Cano v. Walker , 297 Neb. 580 ( 2017 )


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    www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
    10/13/2017 12:10 AM CDT
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    Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
    297 Nebraska R eports
    CANO v. WALKER
    Cite as 
    297 Neb. 580
    Eric Cano,        appellee, v.   Michael Walker, appellant,
    and   Billy E. Claborn, Jr., appellee.
    ___ N.W.2d ___
    Filed September 1, 2017.   No. S-16-634.
    1.	 Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. A jurisdictional question which does
    not involve a factual dispute is determined by an appellate court as a
    matter of law.
    2.	 Contracts. Contract interpretation presents a question of law.
    3.	 Judgments: Appeal and Error. Appellate courts independently review
    questions of law decided by a lower court.
    4.	 Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. Before reaching the legal issues
    presented for review, it is the duty of an appellate court to determine
    whether it has jurisdiction over the matter before it.
    5.	 Final Orders: Appeal and Error. Under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1902
    (Reissue 2016), there are three types of final orders which may be
    reviewed on appeal: (1) an order which affects a substantial right and
    which determines the action and prevents a judgment, (2) an order
    affecting a substantial right made during a special proceeding, and (3)
    an order affecting a substantial right made on summary application in an
    action after judgment is rendered.
    6.	 ____: ____. Numerous factors determine when an order affects a sub-
    stantial right for purposes of appeal. Broadly, these factors relate to the
    importance of the right and the importance of the effect on the right by
    the order at issue. It is not enough that the right itself be substantial; the
    effect of the order on that right must also be substantial. Whether the
    effect of an order is substantial depends on whether it affects with final-
    ity the rights of the parties in the subject matter.
    7.	 Jurisdiction: Time: Notice: Appeal and Error. Under Neb. Rev. Stat.
    § 25-1912 (Reissue 2016), to vest an appellate court with jurisdiction, a
    party must timely file a notice of appeal within 30 days of the judgment,
    decree, or final order from which the party is appealing.
    8.	 Debtors and Creditors: Releases. The voluntary release of one joint
    debtor operates as a release of his or her codebtors.
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    9.	 Promissory Notes: Releases. The unconditional release of one of sev-
    eral makers of a joint and several promissory note, without the consent
    of the other makers thereof, operates as a release of all.
    10.	 Contracts: Releases. Under the common-law rule as it has developed in
    Nebraska, the qualifiers that releases must be “voluntary” and “uncon-
    ditional” require consideration of general principles of contract inter-
    pretation when determining whether the common-law rule is applicable.
    Generally, the question is whether the language of the release at issue is
    unqualified such that it amounts to a complete satisfaction of the debt,
    or whether the language of the release is qualified such that it operates
    as merely a partial satisfaction of the debt.
    11.	 Releases. The general rule of law is that a promise to release does not
    take effect until the agreed promise is completed.
    12.	 Judgments: Debtors and Creditors: Releases. A judgment creditor
    may make a valid and binding agreement, either at the time a judgment
    is entered or later, to release and satisfy the judgment on terms other
    than receiving full payment of its amount. If the agreement to release or
    satisfy is executory, there is no release of the judgment until it is per-
    formed. The corollary to this rule is that once the relevant promises are
    performed, the agreement to release becomes effective.
    13.	 Courts. The doctrine of stare decisis forms the bedrock of Nebraska’s
    common-law jurisprudence.
    14.	 Courts: Appeal and Error. The doctrine of stare decisis does not
    require appellate courts to blindly perpetuate a prior interpretation of
    the law if it was clearly incorrect, but it is entitled to great weight and
    requires that the courts adhere to their previous decisions unless the
    reasons therefor have ceased to exist, are clearly erroneous, or are mani-
    festly wrong and mischievous or unless more harm than good will result
    from doing so.
