State v. Lovvorn , 303 Neb. 844 ( 2019 )


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    10/11/2019 01:06 AM CDT
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    Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
    303 Nebraska R eports
    STATE v. LOVVORN
    Cite as 
    303 Neb. 844
    State of Nebraska, appellee, v.
    Daniel J. Lovvorn, appellant.
    ___ N.W.2d ___
    Filed August 2, 2019.    No. S-18-1104.
    1. Judgments: Speedy Trial: Appeal and Error. Generally, a trial court’s
    determination as to whether charges should be dismissed on speedy trial
    grounds is a factual question which will be affirmed on appeal unless
    clearly erroneous.
    2. Statutes: Appeal and Error. Statutory interpretation presents a ques-
    tion of law, which an appellate court reviews independently of the lower
    court’s determination.
    3. Speedy Trial. The statutory right to a speedy trial is set forth in Neb.
    Rev. Stat. §§ 29-1207 and 29-1208 (Reissue 2016).
    4. ____. If a defendant is not brought to trial before the running of the time
    for trial as provided for in Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-1207 (Reissue 2016), as
    extended by excluded periods, he or she shall be entitled to his or her
    absolute discharge from the offense charged and for any other offense
    required by law to be joined with that offense.
    5. ____. To calculate the deadline for trial under the speedy trial statutes, a
    court must exclude the day the State filed the information, count forward
    6 months, back up 1 day, and then add any time excluded under Neb.
    Rev. Stat. § 29-1207(4) (Reissue 2016).
    6. ____. For speedy trial purposes, the calculation of excludable time for a
    continuance begins the day after the continuance is granted and includes
    the day on which the continuance ends.
    7. Speedy Trial: Waiver: Appeal and Error. A defendant’s motion to
    discharge based on statutory speedy trial grounds will be deemed to be
    a waiver of that right under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-1207(4)(b) (Reissue
    2016) where (1) the filing of such motion results in the continuance of a
    timely trial to a date outside the statutory 6-month period, as calculated
    on the date the motion to discharge was filed; (2) discharge is denied;
    and (3) that denial is affirmed on appeal.
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    STATE v. LOVVORN
    Cite as 
    303 Neb. 844
    8. Constitutional Law: Speedy Trial. The constitutional right to a speedy
    trial is guaranteed by U.S. Const. amend. VI and Neb. Const. art. I, § 11.
    Appeal from the District Court for Sarpy County: Nathan B.
    Cox, Judge. Affirmed.
    Carolyn Wilson, Assistant Sarpy County Public Defender,
    and Mitchell Sells, Senior Certified Law Student, for appellant.
    Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and Stacy M. Foust
    for appellee.
    Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
    Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.
    Papik, J.
    Daniel J. Lovvorn filed a motion for discharge on statutory
    and constitutional speedy trial grounds. The district court over-
    ruled the motion, and Lovvorn appeals that ruling. For reasons
    we will explain, we affirm.
    BACKGROUND
    On January 19, 2018, the State filed an information against
    Lovvorn in the district court for Sarpy County. The State
    charged Lovvorn with theft by receiving stolen property, $5,000
    or more; possession of a deadly weapon by a prohibited person;
    possession of a firearm by a prohibited person; driving under
    revocation/court order; carrying a concealed weapon; reckless
    driving; obstructing a peace officer; possession of marijuana,
    1 ounce or less, or synthetically produced cannabinoids; and
    possession of drug paraphernalia. On January 30, the district
    court set a pretrial hearing for April 9 and scheduled trial to
    begin on June 14.
    On April 9, 2018, the day initially scheduled for the pre-
    trial conference, Lovvorn requested a continuance. The court
    granted the continuance and set the pretrial hearing for June 11.
    The scheduled trial date was left unchanged.
