLQGLYLGXDOWRUHVSRQGDQGWKHUHIRUHPD\QHHGWRDSSURDFKDSHUVRQZKR GRHVQRWUHVSRQGGLIIHUHQWO\IURPDSHUVRQZKRLVFRQVFLRXVDQGDEOHWRFRQYHUVHZLWK WKHRIILFHU´Rist1'ˆ1:G,QRistZHQRWHGZKHQWKH  GHSXW\REVHUYHG5LVWXQUHVSRQVLYHZLWKLQWKHYHKLFOH³WKHGHSXW\FRXOGQRWEHVXUH ZKHWKHU5LVWZDVVLPSO\VOHHSLQJLQKLVYHKLFOHRULQQHHGRIDVVLVWDQFH´ IdDWˆ 9 >ˆ@ 7KHRIILFHU¶VDFWLRQVUHPDLQHGZLWKLQWKHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUH[FHSWLRQWR WKHZDUUDQWUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKH)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWZKHQKHNQRFNHGRQ%ULGJHIRUG¶V ZLQGRZ  7KH RIILFHU¶V DFWLRQV DOVR UHPDLQHG ZLWKLQ WKH FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNHU H[FHSWLRQZKHQHQWHULQJ%ULGJHIRUG¶VYHKLFOHVXEVHTXHQWWR%ULGJHIRUG¶VIDLOXUHWR UHVSRQGWRWKHRIILFHU¶VDFWLRQVRXWVLGHWKHYHKLFOH:HUHYHUVHWKHGLVWULFWFRXUW¶V MXGJPHQW DQG UHLQVWDWH WKH 'HSDUWPHQW¶V VXVSHQVLRQ RI %ULGJHIRUG¶V GULYLQJ SULYLOHJHV >ˆ@ -RQ--HQVHQ /LVD)DLU0F(YHUV *HUDOG:9DQGH:DOOH&- &URWKHUV-XVWLFHFRQFXUULQJLQSDUWDQGGLVVHQWLQJLQSDUW >ˆ@ , FRQFXU LQ WKDW SRUWLRQ RI WKH PDMRULW\ RSLQLRQ FRQFOXGLQJ WKH RIILFHU¶V NQRFNLQJRQ%ULGJHIRUG¶VFDUZLQGRZZDVFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJDQGQRWD)RXUWK $PHQGPHQWYLRODWLRQLQYROYLQJWUHVSDVV,UHVSHFWIXOO\GLVVHQWIURPWKDWSRUWLRQRI WKHPDMRULW\RSLQLRQVXJJHVWLQJODZHQIRUFHPHQWFDQSURFHHGXQGHUWKHFRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ IXQFWLRQ WR HQWHU D FRQVWLWXWLRQDOO\ SURWHFWHG DUHD XQOHVV D SHUVRQ DIILUPDWLYHO\FRPPXQLFDWHVWKH\QHLWKHUQHHGQRUGHVLUHDVVLVWDQFH >ˆ@ 7KLV&RXUWUHYLHZHGRXUDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJIXQFWLRQDV IROORZV ³/DZHQIRUFHPHQWRIILFHUVRIWHQVHUYHDVFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUV Lapp v. N.D. Dep’t of Transp.1'ˆ1:G FLWLQJState v. DeCoteau1'ˆ1:G 7KH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV 6XSUHPH &RXUW GHVFULEHG FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ IXQFWLRQVDVWKRVHµWRWDOO\GLYRUFHGIURPWKHGHWHFWLRQLQYHVWLJDWLRQ RUDFTXLVLWLRQRIHYLGHQFHUHODWLQJWRWKHYLRODWLRQRIDFULPLQDOVWDWXWH¶ Cady v. Dombrowski  86    6&W   /(GG     &RPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ DOORZV ODZ HQIRUFHPHQWFLWL]HQ FRQWDFW LQFOXGLQJ VWRSV ZLWKRXW DQ RIILFHU¶V UHDVRQDEOH VXVSLFLRQ RI FULPLQDO FRQGXFW  State v. Glaesman 1:G 1' )RU)RXUWK$PHQGPHQWSXUSRVHV