    15.	 Courts: Public Policy: Appeal and Error. The doctrine of stare decisis
    is grounded in the public policy that the law should be stable, fostering
    both equality and predictability of treatment. By requiring appellate
    courts to adhere to their previous decisions in most circumstances, the
    doctrine of stare decisis promotes the evenhanded, predictable, and
    consistent development of legal principles, fosters reliance on judicial
    decisions, and contributes to the actual and perceived integrity of the
    judicial process.
    Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County: Shelly
    R. Stratman, Judge. Reversed and remanded with directions.
    Warren R. Whitted, Jr., and Keith A. Harvat, of Houghton,
    Bradford & Whitted, P.C., L.L.O., for appellant.
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    CANO v. WALKER
    Cite as 
    297 Neb. 580
    Larry R. Forman, of Hillman, Forman, Childers &
    McCormack for appellee Eric Cano.
    Heavican, C.J., Wright, Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy,
    K elch, and Funke, JJ.
    Stacy, J.
    This is an appeal from an order denying a motion to dis-
    charge judgment filed by one of two judgment debtors who
    were co-obligors on a promissory note. The issues raised
    by the parties require us to consider the applicability, and
    continued viability, of the common-law rule in contracts that
    “‘[t]he unconditional release of one of several makers of a
    joint and several promissory note, without the consent of
    the other makers thereof, operates as a release of all.’”1 We
    conclude the rule represents settled law in Nebraska, and we
    find it should have been applied by the district court in this
    case. Accordingly, we reverse, and remand with directions to
    discharge the judgment.
    I. FACTS
    Eric Cano filed suit against Michael Walker and Billy E.
    Claborn, Jr., in October 2012, alleging they had failed to pay
    amounts due on a promissory note executed in April 2007.
    Cano prayed for judgment against them “jointly and severally”
    in the amount of $299,500, plus interest and penalties. All
    parties agree the promissory note imposed joint and several
    liability on Walker and Claborn.
    Cano moved for summary judgment in October 2013.
    The matter was heard on November 12. At the hearing,
    Cano represented that the amounts due on the note were
    $299,500 in principal, a late charge of $14,975, and interest
    of $72,958.20, for a total of $387,433.20. On November 20,
    1
    Bankers Life Ins. Co. v. Ohrt, 
    131 Neb. 858
    , 862, 
    270 N.W. 497
    , 500
    (1936). See, Coleman v. Beck, 
    142 Neb. 13
    , 
    5 N.W.2d 104
    (1942); Lamb v.
    Gregory, 
    12 Neb. 506
    , 
    11 N.W. 755
    (1882); 3’s Lounge v. Tierney, 16 Neb.
    App. 64, 
    741 N.W.2d 687
    (2007).
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    CANO v. WALKER
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    the court entered summary judgment in favor of Cano and
    against both Walker and Claborn for $387,433.20.
    Cano did not tell the court at the summary judgment hear-
    ing that he and Claborn had entered into a “Stipulation” on
    November 11, 2013, without Walker’s knowledge. According
    to the terms of the stipulation, Claborn agreed to entry of
    judgment against him for the full amount due on the note,
    and agreed to pay $40,000 immediately and an additional
    $127,000 by June 2, 2014. Claborn also agreed to provide a
    new furnace and an air-conditioning unit for Cano’s residence
    in Omaha, Nebraska, on or before December 13, 2013. The
    parties later agreed this was worth approximately $10,000.
    In exchange for these payments and services, Cano agreed
    not to execute on the judgment against Claborn so long as he
    complied with the stipulation, and further agreed that “[u]pon
    satisfaction by Claborn with the terms [of the stipulation],
    Cano shall forthwith release Claborn completely from such
    judgment . . . .”
    After the court entered judgment on the promissory note,
    Cano attempted to execute on the judgment against Walker in
    various ways, representing that Walker owed the full amount of
    the judgment. Walker actively avoided the execution attempts
    and was held in contempt of court at least once.
    On July 17, 2014, Cano filed what he captioned a
    “Satisfaction” in the case, which stated in full: “COMES
    NOW the Plaintiff and shows the Court that the Defendant
    Billy E. Claborn, Jr. has fully satisfied the Judgment against
    him in the above-captioned case, provided that the Judgment
    entered herein against Defendant Michael Walker remains
    unsatisfied.” After filing this satisfaction, Cano continued his
    attempts to collect the judgment from Walker, and Walker con-
    tinued to evade collection efforts.