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    STATE v. LOVVORN
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    303 Neb. 844
    On June 4, 2018, the State filed a motion to continue the
    trial. In its motion, the State asserted that it was seeking a
    continuance because one of its witnesses would be unable to
    attend the trial scheduled for June 14. Attached to the State’s
    motion was an affidavit of a witness, a deputy sheriff, stating
    that he would be out of the state for a planned vacation at that
    time. At the hearing on this motion, Lovvorn’s counsel indi-
    cated that she objected to the continuance “[f]or the record,”
    without providing further reasons for the objection. The district
    court granted the motion to continue in a June 12 journal entry
    and order which provided that the trial would commence on
    July 17.
    On July 5, 2018, the State filed another motion to continue
    the trial date. The State asserted that another of its witnesses
    would be unavailable to testify for a trial beginning July 17.
    Attached to the State’s motion was an affidavit from the pros-
    ecutor stating that “a material and necessary witness for the
    State’s case” would be unavailable to testify July 17 as a result
    of previously scheduled work-related travel. At a July 9 hear-
    ing, Lovvorn again objected “for the record” without providing
    reasons for the objection. In a journal entry and order entered
    later that day, the district court granted the motion. In the same
    order, the district court transferred the case to a different judge
    and ordered that the new trial date would be set by the judge
    to whom the case was transferred. The order indicated that the
    case was transferred because the judge to whom the case was
    transferred “has the lowest open docket.”
    On July 19, 2018, the judge to whom the case was trans-
    ferred entered a journal entry and order scheduling a status
    hearing for July 30. On July 30, the judge entered a journal
    entry and order scheduling a pretrial hearing for August 20. On
    August 6, the judge entered an order setting the matter for trial
    on September 11.
    On September 6, 2018, Lovvorn filed a motion for discharge
    on statutory and constitutional speedy trial grounds. Following
    a hearing, the district court overruled the motion in a written
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    order. The district court concluded that all of the time between
    the first continuance requested by the State through its second
    continuance and Lovvorn’s motion for discharge was exclud-
    able under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-1207(4)(c) (Reissue 2016)
    and that therefore, the time to bring Lovvorn to trial under
    Nebraska’s speedy trial statutes had not expired. The district
    court also found that Lovvorn’s constitutional right to a speedy
    trial had not been violated after applying the four-factor test of
    Barker v. Wingo, 
    407 U.S. 514
    , 
    92 S. Ct. 2182
    , 
    33 L. Ed. 2d 101
    (1972).
    Lovvorn appeals.
    ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
    Lovvorn asserts that the district court erred in finding he
    was not entitled to discharge (1) on statutory speedy trial
    grounds or (2) on constitutional speedy trial grounds.
    STANDARD OF REVIEW
    [1] Generally, a trial court’s determination as to whether
    charges should be dismissed on speedy trial grounds is a
    factual question which will be affirmed on appeal unless
    clearly erroneous. State v. Gill, 
    297 Neb. 852
    , 
    901 N.W.2d 679
    (2017).
    [2] Statutory interpretation presents a question of law, which
    an appellate court reviews independently of the lower court’s
    determination. 
    Id. ANALYSIS Statutory
    Right to Speedy Trial.
    [3,4] Lovvorn contends that he was entitled to discharge
    because the State violated his statutory right to a speedy
    trial. The statutory right to a speedy trial is set forth in
    § 29-1207 and Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-1208 (Reissue 2016). State
    v. Vela-Montes, 
    287 Neb. 679
    , 
    844 N.W.2d 286
    (2014). Section
    29-1207(1) provides in part that “[e]very person indicted or
    informed against for any offense shall be brought to trial within
    six months, and such time shall be computed as provided in
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    this section.” If a defendant is not brought to trial before the
    running of the time for trial as provided for in § 29-1207, as
    extended by excluded periods, he or she shall be entitled to his
    or her absolute discharge from the offense charged and for any
    other offense required by law to be joined with that offense.
    State v. 
    Vela-Montes, supra
    .
    [5] To calculate the deadline for trial under the speedy trial
    statutes, a court must exclude the day the State filed the infor-
    mation, count forward 6 months, back up 1 day, and then add
    any time excluded under § 29-1207(4). State v. 