DVHL]XUHGRHVQRWRFFXUZKHQDQRIILFHUDSSURDFKHVDSDUNHGYHKLFOH  LIWKHRIILFHUTXHVWLRQVWKHRFFXSDQWLQDFRQYHUVDWLRQDOPDQQHUDQG GRHV QRW LVVXH RUGHUV WR WKH SHUVRQ RU GHPDQG D UHVSRQVH  State v. Langseth1:G 1'  FLWLQJWibben v. N.D. State Highway Comm’r  1:G   1'  9DQGH:DOOH-FRQFXUULQJ +RZHYHUHYHQDFDVXDOHQFRXQWHUFDQ EHFRPH D VHL]XUH LI D UHDVRQDEOH SHUVRQ ZRXOG YLHZ WKH RIILFHU¶V DFWLRQV²LI GRQH E\ DQRWKHU SULYDWH FLWL]HQ²DV WKUHDWHQLQJ RU RIIHQVLYH  Id. FLWLQJ Wibben DW    7KLV PD\ RFFXU WKURXJK DQ RUGHUDWKUHDWRUDZHDSRQGLVSOD\Id.$QRIILFHU¶VLQLWLDOFRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJHQFRXQWHUDOVRPD\FDXVHWKHRIILFHUWRGHYHORSDUHDVRQDEOH DQGDUWLFXODEOHVXVSLFLRQRIXQODZIXOFRQGXFWLappDWˆ ³2XU SUHYLRXV FDVHV SURYLGH H[DPSOHV RI ODZ HQIRUFHPHQW RIILFHUV SHUIRUPLQJ FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ IXQFWLRQV  See Lapp v. Dep’t of Transp.1'ˆˆ1:G KROGLQJDQ RIILFHU¶V HQFRXQWHU ZLWK DQ LQGLYLGXDO MXVWLILHG E\ WKH RIILFHU¶V FRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJUROHZKHQWKHLQGLYLGXDOZDVVOXPSHGRYHUWKH VWHHULQJZKHHORIDYHKLFOHZLWKLWVHQJLQHUXQQLQJ City of Fargo v. Sivertson  1'  ˆ   1:G  GHWHUPLQLQJ DQ RIILFHU¶VLQLWLDODSSURDFKRIDGULYHUZKRIDLOHGWRSURFHHGDURXQGWKH VFHQHRIDQDFFLGHQWZLWKWKHUHVWRIWUDIILFZDVDFDUHWDNLQJHQFRXQWHU  City of Grand Forks v. Zejdlik1:G 1' KROGLQJ DQ RIILFHU ZDV DFWLQJ DV D FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNHU ZKHQ KH LQLWLDOO\DSSURDFKHGDQLQGLYLGXDOVOXPSHGRYHUWKHVWHHULQJZKHHORI DQLGOLQJYHKLFOH State v. Franklin1:G 1' GHWHUPLQLQJRIILFHUV¶DSSURDFKRILQGLYLGXDOVSDUNHGDWQLJKWLQPRWHO SDUNLQJORWDQGVOXPSHGGRZQLQWKHLUVHDWVZDVPRUHRIDFDUHWDNLQJ HQFRXQWHU WKDQ D VHDUFK RU VHL]XUH  State v. Halfmann 1:G 1'  KROGLQJDQRIILFHUDFWHGLQD FDUHWDNLQJFDSDFLW\ZKHQKHDSSURDFKHGDGULYHUDIWHUVKHGURYHWRWKH VKRXOGHURIDJUDYHOURDGDQGVWRSSHGKHUYHKLFOH  ³$ UHYLHZ RI RXU FDVH ODZ DOVR UHYHDOV VLWXDWLRQV ZKHUH ODZ HQIRUFHPHQWRIILFHUVGLGQRWDFWDVFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUVSee State v. Keilen1'ˆ1:G KROGLQJWKHFRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJH[FHSWLRQGLGQRWDSSO\WRDQDSDUWPHQWVHDUFKZKHQRIILFHUV DUULYHGDQGGLGQRWVHHDGLVWXUEDQFHRUDQ\RQHLQQHHGRIDVVLVWDQFH  City of Jamestown v. Jerome  1'  ˆ   1:G  GHWHUPLQLQJDQRIILFHUGLGQRWDFWDVDFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUEHFDXVH KLVSXUSRVHLQWDONLQJZLWKWKHGHIHQGDQWZDVWRLQYHVWLJDWHDSRVVLEOH OHJDOYLRODWLRQ State v. DeCoteau1'ˆ1:G KROGLQJRIILFHUVKDGQRFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJUROHWRILOOZKHQWKH\ DUULYHGDWDKRPHVDZQRGLVWXUEDQFHDQGZHUHWROGE\WKHKRPHRZQHU VKH GLG QRW QHHG RU UHTXHVW WKHLU DVVLVWDQFH  State v. Hawley 1:G 1'  GHFOLQLQJWRDGGUHVVFRPPXQLW\  FDUHWDNLQJ EHFDXVH WKH RIILFHU KDG D UHDVRQDEOH DQG DUWLFXODEOH VXVSLFLRQ RI D SDUNLQJ YLRODWLRQ  State v. Brown  1:G   1'  KROGLQJDQRIILFHU¶VYHKLFXODUVWRSZDVPDGHWR GHWHUPLQHLIGULYHUZDVLQWR[LFDWHGQRWIRUWKHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJ SXUSRVHRIUHQGHULQJDVVLVWDQFH State v. Sarhegyi1:G  1'  GHWHUPLQLQJDQRIILFHU¶VVWRSRIDORQHYHKLFOH SDUNHGLQDIDUPLPSOHPHQWGHDOHU¶VORWZKLFKDWWHPSWHGWROHDYHZKHQ KH DSSURDFKHG ZDV QRW FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ  State v. Langseth  1:G   1'   FRQFOXGLQJ WKH FRPPXQLW\ FDUHWDNLQJ H[FHSWLRQ GLG QRW DSSO\ ZKHQ DQ RIILFHU SXUVXHG WKH GHIHQGDQWZKLOHIODVKLQJWKHSDWUROFDU¶VZDUQLQJOLJKWV ´ State v. Boyd1'ˆˆ1:G >ˆ@ ,EHOLHYHWKHPDMRULW\VXEWO\FKDQJHVWKHLQTXLU\UDWKHUWKDQFDUHIXOO\IROORZ RXU FDVHV  7KH\ ZULWH ³7KH UHFRUG SURYLGHV QR LQGLFDWLRQ RI DQ\ REYLRXV VLJQ %ULGJHIRUGGLGQRWQHHGRUGHVLUHDVVLVWDQFH´0DMRULW\RSLQLRQˆ+RZHYHULW ZDV QRW LQFXPEHQW RQ %ULGJHIRUG WR FRPPXQLFDWH WKDW KH GLG QRWQHHG RU GHVLUH DVVLVWDQFH,QVWHDGXQGHUWKHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNHUIXQFWLRQDQRIILFHUFDQQRWLQYDGH DFRQVWLWXWLRQDOO\SURWHFWHGVSDFHXQOHVVLWLVFOHDUWKDWDVVLVWDQFHLVQHHGHGRUZDQWHG 7RGRVRWKH6WDWHPXVWSURYHWKHRIILFHUREMHFWLYHO\WKRXJKW%ULGJHIRUGQHHGHGKHOS >ˆ@+HUH%ULGJHIRUGGLGQRWGLVSOD\VLJQVRIGLVWUHVV7KHUHZDVQRLQGLFDWLRQRI WUDXPD+HZDVQRWDFWLQJHUUDWLFDOO\8QOLNHRXURWKHULPSDLUHGGULYHUFDVHVZKHUH HQWU\LQWRWKHYHKLFOHZDVIRXQGWREHFRPPXQLW\FDUHWDNLQJ%ULGJHIRUGGLGQRW DSSHDUWREHLQFDSDFLWDWHGRUQHHGKHOS,QVWHDGWKHRIILFHUWHVWLILHGWKDW³LWDSSHDUHG WKDWWKHUHZDVDPDOHVOHHSLQJLQVLGHRIWKHYHKLFOH´DQGWKDW%ULGJHIRUG³MXVWORRNHG OLNHKHZDVVOHHSLQJ´7KHUHIRUH,UHVSHFWIXOO\GLVVHQWIURPWKDWSDUWRIWKHPDMRULW\ RSLQLRQKROGLQJWKHRIILFHU¶VZDUUDQWOHVVHQWU\LQWRWKHDXWRPRELOHGLGQRWYLRODWHWKH )RXUWK$PHQGPHQWWRWKH8QLWHG6WDWHV&RQVWLWXWLRQ >ˆ@ 'DQLHO-&URWKHUV -HURG(7XIWH 

Document Info

Docket Number: 20180390

Judges: Jensen, Jon J.

Filed Date: 6/27/2019

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 6/27/2019