    In November 2015, Cano attempted once again to col-
    lect the judgment against Walker by seeking an order in aid
    of execution from the court. Walker filed an objection, rais-
    ing for the first time the argument that satisfaction of the
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    j­udgment against Claborn operated to satisfy the judgment
    against Walker as well.
    During the hearing on Walker’s objection to Cano’s request
    for an order in aid of execution, the parties argued about the
    legal effect of the satisfaction Cano had filed. Cano argued
    the satisfaction operated only as against Claborn, because it
    stated the judgment “remain[ed] unsatisfied” as against Walker.
    Walker relied on Nebraska case law holding that “‘[t]he uncon-
    ditional release of one of several makers of a joint and several
    promissory note, without the consent of the other makers
    thereof, operates as a release of all.’”2
    The court commented that based on the court record, it
    appeared the entire judgment had been paid. In response to
    this comment, Cano’s counsel, for the first time, informed the
    court and Walker he had made a “deal” with Claborn to pay
    $167,000 “in exchange for a release.” Upon learning of the
    agreement and release, the court informed Cano that the order
    in aid of execution would be denied and that further proceed-
    ings were necessary.
    Thereafter, Walker filed a motion to discharge the judgment,
    premised on the common-law rule that the release of one joint
    obligor on a promissory note operates to release all. After hold-
    ing an evidentiary hearing, the district court overruled Walker’s
    motion for discharge, but exercised its inherent authority to
    reduce the amount of the judgment by $40,000—the amount
    the record showed Claborn had paid to Cano before the sum-
    mary judgment was entered on the full amount of the promis-
    sory note.
    Walker filed this timely appeal, and we moved the case
    to our docket on our own motion pursuant to our statutory
    authority to regulate the caseloads of the appellate courts of
    this state.3
    2
    Id.
    3
    Neb. Rev. Stat. § 24-1106(3) (Reissue 2016).
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    CANO v. WALKER
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    297 Neb. 580
    II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
    Walker assigns, restated and consolidated, that the district
    court erred in (1) finding the stipulation between Cano and
    Claborn did not release both Walker and Claborn from the
    judgment; (2) finding the satisfaction filed in July 2014 did
    not satisfy the judgment entered against both Walker and
    Claborn; (3) determining it had the inherent power to change
    the amount of the judgment entered on November 20, 2013;
    and (4) failing to discharge the judgment against Walker.
    III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
    [1] A jurisdictional question which does not involve a fac-
    tual dispute is determined by an appellate court as a matter
    of law.4
    [2] Contract interpretation presents a question of law.5
    [3] Appellate courts independently review questions of law
    decided by a lower court.6
    IV. ANALYSIS
    1. Jurisdictional A rguments
    [4] Before reaching the legal issues presented for review, it
    is the duty of an appellate court to determine whether it has
    jurisdiction over the matter before it.7 Cano presents two juris-
    dictional challenges in his brief. He argues that Walker has not
    appealed from a final order under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1902
    (Reissue 2016), and he argues that the appeal was untimely
    filed under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1931 (Reissue 2016). We
    address each argument in turn.
    4
    Ginger Cove Common Area Co. v. Wiekhorst, 
    296 Neb. 416
    , 
    893 N.W.2d 467
    (2017).
    5
    Beveridge v. Savage, 
    285 Neb. 991
    , 
    830 N.W.2d 482
    (2013); Blakely v.
    Lancaster County, 
    284 Neb. 659
    , 
    825 N.W.2d 149
    (2012).
    
    6 Cl. Ch. v
    . First Nat. Bank of Omaha, 
    296 Neb. 632
    , 
    895 N.W.2d 284
          (2017).
    7
    In re Guardianship & Conservatorship of Barnhart, 
    290 Neb. 314
    , 
    859 N.W.2d 856
    (2015); Despain v. Despain, 
    290 Neb. 32
    , 
    858 N.W.2d 566
          (2015).