    Vela-Montes, supra
    . Because the information was filed on January 19, 2018,
    in this case, the State had until July 19 to bring Lovvorn to
    trial if there were no excludable days.
    [6] The parties agree, however, that there were at least some
    excludable days. Lovvorn conceded at oral argument that the
    period of delay resulting from the State’s first motion for a
    continuance fell within § 29-1207(4)(c)(i). The calculation of
    excludable time for a continuance begins the day after the con-
    tinuance is granted and includes the day on which the continu-
    ance ends. State v. Williams, 
    277 Neb. 133
    , 
    761 N.W.2d 514
    (2009). The district court granted the State’s first motion for
    a continuance on June 12, 2018, and continued the trial until
    July 17. There is thus no dispute that 35 calendar days were
    properly excluded as a result of the first continuance obtained
    by the State.
    The State contends that two other periods of time were also
    excludable. The State argues that a period of time is exclud-
    able under § 29-1207(4)(b) as a result of Lovvorn’s successful
    request for a continuance of the pretrial hearing. The State also
    argues that the period of delay resulting from its second request
    for a continuance is excludable under § 29-1207(4)(c). Lovvorn
    disputes that any excludable time arose out of either his motion
    to continue or the State’s second motion to continue.
    With respect to his motion to continue the pretrial hearing,
    Lovvorn does not dispute that he requested a continuance of
    the pretrial hearing; that the district court granted his request;
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    and that as a result of his request, the pretrial hearing origi-
    nally scheduled for April 9, 2018, was rescheduled for June 11.
    He also acknowledges prior cases in which this court and the
    Nebraska Court of Appeals have recognized that the continu-
    ance of a pretrial hearing or conference can result in excludable
    time. See, e.g., State v. Bridgeford, 
    298 Neb. 156
    , 
    903 N.W.2d 22
    (2017); State v. Williams, supra; State v. Dailey, 10 Neb.
    App. 793, 
    639 N.W.2d 141
    (2002). Lovvorn argues, however,
    that the continuance he obtained did not result in excludable
    time under § 29-1207(4)(b).
    Section 29-1207 provides in relevant part: “(4) The fol-
    lowing periods shall be excluded in computing the time for
    trial: . . . (b) The period of delay resulting from a continuance
    granted at the request or with the consent of the defendant or
    his or her counsel.”
    Lovvorn points to the appearance of the word “trial” in the
    introductory language of § 29-1207(4) and the appearance of
    the phrase the “period of delay” in subsection (b) and argues
    that it is only when a continuance results in the postpone-
    ment of trial, that time is excluded for speedy trial purposes.
    He argues that the continuance he requested did not result in
    a delay of the trial, because when the district court continued
    the pretrial hearing from April 9 to June 11, 2018, it did not
    reschedule the trial itself, which had been previously set for
    June 14.
    Lovvorn’s argument requires us to interpret § 29-1207(4)(b).
    Our basic principles of statutory interpretation require us to
    give statutory language its plain and ordinary meaning. See
    State ex rel. Peterson v. Creative Comm. Promotions, 
    302 Neb. 606
    , 
    924 N.W.2d 664
    (2019). Those same principles
    prohibit us from reading a meaning into a statute that is not
    there or reading anything direct and plain out of a statute. See
    Stewart v. Nebraska Dept. of Rev., 
    294 Neb. 1010
    , 
    885 N.W.2d 723
    (2016).
    We are unpersuaded by Lovvorn’s statutory interpretation
    argument. The introductory phrase of § 29-1207(4) does use
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    the word “trial,” but that is unsurprising, because the stat-
    ute provides the time by which a defendant must be brought
    to trial. Neither do we find that the presence of the phrase
    “period of delay” in § 29-1207(4)(b) supports Lovvorn’s argu-
    ment. While Lovvorn contends that there was no period of
    delay as a result of his continuance, he is incorrect. The pre-
    trial hearing would have occurred April 9, 2018, but due to
    his request for a continuance, it did not. And, in any event,
    we have held that in the context of § 29-1207(4), there is no
    meaningful distinction between the phrase “‘period of delay’”
    and “‘period of time.’” State v. Feldhacker, 
    267 Neb. 145
    ,
    154-55, 
    672 N.W.2d 627
    , 634 (2004).