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    CANO v. WALKER
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    297 Neb. 580
    (a) Finality Under § 25-1902
    [5] Under § 25-1902, there are three types of final orders
    which may be reviewed on appeal: (1) an order which affects
    a substantial right and which determines the action and pre-
    vents a judgment, (2) an order affecting a substantial right
    made during a special proceeding, and (3) an order affecting
    a substantial right made on summary application in an action
    after judgment is rendered.8 Walker filed this appeal from the
    district court’s May 26, 2016, order overruling his motion to
    discharge the judgment. That order is properly characterized
    as one made on summary application after judgment is ren-
    dered, and we focus on whether that order affected a substan-
    tial right.9
    [6] Numerous factors determine when an order affects a
    substantial right for purposes of appeal. Broadly, these factors
    relate to the importance of the right and the importance of the
    effect on the right by the order at issue.10 It is not enough that
    the right itself be substantial; the effect of the order on that
    right must also be substantial.11 Whether the effect of an order
    is substantial depends on “‘“‘whether it affects with finality
    the rights of the parties in the subject matter.’”’”12
    Cano argues that because the order denying discharge also
    resulted in the judgment against Walker being reduced by
    $40,000, it was actually beneficial to Walker and therefore
    did not affect a substantial right. This argument ignores the
    nature of the relief Walker was seeking—to be fully dis-
    charged from the judgment. To the extent the district court
    denied that relief in overruling Walker’s motion for discharge,
    we find the order affected a substantial right and was a final,
    appealable order.
    8
    In re Interest of Noah B. et al., 
    295 Neb. 764
    , 
    891 N.W.2d 109
    (2017).
    9
    § 25-1902.
    10
    In re Interest of Noah B. et al., supra note 8.
    11
    
    Id. 12 Id.
    at 
    774, 891 N.W.2d at 119
    .
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    (b) Timeliness of Appeal
    [7] Cano presents two arguments that Walker’s appeal was
    untimely. Both arguments misstate the record, and addressing
    them in detail is unnecessary. Under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1912
    (Reissue 2016), to vest an appellate court with jurisdiction,
    a party must timely file a notice of appeal within 30 days of
    the judgment, decree, or final order from which the party is
    appealing.13 Here, Walker filed his notice of appeal within 30
    days of the court’s order overruling his motion to discharge the
    judgment. This appeal was timely filed, and Cano’s arguments
    to the contrary are meritless.
    2. Nebraska Common Law R egarding R elease
    of Joint Debtors in Contract
    [8,9] In the area of contracts, Nebraska has long followed
    the common-law rule that the “‘voluntary release’” of one
    joint debtor operates as a release of his or her codebtors.14
    It is well settled that “‘[t]he unconditional release of one of
    several makers of a joint and several promissory note, without
    the consent of the other makers thereof, operates as a release
    of all.’”15
    The question presented in this appeal is whether, on the
    facts of this case, the common-law rule applies. The answer
    to that question turns on whether the stipulation between
    Cano and Claborn, and/or the subsequent satisfaction of judg-
    ment, represented an unconditional and voluntary release of
    Claborn. If so, then under the common-law rule, Walker was
    also released.
    Over the years, this court has used the terms “voluntary”
    and “unconditional” when referencing the common-law rule
    13
    Clarke, supra note 6.
    14
    Coleman, supra note 
    1, 142 Neb. at 17
    , 5 N.W.2d at 106. Accord Lamb,
    supra note 1.
    15
    Bankers Life Ins. Co., supra note 
    1, 131 Neb. at 862
    , 270 N.W. at 500.
    See, Farmers State Bank v. Baker, 
    117 Neb. 29
    , 
    219 N.W. 580
    (1928);
    Huber Mfg. Co. v. Silvers, 
    85 Neb. 760
    , 
    124 N.W. 148
    (1910).
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    regarding releases of co-obligors,16 but we have not defined
    those terms. Our use of these terms in describing the common-
    law rule appears to be unique; general sources citing the
    common-law rule do not contain the qualifiers “voluntary” or
    “unconditional.”17 Instead, the common-law rule is simply that
    a release of one joint obligor releases all.18
    [10] We understand the qualifiers in our recitation of the
    common-law rule to require consideration of general prin-
    ciples of contract interpretation when determining whether
    the ­common-law rule is applicable. Generally, the question
    is whether the language of the release at issue is unqualified
    such that it amounts to a complete satisfaction of the debt,
    or whether the language of the release is qualified such that
    it operates as merely a partial satisfaction of the debt.19 We
    review our prior decisions to illustrate the application of the
    common-law rule as it has developed in Nebraska.
    We first applied the common-law rule in 1882, in Lamb
    v. Gregory.20 There, the plaintiff obtained a deficiency judg-
    ment against two debtors. One of the debtors moved to have
    the judgment set aside as to him because it was discharged in
    bankruptcy. The plaintiff agreed “‘to the setting aside of the
    judgment’” against that debtor, and it was set aside.21 Later,
    the other debtor moved to be discharged from the judgment,
    arguing the release of the first debtor operated as a release
    of both from liability on the judgment. We agreed, citing the
    rule that “‘[i]f two or more are jointly bound, or jointly and
    16
    See, Coleman, supra note 1; Bankers Life Ins. Co., supra note 1; Lamb,
    supra note 1.
    17
    See, generally, Annot., 
    53 A.L.R. 1420
    (1928).
    18
    
    Id. See, also,
    Schiffer v. United Grocers, Inc., 
    329 Or. 86
    , 
    989 P.2d 10
          (1999).
    19
    See Bankers Life Ins. Co., supra note 1. See, generally, 53 A.L.R., supra
    note 17 (noting that courts will look at parties’ intentions when construing
    release and that express reservation of rights can avoid common-law rule).
    20
    Lamb, supra note 1.
    21
    
    Id. at 507,
    11 N.W. at 755.
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    severally bound, and the obligee releases one of them, all are
    discharged.’”22
    In Huber Mfg. Co. v. Silvers,23 the plaintiff sued on five
    promissory notes, signed jointly by three debtors. The notes
    were given by the debtors for the purchase from the plaintiff
    of a steam thresher separator. After the notes were executed,
    one of the three debtors, John Silvers, went to the plaintiff and
    represented that he had sold his interest in the threshing outfit
    to the others and that they had assumed and agreed to pay the
    notes. The plaintiff, without investigating the veracity of this
    claim, agreed to release Silvers from the notes and sell him
    another threshing machine. The terms of the release were that
    Silvers was “‘“released without recourse”’” from the notes.24
    Noting the record was unclear as to Silvers’ veracity, we
    applied the common-law rule to hold, with “great reluctance,”
    that the release of Silvers operated as a release of all debtors
    on the notes.25
    In Farmers State Bank v. Baker,26 four parties were jointly
    liable on promissory notes. Through a complicated arrange-
    ment, one of the parties was released from liability on the
    notes. Although that release did not appear to contemplate or
    intend any release of the others, we nevertheless held that the
    release of one of several makers of a joint and several prom-
    issory note, without the consent of the others, operated as a
    release of all.
    In Bankers Life Ins. Co. v. Ohrt,27 the holder sued five mak-
    ers of a note and mortgage. At the beginning of the trial,
    the holder stated that he “‘waive[d] personal liability of the
    22
    
    Id. at 508,
    11 N.W. at 755.
    23
    Huber Mfg. Co., supra note 15.
    24
    
    Id. at 761,
    124 N.W. at 148.
    25
    
    Id. at 765,
    124 N.W. at 149.
    26
    Farmers State Bank, supra note 15.
    27
    Bankers Life Ins. Co., supra note 1.