    Lovvorn is essentially asking us to interpret § 29-1207(4)(b)
    to say that only when a continuance requested by the defend­
    ant results in the postponement of a scheduled trial date does
    excludable time arise. This would run contrary to our practice
    to not read meaning into a statute that is not reflected in its
    text. See Stewart v. Nebraska Dept. of 
    Rev., supra
    . The statu-
    tory language provides for excludable time whenever there is
    a “period of delay resulting from a continuance granted at
    the request or with the consent of the defendant or his or her
    counsel.” § 29-1207(4)(b). The delay caused by Lovvorn’s
    request for a continuance of the pretrial hearing meets this
    definition regardless of whether the trial date was postponed or
    remained unchanged.
    Having determined that Lovvorn’s request for a continuance
    of the pretrial hearing resulted in excludable days, this leaves
    only a determination of how many days were excluded. We
    recognize that State v. Bridgeford, 
    298 Neb. 156
    , 
    903 N.W.2d 22
    (2017), indicates that excludable time arising as a result of
    the continuance of a pretrial conference begins at the original
    date of the pretrial conference. That language, however, is
    inconsistent with our precedent, noted above, which holds that
    the calculation of excludable time for a continuance begins
    the day after the continuance is granted and includes the day
    on which the continuance ends, and we thus disapprove of
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    the contrary language in Bridgeford. The day after Lovvorn
    requested the pretrial conference was April 10, 2018. The
    continuance ended on June 11, the date of the next scheduled
    pretrial hearing. There were thus 63 excludable days as a result
    of Lovvorn’s requested continuance.
    To this point, we have determined that there were 98 exclud-
    able days. While the State argues that there were additional
    excludable days, there is no need for us to determine whether
    that is the case. Recalling that the State had until July 19, 2018,
    to try Lovvorn if there were no excludable days, the presence
    of 98 excludable days means that the State could timely bring
    Lovvorn to trial by October 25. See State v. Vela-Montes, 
    287 Neb. 679
    , 
    844 N.W.2d 286
    (2014). Lovvorn filed his motion
    for discharge September 6.
    [7] Not only is it not necessary for us to determine pre-
    cisely how many days remained on the speedy trial clock when
    Lovvorn filed his motion for discharge in order to decide this
    case, but neither is it necessary for us to make that determina-
    tion so that the parties know how much time remains to try
    Lovvorn. In State v. Mortensen, 
    287 Neb. 158
    , 
    841 N.W.2d 393
    (2014), we held that a defendant’s motion to discharge
    based on statutory speedy trial grounds will be deemed to be a
    waiver of that right under § 29-1207(4)(b) where (1) the filing
    of such motion results in the continuance of a timely trial to a
    date outside the statutory 6-month period, as calculated on the
    date the motion to discharge was filed; (2) discharge is denied;
    and (3) that denial is affirmed on appeal.
    That is the case here. Lovvorn’s motion for discharge
    resulted in the continuance of the trial previously scheduled for
    September 11, 2018. While the parties disagree about exactly
    how much time remained on the speedy trial clock on that date,
    Lovvorn’s motion and subsequent appeal have moved any trial
    many months beyond the time that potentially remained. And
    we conclude that Lovvorn’s motion for discharge was properly
    denied. Accordingly, Lovvorn has waived his statutory right
    to a speedy trial and there is no need to calculate the exact
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    number of days remaining on the speedy trial clock. See State
    v. 
    Vela-Montes, supra
    .
    Constitutional Right to Speedy Trial.