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    defendant Rosa Oft’” on the note and mortgage.28 Later, coun-
    sel withdrew that waiver on the record. On appeal, the other
    four makers argued this was an unconditional release of Rosa
    Oft and operated as a release of all of them as well. We dis-
    agreed, and found the release did not apply to all. We reasoned
    the evidence did not show the release was unconditional,
    because the statement was not that Oft was “released from all
    effects of the note and mortgage,” but merely that the plaintiff
    had waived Oft’s “personal liability.”29 We also found it signifi-
    cant that the waiver had been withdrawn.
    In Coleman v. Beck,30 a husband and wife executed a prom-
    issory note and a mortgage. They later sold the real property
    encumbered by the mortgage to Lyle Trumbley, who assumed
    payment of the mortgage. The real estate was foreclosed upon,
    and a deficiency judgment was entered against the husband,
    the wife, and Trumbley. The bank then released the husband
    and wife from the judgment, and Trumbley argued on appeal
    that the release operated to release him as well. We held the
    common-law rule did not apply, because Trumbley, who had
    assumed the promissory notes, was not a joint debtor on the
    notes with the husband and wife. Rather, he was the surety
    on the mortgage debt, and we concluded that a release of the
    husband and wife did not affect his liability.
    With these holdings in mind, we consider the relevant docu-
    ments in the present case.
    3. R elease Documents
    (a) Stipulation
    The stipulation between Cano and Claborn provided in rel-
    evant part:
    Notwithstanding entry of the judgment against Claborn as
    aforesaid, Cano covenants that he shall take no steps to
    28
    Id. at 
    862, 270 N.W. at 500
    .
    29
    
    Id. 30 Coleman,
    supra note 1.
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    execute on such judgment and that he shall take no action
    against Claborn with respect to said judgment so long
    as Claborn complies with the terms of this Stipulation.
    Upon satisfaction by Claborn with the terms hereof,
    Cano shall forthwith release Claborn completely from
    such judgment and from any liability for any amounts
    in excess of the amounts required from Claborn as set
    forth herein.
    [11] The plain language of this stipulation provided that
    Cano would not take any action on the judgment against
    Claborn while Claborn’s promise to pay the agreed amounts
    remained executory, but that once Claborn’s promise was com-
    pleted, Claborn would be released “completely.” This inter-
    pretation is consistent with the general rule of law that a
    promise to release does not take effect until the agreed promise
    is completed.31
    We find the plain and unambiguous language of this stipu-
    lation operated as an unconditional and voluntary release of
    Claborn as soon as he satisfied its terms. Our record does not
    reveal the precise date on which Claborn satisfied the terms of
    the stipulation, but there is no dispute that he did so, prompt-
    ing Cano to file the satisfaction of judgment which we con-
    sider next.
    (b) Satisfaction
    The satisfaction Cano filed in this case recited that Claborn
    had “satisfied the Judgment against him” and further recited
    that “the Judgment entered herein against . . . Walker remains
    unsatisfied.” Cano argues that the qualifying language of
    the satisfaction reserved Walker’s liability and prevented the
    unconditional release of Claborn from operating as a release
    of Walker.
    [12] But we conclude the relevant and operative release
    language is found in the stipulation, not the satisfaction. A
    31
    50 C.J.S. Judgments § 892 (2009).
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    judgment creditor may make a valid and binding agreement,
    either at the time a judgment is entered or later, to release and
    satisfy the judgment on terms other than receiving full pay-
    ment of its amount.32 If the agreement to release or satisfy is
    executory, there is no release of the judgment until it is per-
    formed.33 The corollary to this rule is that once the relevant
    promises are performed, the agreement to release becomes
    effective.34 So, once the terms of the stipulation were met in
    this case, Claborn was fully and unconditionally released. The
    qualifying language recited later in the satisfaction of judg-
    ment was irrelevant.
    4. R eleases of Joint Tort-feasors A re
    Governed by Different Rules
    In his briefing on appeal, Cano relies rather extensively on
    Nebraska law addressing joint liability in tort and the effect of
    releasing one of several joint tort-feasors. Because Nebraska
    statutes and case law treat joint tort-feasors differently than
    co-obligors on a contract or judgment, the rules governing
    release of joint tort-feasors are not instructive in the pres-
    ent case.
    5. Continued Viability of
    Common-Law Rule
    Cano urges this court to abolish the common-law rule that
    the unconditional release of one of several co-obligors on a
    note, without the consent of the others, operates as a release of
    all. Nebraska is among a minority of jurisdictions to continue
    applying the common-law rule. Of those jurisdictions that have
    abolished the rule, most have done so through legislative action
    rather than judicial decision.35
    32
    
    Id. 33 Id.
    34
    See 
    id. 35 See,
    e.g., Schiffer, supra note 18 (including appendix listing how each
    state treats issue).
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    Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
    297 Nebraska R eports
    CANO v. WALKER
    Cite as 
    297 Neb. 580
    [13-15] The doctrine of stare decisis forms the bedrock of
    our common-law jurisprudence.36 While it does not require us
    to blindly perpetuate a prior interpretation of the law if we con-
    clude it was clearly incorrect,37 it is entitled to great weight38
    and requires that we adhere to our previous decisions “unless
    the reasons therefor have ceased to exist, are clearly errone-
    ous, or are manifestly wrong and mischievous or unless more
    harm than good will result from doing so.”39 The doctrine “is
    grounded in the public policy that the law should be stable,
    fostering both equality and predictability of treatment.”40 By
    requiring appellate courts to adhere to their previous decisions
    in most circumstances, the doctrine of stare decisis “promotes
    the evenhanded, predictable, and consistent development of
    legal principles, fosters reliance on judicial decisions, and
    contributes to the actual and perceived integrity of the judi-
    cial process.”41
    The common-law rule in contracts—that an unconditional
    release of one joint obligor without the consent of the oth-
    ers operates to release all—has governed business decisions
    and contractual arrangements in Nebraska for more than a
    century. The rule is predictable, easy to understand, and easy
    to apply. Moreover, at least as it has developed in Nebraska,
    the ­common-law rule includes the unique requirements that
    a release of one joint debtor must be both “voluntary” and
    “unconditional” before the rule operates to release all joint
    debtors. So if individuals and businesses want to structure
    releases in a way that avoids the consequences of the rule, it is
    clear how to do so.
    36
    Holm v. Holm, 
    267 Neb. 867
    , 
    678 N.W.2d 499
    (2004).
    37
    
    Id. 38 Edwards
    v. Hy-Vee, 
    294 Neb. 237
    , 
    883 N.W.2d 40
    (2016).
    39
    
    Id. at 247,
    883 N.W.2d at 47-48.
    40
    State v. Hausmann, 
    277 Neb. 819
    , 828, 
    765 N.W.2d 219
    , 226 (2009).
    41
    Michigan v. Bay Mills Indian Community, ___ U.S. ___, 
    134 S. Ct. 2024
    ,
    2036, 
    188 L. Ed. 2d 1071
    (2014) (citations omitted).
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    Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
    297 Nebraska R eports
    CANO v. WALKER
    Cite as 
    297 Neb. 580
    We see no principled reason to depart from this settled
    precedent, and we decline Cano’s invitation to abolish the
    common-law rule in Nebraska. If the settled common law is to
    be amended or abolished, that action should be undertaken by
    the Legislature rather than the judiciary.
    V. CONCLUSION
    Under settled Nebraska contract law, the unconditional
    release of one of several joint obligors on a promissory note,
    without the consent of the other obligors, operates as a release
    of all. Walker and Claborn were co-obligors on a promissory
    note that was reduced to a judgment. Without the consent of
    Walker, Cano and Claborn entered into a stipulation which
    operated as an unconditional release of Claborn once he satis-
    fied the terms of the stipulation.
    As such, under the common-law rule in Nebraska, the
    unconditional release of Claborn from the judgment oper-
    ated as a release of Walker. Because the district court erred
    in denying Walker’s motion to discharge the judgment against
    him, we reverse, and remand with directions to grant the
    requested discharge.
    R eversed and remanded with directions.