    [8] We next consider whether the district court erred by
    finding that Lovvorn’s constitutional right to a speedy trial
    was not violated. The constitutional right to a speedy trial is
    guaranteed by U.S. Const. amend. VI and Neb. Const. art. I,
    § 11. Determining whether a defendant’s constitutional right
    to a speedy trial has been violated requires application of a
    balancing test first articulated by the U.S. Supreme Court in
    Barker v. Wingo, 
    407 U.S. 514
    , 
    92 S. Ct. 2182
    , 
    33 L. Ed. 2d 101
    (1972). That test involves consideration of four factors:
    (1) length of delay, (2) the reason for the delay, (3) the defend­
    ant’s assertion of the right, and (4) prejudice to the defend­
    ant. See, id.; State v. Betancourt-Garcia, 
    295 Neb. 170
    , 
    887 N.W.2d 296
    (2016).
    We have observed that it is “an unusual case” in which the
    Sixth Amendment has been violated when the time limits under
    the speedy trial act have been met. State v. Hettle, 
    288 Neb. 288
    , 301, 
    848 N.W.2d 582
    , 594 (2014). Applying the constitu-
    tional balancing test, we find this is not such a case.
    First, the length of delay does not favor Lovvorn. While the
    constitutional right to a speedy trial and the statutory imple-
    mentation of that right exist independently of each other, we
    have recognized that § 29-1207 provides a useful standard for
    assessing whether the length of a trial delay is unreasonable
    under the U.S. and Nebraska Constitutions. State v. 
    Hettle, supra
    . Here, as we have explained, Lovvorn filed his motion
    for discharge when time remained on the statutory speedy
    trial clock.
    We find that the reason for the delay also does not favor
    Lovvorn. Barker itself distinguished between a “deliberate
    attempt to delay the trial in order to hamper the defense” which
    “should be weighted heavily against the government” and “a
    valid reason, such as a missing witness,” for which some delay
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    is justified. Barker v. 
    Wingo, 407 U.S. at 531
    . There is no indi-
    cation of a deliberate attempt on the part of the State to delay
    the trial to hinder Lovvorn’s defense, and Lovvorn concedes
    that at least part of the delay in this case arose because of wit-
    ness unavailability. And while Lovvorn argues that the case
    was delayed due to the transfer of the case from one judge to
    another following the State’s second request for a continuance,
    there is no indication in the record that the transfer resulted in
    delay. After the State’s request for a continuance was granted,
    a new trial date was necessary. Our record provides no indi-
    cation that the trial would have been scheduled for an earlier
    date if not for the transfer to a different judge.
    Lovvorn fares no better with the third Barker factor, defend­
    ant’s assertion of the right. Barker noted that factor requires
    consideration of the “frequency and force” of the defendant’s
    objection to delay, rather than “attaching significant weight
    to a purely pro forma 
    objection.” 407 U.S. at 529
    . Lovvorn
    objected to both of the State’s requests for a continuance, but
    speedy trial concerns were not mentioned; his counsel said
    the objection was “for the record.” These objections are, at
    most, the type of pro forma objections that are entitled to little
    weight in the Barker balancing test.
    As for the final Barker factor, prejudice to the defendant,
    Lovvorn argues that he was not responsible for the continu-
    ances requested by the State and was therefore prejudiced. In
    Barker, however, the Court explained that the prejudice factor
    is to be assessed “in the light of the interests of defendants
    which the speedy trial right was designed to 
    protect.” 407 U.S. at 532
    . The Barker Court identified three such interests: “(i)
    to prevent oppressive pretrial incarceration; (ii) to minimize
    anxiety and concern of the accused; and (iii) to limit the pos-
    sibility that the defense will be impaired.” 
    Id. Lovvorn makes
    no argument as to how any delay of trial in this case affected
    these interests.
    After weighing the four Barker factors, we conclude that
    this is not an unusual case in which there was no statutory
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    speedy trial violation but there was a constitutional speedy
    trial violation.
    CONCLUSION
    Neither Lovvorn’s statutory nor constitutional right to a
    speedy trial was violated. We therefore affirm the district
    court’s order denying Lovvorn’s motion for discharge.
    A ffirmed.